🚩LinkedHashMap（底层是(数组+链表/红黑树)+环形双向链表，继承自HashMap)
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LinkedHashMap是key键有序的HashMap的一种实现。它除了使用哈希表这个数据结构，使用环形双向链表来保证key的顺序。
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HashMap是无序的，也就是说，迭代HashMap所得到的元素顺序并不是它们最初放置到HashMap的顺序。HashMap的这一缺点往往会造成诸多不便，因为在有些场景中，我们确需要用到一个可以保持插入顺序的Map。庆幸的是，JDK为我们解决了这个问题，它为HashMap提供了一个子类 —— LinkedHashMap。虽然LinkedHashMap增加了时间和空间上的开销，但是它通过维护一个额外的双向链表保证了迭代顺序。特别地，该迭代顺序可以是插入顺序，也可以是访问顺序。因此，根据链表中元素的顺序可以将LinkedHashMap分为：保持插入顺序的LinkedHashMap 和 保持访问顺序（LRU，get后调整链表序，最新获取的放在最后)的LinkedHashMap，其中LinkedHashMap的默认实现是按插入顺序排序的。
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特点：
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一般来说，如果需要使用的Map中的key无序，选择HashMap；如果要求key有序，则选择TreeMap。
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但是选择TreeMap就会有性能问题，因为TreeMap的get操作的时间复杂度是O(log(n))的，相比于HashMap的O(1)还是差不少的，LinkedHashMap的出现就是为了平衡这些因素，使得能够以O(1)时间复杂度增加查找元素，又能够保证key的有序性
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实现原理：
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将所有Entry节点链入一个双向链表的HashMap。在LinkedHashMap中，所有put进来的Entry都保存在哈希表中，但由于它又额外定义了一个以head为头结点的双向链表，因此对于每次put进来Entry，除了将其保存到哈希表上外，还会将其插入到双向链表的尾部。
LinkedHashMap#Entry
static class Entry<K,V> extends HashMap.Node<K,V> {
Entry<K,V> before, after;
Entry(int hash, K key, V value, Node<K,V> next) {
super(hash, key, value, next);
}
}
成员变量
/**
* The head (eldest) of the doubly linked list.
*/
transient LinkedHashMap.Entry<K,V> head;
/**
* The tail (youngest) of the doubly linked list.
*/
transient LinkedHashMap.Entry<K,V> tail;
/**
* The iteration ordering method for this linked hash map: <tt>true</tt>
* for access-order, <tt>false</tt> for insertion-order.
*
* @serial
*/
final boolean accessOrder;
构造方法
public LinkedHashMap(int initialCapacity, float loadFactor) {
super(initialCapacity, loadFactor);
accessOrder = false;
}
/**
* Constructs an empty insertion-ordered <tt>LinkedHashMap</tt> instance
* with the specified initial capacity and a default load factor (0.75).
*
* @param initialCapacity the initial capacity
* @throws IllegalArgumentException if the initial capacity is negative
*/
public LinkedHashMap(int initialCapacity) {
super(initialCapacity);
accessOrder = false;
}
/**
* Constructs an empty insertion-ordered <tt>LinkedHashMap</tt> instance
* with the default initial capacity (16) and load factor (0.75).
*/
public LinkedHashMap() {
super();
accessOrder = false;
}
/**
* Constructs an empty <tt>LinkedHashMap</tt> instance with the
* specified initial capacity, load factor and ordering mode.
*
* @param initialCapacity the initial capacity
* @param loadFactor the load factor
* @param accessOrder the ordering mode - <tt>true</tt> for
* access-order, <tt>false</tt> for insertion-order
* @throws IllegalArgumentException if the initial capacity is negative
* or the load factor is nonpositive
*/
public LinkedHashMap(int initialCapacity,
float loadFactor,
boolean accessOrder) {
super(initialCapacity, loadFactor);
this.accessOrder = accessOrder;
}
put
- 同HashMap，但重写了afterNodeInsertion。
- void afterNodeInsertion(boolean evict) { // possibly remove eldest
LinkedHashMap.Entry<K,V> first;
if (evict && (first = head) != null && removeEldestEntry(first)) {
K key = first.key;
removeNode(hash(key), key, null, false, true);
}
}
//可以自行重写该方法
protected boolean removeEldestEntry(Map.Entry<K,V> eldest) {
return false;
}
public class LRUHashMap<K, V> extends LinkedHashMap<K, V>{
private final int MAX_CACHE_SIZE;
public BaseLRUCache(int cacheSize) {
super(cacheSize, 0.75f, true);
MAX_CACHE_SIZE = cacheSize;
}
@Override
protected boolean removeEldestEntry(Map.Entry eldest) {
return size() > MAX_CACHE_SIZE;
}
}
get
public V get(Object key) {
Node<K,V> e;
if ((e = getNode(hash(key), key)) == null)
return null;
if (accessOrder)
afterNodeAccess(e);
return e.value;
}
void afterNodeAccess(Node<K,V> e) { // move node to last
LinkedHashMap.Entry<K,V> last;
if (accessOrder && (last = tail) != e) {
LinkedHashMap.Entry<K,V> p =
(LinkedHashMap.Entry<K,V>)e, b = p.before, a = p.after;
p.after = null;
if (b == null)
head = a;
else
b.after = a;
if (a != null)
a.before = b;
else
last = b;
if (last == null)
head = p;
else {
p.before = last;
last.after = p;
}
tail = p;
++modCount;
}
}
remove
- 同HashMap，但重写了afterNodeRemoval。
void afterNodeRemoval(Node<K,V> e) { // unlink
LinkedHashMap.Entry<K,V> p =
(LinkedHashMap.Entry<K,V>)e, b = p.before, a = p.after;
p.before = p.after = null;
if (b == null)
head = a;
else
b.after = a;
if (a == null)
tail = b;
else
a.before = b;
}
遍历（迭代环形双向链表)
entrySet
public Set<Map.Entry<K,V>> entrySet() {
Set<Map.Entry<K,V>> es;
return (es = entrySet) == null ? (entrySet = new LinkedEntrySet()) : es;
}
- 它使用的是该迭代器：
abstract class LinkedHashIterator {
LinkedHashMap.Entry<K,V> next;
LinkedHashMap.Entry<K,V> current;
int expectedModCount;
LinkedHashIterator() {
next = head;
expectedModCount = modCount;
current = null;
}
public final boolean hasNext() {
return next != null;
}
final LinkedHashMap.Entry<K,V> nextNode() {
LinkedHashMap.Entry<K,V> e = next;
if (modCount != expectedModCount)
throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
if (e == null)
throw new NoSuchElementException();
current = e;
next = e.after;
return e;
}
public final void remove() {
Node<K,V> p = current;
if (p == null)
throw new IllegalStateException();
if (modCount != expectedModCount)
throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
current = null;
K key = p.key;
removeNode(hash(key), key, null, false, false);
expectedModCount = modCount;
}
}
final class LinkedEntryIterator extends LinkedHashIterator
implements Iterator<Map.Entry<K,V>> {
public final Map.Entry<K,V> next() { return nextNode(); }
}
🚩TreeMap（底层是红黑树)
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支持排序的Map实现。
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基于红黑树实现，无容量限制。
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是非线程安全的。
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TreeMap是根据key进行排序的，它的排序和定位需要依赖比较器或覆写Comparable接口，也因此不需要key覆写hashCode方法和equals方法，就可以排除掉重复的key，而HashMap的key则需要通过覆写hashCode方法和equals方法来确保没有重复的key
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TreeMap的查询、插入、删除效率均没有HashMap高，一般只有要对key排序时才使用TreeMap。
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TreeMap的key不能为null，而HashMap的key可以为null。
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TreeMap#Entry
static final class Entry<K,V> implements Map.Entry<K,V> {
K key;
V value;
Entry<K,V> left;
Entry<K,V> right;
Entry<K,V> parent;
boolean color = BLACK;
/**
* Make a new cell with given key, value, and parent, and with
* {@code null} child links, and BLACK color.
*/
Entry(K key, V value, Entry<K,V> parent) {
this.key = key;
this.value = value;
this.parent = parent;
}
/**
* Returns the key.
*
* @return the key
*/
public K getKey() {
return key;
}
/**
* Returns the value associated with the key.
*
* @return the value associated with the key
*/
public V getValue() {
return value;
}
/**
* Replaces the value currently associated with the key with the given
* value.
*
* @return the value associated with the key before this method was
* called
*/
public V setValue(V value) {
V oldValue = this.value;
this.value = value;
return oldValue;
}
public boolean equals(Object o) {
if (!(o instanceof Map.Entry))
return false;
Map.Entry<?,?> e = (Map.Entry<?,?>)o;
return valEquals(key,e.getKey()) && valEquals(value,e.getValue());
}
public int hashCode() {
int keyHash = (key==null ? 0 : key.hashCode());
int valueHash = (value==null ? 0 : value.hashCode());
return keyHash ^ valueHash;
}
public String toString() {
return key + "=" + value;
}
}
成员变量
private final Comparator<? super K> comparator;
private transient Entry<K,V> root;
/**
* The number of entries in the tree
*/
private transient int size = 0;
/**
* The number of structural modifications to the tree.
*/
private transient int modCount = 0;
构造方法
public TreeMap() {
comparator = null;
}
public TreeMap(Comparator<? super K> comparator) {
this.comparator = comparator;
}
put
public V put(K key, V value) {
Entry<K,V> t = root;
if (t == null) {
compare(key, key); // type (and possibly null) check
root = new Entry<>(key, value, null);
size = 1;
modCount++;
return null;
}
int cmp;
Entry<K,V> parent;
// split comparator and comparable paths
Comparator<? super K> cpr = comparator;
if (cpr != null) {
do {
parent = t;
cmp = cpr.compare(key, t.key);
if (cmp < 0)
t = t.left;
else if (cmp > 0)
t = t.right;
else
return t.setValue(value);
} while (t != null);
}
else {
if (key == null)
throw new NullPointerException();
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
Comparable<? super K> k = (Comparable<? super K>) key;
do {
parent = t;
cmp = k.compareTo(t.key);
if (cmp < 0)
t = t.left;
else if (cmp > 0)
t = t.right;
else
return t.setValue(value);
} while (t != null);
}
Entry<K,V> e = new Entry<>(key, value, parent);
if (cmp < 0)
parent.left = e;
else
parent.right = e;
fixAfterInsertion(e);
size++;
modCount++;
return null;
}
get
public V get(Object key) {
Entry<K,V> p = getEntry(key);
return (p==null ? null : p.value);
}
final Entry<K,V> getEntry(Object key) {
// Offload comparator-based version for sake of performance
if (comparator != null)
return getEntryUsingComparator(key);
if (key == null)
throw new NullPointerException();
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
Comparable<? super K> k = (Comparable<? super K>) key;
Entry<K,V> p = root;
while (p != null) {
int cmp = k.compareTo(p.key);
if (cmp < 0)
p = p.left;
else if (cmp > 0)
p = p.right;
else
return p;
}
return null;
}
final Entry<K,V> getEntryUsingComparator(Object key) {
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
K k = (K) key;
Comparator<? super K> cpr = comparator;
if (cpr != null) {
Entry<K,V> p = root;
while (p != null) {
int cmp = cpr.compare(k, p.key);
if (cmp < 0)
p = p.left;
else if (cmp > 0)
p = p.right;
else
return p;
}
}
return null;
}
remove
public V remove(Object key) {
Entry<K,V> p = getEntry(key);
if (p == null)
return null;
V oldValue = p.value;
deleteEntry(p);
return oldValue;
}
private void deleteEntry(Entry<K,V> p) {
modCount++;
size--;
// If strictly internal, copy successor's element to p and then make p
// point to successor.
if (p.left != null && p.right != null) {
Entry<K,V> s = successor(p);
p.key = s.key;
p.value = s.value;
p = s;
} // p has 2 children
// Start fixup at replacement node, if it exists.
Entry<K,V> replacement = (p.left != null ? p.left : p.right);
if (replacement != null) {
// Link replacement to parent
replacement.parent = p.parent;
if (p.parent == null)
root = replacement;
else if (p == p.parent.left)
p.parent.left = replacement;
else
p.parent.right = replacement;
// Null out links so they are OK to use by fixAfterDeletion.
p.left = p.right = p.parent = null;
// Fix replacement
if (p.color == BLACK)
fixAfterDeletion(replacement);
} else if (p.parent == null) { // return if we are the only node.
root = null;
} else { // No children. Use self as phantom replacement and unlink.
if (p.color == BLACK)
fixAfterDeletion(p);
if (p.parent != null) {
if (p == p.parent.left)
p.parent.left = null;
else if (p == p.parent.right)
p.parent.right = null;
p.parent = null;
}
}
}
containsKey
public boolean containsKey(Object key) {
return getEntry(key) != null;
}
containsValue
public boolean containsValue(Object value) {
for (Entry<K,V> e = getFirstEntry(); e != null; e = successor(e))
if (valEquals(value, e.value))
return true;
return false;
}
final Entry<K,V> getFirstEntry() {
Entry<K,V> p = root;
if (p != null)
while (p.left != null)
p = p.left;
return p;
}
static <K,V> TreeMap.Entry<K,V> successor(Entry<K,V> t) {
if (t == null)
return null;
else if (t.right != null) {
Entry<K,V> p = t.right;
while (p.left != null)
p = p.left;
return p;
} else {
Entry<K,V> p = t.parent;
Entry<K,V> ch = t;
while (p != null && ch == p.right) {
ch = p;
p = p.parent;
}
return p;
}
}
static final boolean valEquals(Object o1, Object o2) {
return (o1==null ? o2==null : o1.equals(o2));
}
遍历
public Set<Map.Entry<K,V>> entrySet() {
EntrySet es = entrySet;
return (es != null) ? es : (entrySet = new EntrySet());
}
class EntrySet extends AbstractSet<Map.Entry<K,V>> {
public Iterator<Map.Entry<K,V>> iterator() {
return new EntryIterator(getFirstEntry());
}
}
abstract class PrivateEntryIterator<T> implements Iterator<T> {
Entry<K,V> next;
Entry<K,V> lastReturned;
int expectedModCount;
PrivateEntryIterator(Entry<K,V> first) {
expectedModCount = modCount;
lastReturned = null;
next = first;
}
public final boolean hasNext() {
return next != null;
}
final Entry<K,V> nextEntry() {
Entry<K,V> e = next;
if (e == null)
throw new NoSuchElementException();
if (modCount != expectedModCount)
throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
next = successor(e);
lastReturned = e;
return e;
}
final Entry<K,V> prevEntry() {
Entry<K,V> e = next;
if (e == null)
throw new NoSuchElementException();
if (modCount != expectedModCount)
throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
next = predecessor(e);
lastReturned = e;
return e;
}
public void remove() {
if (lastReturned == null)
throw new IllegalStateException();
if (modCount != expectedModCount)
throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
// deleted entries are replaced by their successors
if (lastReturned.left != null && lastReturned.right != null)
next = lastReturned;
deleteEntry(lastReturned);
expectedModCount = modCount;
lastReturned = null;
}
}
final class EntryIterator extends PrivateEntryIterator<Map.Entry<K,V>> {
EntryIterator(Entry<K,V> first) {
super(first);
}
public Map.Entry<K,V> next() {
return nextEntry();
}
}
🚩ConcurrentHashMap（底层是数组+链表/红黑树，基于CAS+synchronized)
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JDK1.7前：分段锁
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基于currentLevel划分出了多个Segment来对key-value进行存储，从而避免每次put操作都得锁住整个数组。在默认的情况下，最佳情况下可以允许16个线程并发无阻塞地操作集合对象，尽可能地减少并发时的阻塞现象。
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put、remove会加锁。get和containsKey不会加锁。
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计算size：在不加锁的情况下遍历所有的段，读取其count以及modCount，这两个属性都是volatile类型的，并进行统计，再遍历一次所有的段，比较modCount是否有改变。如有改变，则再尝试两次机上动作。
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如执行了三次上述动作，仍然有问题，则遍历所有段，分别进行加锁，然后进行计算，计算完毕后释放所有锁，从而完成计算动作。
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JDK1.8后：CAS+synchronized
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bin是桶 bucket的意思
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ConcurrentHashMap是延迟初始化的，只有在插入数据时，整个HashMap才被初始化为2的次方大小个桶（bin)，每个bin包含哈希值相同的一系列Node（一般含有0或1个Node)。每个bin的第一个Node作为这个bin的锁，Hash值为零或者负的将被忽略；
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每个bin的第一个Node插入用到CAS原理，这是在ConcurrentHashMap中最常发生的操作，其余的插入、删除、替换操作对bin中的第一个Node加锁，进行操作
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ConcurrentHashMap的size()函数一般比较少用，同时为了提高增删查改的效率，容器并未在内部保存一个size值，而且采用每次调用size()函数时累加各个bin中Node的个数计算得到，而且这一过程不加锁，即得到的size值不一定是最新的。
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ConcurrentHashMap#Node
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Node是最核心的内部类，它包装了key-value键值对，所有插入ConcurrentHashMap的数据都包装在这里面。它与HashMap中的定义很相似，但是但是有一些差别：它对value和next属性设置了volatile属性；’它不允许调用setValue方法直接改变Node的value域；它增加了find方法辅助map.get()方法。
static class Node<K,V> implements Map.Entry<K,V> {
final int hash;
final K key;
volatile V val; // value和next是volatile的
volatile Node<K,V> next;
Node(int hash, K key, V val, Node<K,V> next) {
this.hash = hash;
this.key = key;
this.val = val;
this.next = next;
}
public final K getKey() { return key; }
public final V getValue() { return val; }
public final int hashCode() { return key.hashCode() ^ val.hashCode(); }
public final String toString(){ return key + "=" + val; }
public final V setValue(V value) {
throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
}
public final boolean equals(Object o) {
Object k, v, u; Map.Entry<?,?> e;
return ((o instanceof Map.Entry) &&
(k = (e = (Map.Entry<?,?>)o).getKey()) != null &&
(v = e.getValue()) != null &&
(k == key || k.equals(key)) &&
(v == (u = val) || v.equals(u)));
}
/**
* Virtualized support for map.get(); overridden in subclasses.
*/
Node<K,V> find(int h, Object k) {
Node<K,V> e = this;
if (k != null) {
do {
K ek;
if (e.hash == h &&
((ek = e.key) == k || (ek != null && k.equals(ek))))
return e;
} while ((e = e.next) != null);
}
return null;
}
}
ConcurrentHashMap#TreeNode
- 当链表长度过长的时候，会转换为TreeNode。但是与HashMap不相同的是，它并不是直接转换为红黑树，而是把这些结点包装成TreeNode放在TreeBin对象中，由TreeBin完成对红黑树的包装。而且TreeNode在ConcurrentHashMap继承自Node类，而并非HashMap中的继承自LinkedHashMap.Entry<K,V>类，也就是说TreeNode带有next指针，这样做的目的是方便基于TreeBin的访问。
static final class TreeNode<K,V> extends Node<K,V> {
TreeNode<K,V> parent; // red-black tree links
TreeNode<K,V> left;
TreeNode<K,V> right;
TreeNode<K,V> prev; // needed to unlink next upon deletion
boolean red;
TreeNode(int hash, K key, V val, Node<K,V> next,
TreeNode<K,V> parent) {
super(hash, key, val, next);
this.parent = parent;
}
Node<K,V> find(int h, Object k) {
return findTreeNode(h, k, null);
}
/**
* Returns the TreeNode (or null if not found) for the given key
* starting at given root.
*/
final TreeNode<K,V> findTreeNode(int h, Object k, Class<?> kc) {
if (k != null) {
TreeNode<K,V> p = this;
do {
int ph, dir; K pk; TreeNode<K,V> q;
TreeNode<K,V> pl = p.left, pr = p.right;
if ((ph = p.hash) > h)
p = pl;
else if (ph < h)
p = pr;
else if ((pk = p.key) == k || (pk != null && k.equals(pk)))
return p;
else if (pl == null)
p = pr;
else if (pr == null)
p = pl;
else if ((kc != null ||
(kc = comparableClassFor(k)) != null) &&
(dir = compareComparables(kc, k, pk)) != 0)
p = (dir < 0) ? pl : pr;
else if ((q = pr.findTreeNode(h, k, kc)) != null)
return q;
else
p = pl;
} while (p != null);
}
return null;
}
}
ConcurrentHashMap#TreeBin
- 这个类并不负责包装用户的key、value信息，而是包装的很多TreeNode节点。它代替了TreeNode的根节点，也就是说在实际的ConcurrentHashMap“数组”中，存放的是TreeBin对象，而不是TreeNode对象，这是与HashMap的区别。另外这个类还带有了读写锁。
- 可以看到在构造TreeBin节点时，仅仅指定了它的hash值为TREEBIN常量，这也就是个标识位；同时也看到我们熟悉的红黑树构造方法。
/**
* TreeNodes used at the heads of bins. TreeBins do not hold user
* keys or values, but instead point to list of TreeNodes and
* their root. They also maintain a parasitic read-write lock
* forcing writers (who hold bin lock) to wait for readers (who do
* not) to complete before tree restructuring operations.
*/
static final class TreeBin<K,V> extends Node<K,V> {
TreeNode<K,V> root;
volatile TreeNode<K,V> first;
volatile Thread waiter;
volatile int lockState;
// values for lockState
static final int WRITER = 1; // set while holding write lock
static final int WAITER = 2; // set when waiting for write lock
static final int READER = 4; // increment value for setting read lock
/**
* Tie-breaking utility for ordering insertions when equal
* hashCodes and non-comparable. We don't require a total
* order, just a consistent insertion rule to maintain
* equivalence across rebalancings. Tie-breaking further than
* necessary simplifies testing a bit.
*/
static int tieBreakOrder(Object a, Object b) {
int d;
if (a == null || b == null ||
(d = a.getClass().getName().
compareTo(b.getClass().getName())) == 0)
d = (System.identityHashCode(a) <= System.identityHashCode(b) ?
-1 : 1);
return d;
}
/**
* Creates bin with initial set of nodes headed by b.
*/
TreeBin(TreeNode<K,V> b) {
super(TREEBIN, null, null, null);
this.first = b;
TreeNode<K,V> r = null;
for (TreeNode<K,V> x = b, next; x != null; x = next) {
next = (TreeNode<K,V>)x.next;
x.left = x.right = null;
if (r == null) {
x.parent = null;
x.red = false;
r = x;
}
else {
K k = x.key;
int h = x.hash;
Class<?> kc = null;
for (TreeNode<K,V> p = r;;) {
int dir, ph;
K pk = p.key;
if ((ph = p.hash) > h)
dir = -1;
else if (ph < h)
dir = 1;
else if ((kc == null &&
(kc = comparableClassFor(k)) == null) ||
(dir = compareComparables(kc, k, pk)) == 0)
dir = tieBreakOrder(k, pk);
TreeNode<K,V> xp = p;
if ((p = (dir <= 0) ? p.left : p.right) == null) {
x.parent = xp;
if (dir <= 0)
xp.left = x;
else
xp.right = x;
r = balanceInsertion(r, x);
break;
}
}
}
}
this.root = r;
assert checkInvariants(root);
}
}
ConcurrentHashMap#ForwardingNode
/**
* A node inserted at head of bins during transfer operations.
*/
static final class ForwardingNode<K,V> extends Node<K,V> {
final Node<K,V>[] nextTable;
ForwardingNode(Node<K,V>[] tab) {
super(MOVED, null, null, null);
this.nextTable = tab;
}
Node<K,V> find(int h, Object k) {
// loop to avoid arbitrarily deep recursion on forwarding nodes
outer: for (Node<K,V>[] tab = nextTable;;) {
Node<K,V> e; int n;
if (k == null || tab == null || (n = tab.length) == 0 ||
(e = tabAt(tab, (n - 1) & h)) == null)
return null;
for (;;) {
int eh; K ek;
if ((eh = e.hash) == h &&
((ek = e.key) == k || (ek != null && k.equals(ek))))
return e;
if (eh < 0) {
if (e instanceof ForwardingNode) {
tab = ((ForwardingNode<K,V>)e).nextTable;
continue outer;
}
else
return e.find(h, k);
}
if ((e = e.next) == null)
return null;
}
}
}
}
ConcurrentHashMap#ReservationNode
/**
* A place-holder node used in computeIfAbsent and compute
*/
static final class ReservationNode<K,V> extends Node<K,V> {
ReservationNode() {
super(RESERVED, null, null, null);
}
Node<K,V> find(int h, Object k) {
return null;
}
}
节点类型
-
hash值大于等于0，则是链表节点，Node
-
hash值为-1 MOVED，则是forwarding nodes，存储nextTable的引用。只有table发生扩容的时候，ForwardingNode才会发挥作用，作为一个占位符放在table中表示当前节点为null或则已经被移动。
-
hash值为-2 TREEBIN，则是红黑树根，TreeBin类型
-
hash值为-3 RESERVED，则是reservation nodes，
-
static final int MOVED = -1; // hash for forwarding nodes
static final int TREEBIN = -2; // hash for roots of trees
static final int RESERVED = -3; // hash for transient reservations
成员变量
/**
* The largest possible table capacity. This value must be
* exactly 1<<30 to stay within Java array allocation and indexing
* bounds for power of two table sizes, and is further required
* because the top two bits of 32bit hash fields are used for
* control purposes.
*/
private static final int MAXIMUM_CAPACITY = 1 << 30;
/**
* The default initial table capacity. Must be a power of 2
* (i.e., at least 1) and at most MAXIMUM_CAPACITY.
*/
private static final int DEFAULT_CAPACITY = 16;
/**
* The largest possible (non-power of two) array size.
* Needed by toArray and related methods.
*/
static final int MAX_ARRAY_SIZE = Integer.MAX_VALUE - 8;
/**
* The default concurrency level for this table. Unused but
* defined for compatibility with previous versions of this class.
*/
private static final int DEFAULT_CONCURRENCY_LEVEL = 16;
/**
* The load factor for this table. Overrides of this value in
* constructors affect only the initial table capacity. The
* actual floating point value isn't normally used -- it is
* simpler to use expressions such as {@code n - (n >>> 2)} for
* the associated resizing threshold.
*/
private static final float LOAD_FACTOR = 0.75f;
/**
* The bin count threshold for using a tree rather than list for a
* bin. Bins are converted to trees when adding an element to a
* bin with at least this many nodes. The value must be greater
* than 2, and should be at least 8 to mesh with assumptions in
* tree removal about conversion back to plain bins upon
* shrinkage.
*/
static final int TREEIFY_THRESHOLD = 8;
/**
* The bin count threshold for untreeifying a (split) bin during a
* resize operation. Should be less than TREEIFY_THRESHOLD, and at
* most 6 to mesh with shrinkage detection under removal.
*/
static final int UNTREEIFY_THRESHOLD = 6;
/**
* The smallest table capacity for which bins may be treeified.
* (Otherwise the table is resized if too many nodes in a bin.)
* The value should be at least 4 * TREEIFY_THRESHOLD to avoid
* conflicts between resizing and treeification thresholds.
*/
static final int MIN_TREEIFY_CAPACITY = 64;
/**
* Minimum number of rebinnings per transfer step. Ranges are
* subdivided to allow multiple resizer threads. This value
* serves as a lower bound to avoid resizers encountering
* excessive memory contention. The value should be at least
* DEFAULT_CAPACITY.
*/
private static final int MIN_TRANSFER_STRIDE = 16;
/**
* The number of bits used for generation stamp in sizeCtl.
* Must be at least 6 for 32bit arrays.
*/
private static int RESIZE_STAMP_BITS = 16;
/**
* The maximum number of threads that can help resize.
* Must fit in 32 - RESIZE_STAMP_BITS bits.
*/
private static final int MAX_RESIZERS = (1 << (32 - RESIZE_STAMP_BITS)) - 1;
/**
* The bit shift for recording size stamp in sizeCtl.
*/
private static final int RESIZE_STAMP_SHIFT = 32 - RESIZE_STAMP_BITS;
/*
* Encodings for Node hash fields. See above for explanation.
*/
static final int MOVED = -1; // hash for forwarding nodes
static final int TREEBIN = -2; // hash for roots of trees
static final int RESERVED = -3; // hash for transient reservations
static final int HASH_BITS = 0x7fffffff; // usable bits of normal node hash
/** Number of CPUS, to place bounds on some sizings */
static final int NCPU = Runtime.getRuntime().availableProcessors();
/**
* The array of bins. Lazily initialized upon first insertion.
* Size is always a power of two. Accessed directly by iterators.
*/
transient volatile Node<K,V>[] table;
/**
* The next table to use; non-null only while resizing.
*/
private transient volatile Node<K,V>[] nextTable;
/**
* Base counter value, used mainly when there is no contention,
* but also as a fallback during table initialization
* races. Updated via CAS.
*/
private transient volatile long baseCount;
/**
* Table initialization and resizing control. When negative, the
* table is being initialized or resized: -1 for initialization,
* else -(1 + the number of active resizing threads). Otherwise,
* when table is null, holds the initial table size to use upon
* creation, or 0 for default. After initialization, holds the
* next element count value upon which to resize the table.
- 负数代表正在进行初始化或扩容操作
- -1代表正在初始化
- -N 表示有N-1个线程正在进行扩容操作
正数或0代表hash表还没有被初始化，这个数值表示初始化或下一次进行扩容的大小，这一点类似于扩容阈值的概念。还后面可以看到，它的值始终是当前ConcurrentHashMap容量的0.75倍，这与loadfactor是对应的。
*/
private transient volatile int sizeCtl;
/**
* The next table index (plus one) to split while resizing.
*/
private transient volatile int transferIndex;
/**
* Spinlock (locked via CAS) used when resizing and/or creating CounterCells.
*/
private transient volatile int cellsBusy;
/**
* Table of counter cells. When non-null, size is a power of 2.
*/
private transient volatile CounterCell[] counterCells;
// views
private transient KeySetView<K,V> keySet;
private transient ValuesView<K,V> values;
private transient EntrySetView<K,V> entrySet;
构造方法
public ConcurrentHashMap() {
}
/**
* Creates a new, empty map with an initial table size
* accommodating the specified number of elements without the need
* to dynamically resize.
*
* @param initialCapacity The implementation performs internal
* sizing to accommodate this many elements.
* @throws IllegalArgumentException if the initial capacity of
* elements is negative
*/
public ConcurrentHashMap(int initialCapacity) {
if (initialCapacity < 0)
throw new IllegalArgumentException();
int cap = ((initialCapacity >= (MAXIMUM_CAPACITY >>> 1)) ?
MAXIMUM_CAPACITY :
tableSizeFor(initialCapacity + (initialCapacity >>> 1) + 1));
this.sizeCtl = cap;
}
/**
* Creates a new map with the same mappings as the given map.
*
* @param m the map
*/
public ConcurrentHashMap(Map<? extends K, ? extends V> m) {
this.sizeCtl = DEFAULT_CAPACITY;
putAll(m);
}
/**
* Creates a new, empty map with an initial table size based on
* the given number of elements ({@code initialCapacity}) and
* initial table density ({@code loadFactor}).
*
* @param initialCapacity the initial capacity. The implementation
* performs internal sizing to accommodate this many elements,
* given the specified load factor.
* @param loadFactor the load factor (table density) for
* establishing the initial table size
* @throws IllegalArgumentException if the initial capacity of
* elements is negative or the load factor is nonpositive
*
* @since 1.6
*/
public ConcurrentHashMap(int initialCapacity, float loadFactor) {
this(initialCapacity, loadFactor, 1);
}
/**
* Creates a new, empty map with an initial table size based on
* the given number of elements ({@code initialCapacity}), table
* density ({@code loadFactor}), and number of concurrently
* updating threads ({@code concurrencyLevel}).
*
* @param initialCapacity the initial capacity. The implementation
* performs internal sizing to accommodate this many elements,
* given the specified load factor.
* @param loadFactor the load factor (table density) for
* establishing the initial table size
* @param concurrencyLevel the estimated number of concurrently
* updating threads. The implementation may use this value as
* a sizing hint.
* @throws IllegalArgumentException if the initial capacity is
* negative or the load factor or concurrencyLevel are
* nonpositive
*/
public ConcurrentHashMap(int initialCapacity,
float loadFactor, int concurrencyLevel) {
if (!(loadFactor > 0.0f) || initialCapacity < 0 || concurrencyLevel <= 0)
throw new IllegalArgumentException();
if (initialCapacity < concurrencyLevel) // Use at least as many bins
initialCapacity = concurrencyLevel; // as estimated threads
long size = (long)(1.0 + (long)initialCapacity / loadFactor);
int cap = (size >= (long)MAXIMUM_CAPACITY) ?
MAXIMUM_CAPACITY : tableSizeFor((int)size);
this.sizeCtl = cap;
}
CAS
private static final sun.misc.Unsafe U;
- Unsafe类的几个CAS方法，可以原子性地修改对象的某个属性值
/**
* Atomically update Java variable to <tt>x</tt> if it is currently
* holding <tt>expected</tt>.
* @return <tt>true</tt> if successful
*/
public final native boolean compareAndSwapObject(Object o, long offset,
Object expected,
Object x);
/**
* Atomically update Java variable to <tt>x</tt> if it is currently
* holding <tt>expected</tt>.
* @return <tt>true</tt> if successful
*/
public final native boolean compareAndSwapInt(Object o, long offset,
int expected,
int x);
/**
* Atomically update Java variable to <tt>x</tt> if it is currently
* holding <tt>expected</tt>.
* @return <tt>true</tt> if successful
*/
public final native boolean compareAndSwapLong(Object o, long offset,
long expected,
long x);
/**
* Fetches a reference value from a given Java variable, with volatile
* load semantics. Otherwise identical to {@link #getObject(Object, long)}
*/
public native Object getObjectVolatile(Object o, long offset);
/**
* Stores a reference value into a given Java variable, with
* volatile store semantics. Otherwise identical to {@link #putObject(Object, long, Object)}
*/
public native void putObjectVolatile(Object o, long offset, Object x);
- Unsafe.getObjectVolatile可以直接获取指定内存的数据，保证了每次拿到数据都是最新的。
三个核心方法
- ConcurrentHashMap定义了三个原子操作，用于对指定位置的节点进行操作。正是这些原子操作保证了ConcurrentHashMap的线程安全。
static final <K,V> Node<K,V> tabAt(Node<K,V>[] tab, int i) {
return (Node<K,V>)U.getObjectVolatile(tab, ((long)i << ASHIFT) + ABASE);
}
static final <K,V> boolean casTabAt(Node<K,V>[] tab, int i,
Node<K,V> c, Node<K,V> v) {
return U.compareAndSwapObject(tab, ((long)i << ASHIFT) + ABASE, c, v);
}
static final <K,V> void setTabAt(Node<K,V>[] tab, int i, Node<K,V> v) {
U.putObjectVolatile(tab, ((long)i << ASHIFT) + ABASE, v);
}
初始化
- 对于ConcurrentHashMap来说，调用它的构造方法仅仅是设置了一些参数而已。而整个table的初始化是在向ConcurrentHashMap中插入元素的时候发生的。如调用put、computeIfAbsent、compute、merge等方法的时候，调用时机是检查table==null。
- 初始化方法主要应用了关键属性sizeCtl 如果这个值<0，表示其他线程正在进行初始化，就放弃这个操作。在这也可以看出ConcurrentHashMap的初始化只能由一个线程完成。如果获得了初始化权限，就用CAS方法将sizeCtl置为-1，防止其他线程进入。初始化数组后，将sizeCtl的值改为0.75*n。
private final Node<K,V>[] initTable() {
Node<K,V>[] tab; int sc;
while ((tab = table) == null || tab.length == 0) {
if ((sc = sizeCtl) < 0)
Thread.yield(); // lost initialization race; just spin
// 利用CAS方法把sizectl的值置为-1 表示本线程正在进行初始化
else if (U.compareAndSwapInt(this, SIZECTL, sc, -1)) {
try {
if ((tab = table) == null || tab.length == 0) {
int n = (sc > 0) ? sc : DEFAULT_CAPACITY;
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
Node<K,V>[] nt = (Node<K,V>[])new Node<?,?>[n];
table = tab = nt;
// 相当于0.75*n 设置一个扩容的阈值
sc = n - (n >>> 2);
}
} finally {
sizeCtl = sc;
}
break;
}
}
return tab;
}
spread（hash)
- h是某个对象的hashCode返回值
static final int spread(int h) {
return (h ^ (h >>> 16)) & HASH_BITS;
}
-
static final int HASH_BITS = 0x7fffffff; // usable bits of normal node hash
-
类似于Hashtable+HashMap的hash实现，Hashtable中也是和一个魔法值取与，保证结果一定为正数；HashMap中也是将hashCode与其移动低n位的结果再取异或，保证了对象的hashCode的高16位的变化能反应到低16位中，
size相关
成员变量
@sun.misc.Contended static final class CounterCell {
volatile long value;
CounterCell(long x) { value = x; }
}
/**
* Base counter value, used mainly when there is no contention,
* but also as a fallback during table initialization
* races. Updated via CAS.
*/
private transient volatile long baseCount;
/**
* Spinlock (locked via CAS) used when resizing and/or creating CounterCells.
*/
private transient volatile int cellsBusy;
/**
* Table of counter cells. When non-null, size is a power of 2.
*/
private transient volatile CounterCell[] counterCells;
- 每个CounterCell都对应一个bucket，CounterCell中的long值就是对应bucket的binCount。
- 计算总大小就是将所有bucket的binCount求和，而每个binCount都存储在CounterCell#value中，每当put或者remove时都会更新节点所在bucket对应的CounterCell#value。
size()
- 没有直接返回baseCount 而是统计一次这个值，而这个值其实也是一个大概的数值，因此可能在统计的时候有其他线程正在执行插入或删除操作。
public int size() {
long n = sumCount();
return ((n < 0L) ? 0 :
(n > (long)Integer.MAX_VALUE) ? Integer.MAX_VALUE :
(int)n);
}
- 在baseCount基础上再加上所有counterCell的值求和。
- 而在addCount时，会先尝试CAS更新baseCount，如果有冲突，则再尝试CAS更新随机的一个counterCell中的value，这样求和就是正确的size了。
final long sumCount() {
CounterCell[] as = counterCells;
CounterCell a;
long sum = baseCount;
if (as != null) {
for (int i = 0; i < as.length; ++i) {
if ((a = as[i]) != null)
// 所有counter的值求和
sum += a.value;
}
}
return sum;
}
put（若bucket第一个结点插入则使用CAS，否则加锁)
public V put(K key, V value) {
return putVal(key, value, false);
}
整体流程就是首先定义不允许key或value为null的情况放入 。对于每一个放入的值，首先利用spread方法对key的hashcode进行一次hash计算，由此来确定这个值在table中的位置。
- 如果这个位置是空的，那么直接放入，而且不需要加锁操作。
- 如果这个位置存在结点，说明发生了hash碰撞，首先判断这个节点的类型。
- 如果是MOVED节点，则表示正在扩容，帮助进行扩容
- 如果是链表节点(hash >=0),则得到的结点就是hash值相同的节点组成的链表的头节点。需要依次向后遍历确定这个新加入的值所在位置。如果遇到hash值与key值都与新加入节点是一致的情况，则只需要更新value值即可。否则依次向后遍历，直到链表尾插入这个结点。 如果加入这个节点以后链表长度大于8，就把这个链表转换成红黑树。
- 如果这个节点的类型已经是树节点的话，直接调用树节点的插入方法进行插入新的值。
- addCount 增加计数值
/** Implementation for put and putIfAbsent */
final V putVal(K key, V value, boolean onlyIfAbsent) {
if (key == null || value == null) throw new NullPointerException();
int hash = spread(key.hashCode());
int binCount = 0;
// 死循环，只有插入成功时才会跳出
for (Node<K,V>[] tab = table;;) {
Node<K,V> f; int n, i, fh;
if (tab == null || (n = tab.length) == 0)
// table为空则初始化（延迟初始化)
tab = initTable();
else if ((f = tabAt(tab, i = (n - 1) & hash)) == null) {
// hash to index后正好为空，则CAS放入；如果失败那么进入下次循环继续尝试
if (casTabAt(tab, i, null,
new Node<K,V>(hash, key, value, null)))
break; // no lock when adding to empty bin
}
// 如果index处非空，且hash为MOVED（表示该节点是ForwardingNode)，则表示有其它线程正在扩容，则一起进行扩容操作。
else if ((fh = f.hash) == MOVED)
tab = helpTransfer(tab, f);
// 如果index处非空，且为链表节点或树节点
else {
V oldVal = null;
// 对某个bucket上执行添加操作仅需要锁住第一个Node即可（可以保证不会多线程同时对某个bucket进行写入)
synchronized (f) {
if (tabAt(tab, i) == f) {
// 1) 如果是链表节点，那么插入到链表中
if (fh >= 0) {
// binCount是该bucket中元素个数
binCount = 1;
for (Node<K,V> e = f;; ++binCount) {
K ek;
if (e.hash == hash &&
((ek = e.key) == key ||
(ek != null && key.equals(ek)))) {
oldVal = e.val;
if (!onlyIfAbsent)
e.val = value;
break;
}
Node<K,V> pred = e;
if ((e = e.next) == null) {
pred.next = new Node<K,V>(hash, key,
value, null);
break;
}
}
}
// 2)如果是红黑树树根，那么插入到红黑树中
else if (f instanceof TreeBin) {
Node<K,V> p;
binCount = 2;
if ((p = ((TreeBin<K,V>)f).putTreeVal(hash, key,
value)) != null) {
oldVal = p.val;
if (!onlyIfAbsent)
p.val = value;
}
}
}
}
// 插入节点/释放锁之后，如果大小合适调整为红黑树，那么将链表转为红黑树
if (binCount != 0) {
if (binCount >= TREEIFY_THRESHOLD)
treeifyBin(tab, i);
if (oldVal != null)
return oldVal;
break;
}
}
}
// 将当前ConcurrentHashMap的元素数量+1 ，如果超过阈值，那么进行扩容
addCount(1L, binCount);
return null;
}
treeifyBin（有锁，数组较小则扩容，较大则转为红黑树)
private final void treeifyBin(Node<K,V>[] tab, int index) {
Node<K,V> b; int n, sc;
if (tab != null) {
// 如果数组长度n小于阈值MIN_TREEIFY_CAPACITY，默认是64，则会调用tryPresize方法把数组长度扩大到原来的两倍，并触发transfer方法，重新调整节点的位置
if ((n = tab.length) < MIN_TREEIFY_CAPACITY)
tryPresize(n << 1);
else if ((b = tabAt(tab, index)) != null && b.hash >= 0) {
synchronized (b) {
if (tabAt(tab, index) == b) {
TreeNode<K,V> hd = null, tl = null;
for (Node<K,V> e = b; e != null; e = e.next) {
TreeNode<K,V> p =
new TreeNode<K,V>(e.hash, e.key, e.val,
null, null);
if ((p.prev = tl) == null)
hd = p;
else
tl.next = p;
tl = p;
}
setTabAt(tab, index, new TreeBin<K,V>(hd));
}
}
}
}
}
tryPreSize
/**
* Tries to presize table to accommodate the given number of elements.
*
* @param size number of elements (doesn't need to be perfectly accurate)
*/
private final void tryPresize(int size) {
int c = (size >= (MAXIMUM_CAPACITY >>> 1)) ? MAXIMUM_CAPACITY :
tableSizeFor(size + (size >>> 1) + 1);
int sc;
while ((sc = sizeCtl) >= 0) {
Node<K,V>[] tab = table; int n;
if (tab == null || (n = tab.length) == 0) {
n = (sc > c) ? sc : c;
if (U.compareAndSwapInt(this, SIZECTL, sc, -1)) {
try {
if (table == tab) {
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
Node<K,V>[] nt = (Node<K,V>[])new Node<?,?>[n];
table = nt;
sc = n - (n >>> 2);
}
} finally {
sizeCtl = sc;
}
}
}
else if (c <= sc || n >= MAXIMUM_CAPACITY)
break;
else if (tab == table) {
int rs = resizeStamp(n);
if (sc < 0) {
Node<K,V>[] nt;
if ((sc >>> RESIZE_STAMP_SHIFT) != rs || sc == rs + 1 ||
sc == rs + MAX_RESIZERS || (nt = nextTable) == null ||
transferIndex <= 0)
break;
if (U.compareAndSwapInt(this, SIZECTL, sc, sc + 1))
transfer(tab, nt);
}
else if (U.compareAndSwapInt(this, SIZECTL, sc,
(rs << RESIZE_STAMP_SHIFT) + 2))
transfer(tab, null);
}
}
}
扩容
tryPresize
tryPresize在putAll以及treeifyBin中调用
private final void tryPresize(int size) {
// c是扩容之后预计表的大小
int c = (size >= (MAXIMUM_CAPACITY >>> 1)) ? MAXIMUM_CAPACITY :
tableSizeFor(size + (size >>> 1) + 1);
int sc;
// 没有正在初始化或扩容
while ((sc = sizeCtl) >= 0) {
Node<K,V>[] tab = table; int n;
if (tab == null || (n = tab.length) == 0) {
n = (sc > c) ? sc : c;
// 期间没有其他线程对表操作，则CAS将SIZECTL状态置为-1，表示正在进行初始化
if (U.compareAndSwapInt(this, SIZECTL, sc, -1)) {
try {
if (table == tab) {
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
Node<K,V>[] nt = (Node<K,V>[])new Node<?,?>[n];
table = nt;
// 即0.75*n
sc = n - (n >>> 2);
}
} finally {
sizeCtl = sc;
}
}
}
// 若欲扩容值不大于原阈值，或现有容量>=最值，则do nothing
else if (c <= sc || n >= MAXIMUM_CAPACITY)
break;
// table不为空，且在此期间其他线程未修改table
else if (tab == table) {
int rs = resizeStamp(n);
if (sc < 0) {
Node<K,V>[] nt;
if ((sc >>> RESIZE_STAMP_SHIFT) != rs || sc == rs + 1 ||
sc == rs + MAX_RESIZERS || (nt = nextTable) == null ||
transferIndex <= 0)
break;
if (U.compareAndSwapInt(this, SIZECTL, sc, sc + 1))
// 协助扩容
transfer(tab, nt);
}
else if (U.compareAndSwapInt(this, SIZECTL, sc,
(rs << RESIZE_STAMP_SHIFT) + 2))
// 发起扩容
transfer(tab, null);
}
}
}
addCount
x=1，check=bucketCount
private final void addCount(long x, int check) {
// 计数值加x
// 利用CAS方法更新baseCount的值
CounterCell[] as; long b, s;
if ((as = counterCells) != null ||
!U.compareAndSwapLong(this, BASECOUNT, b = baseCount, s = b + x)) {
// 如果CAS更新baseCount失败或者counterCells不为空，那么尝试CAS更新当前线程的hashCode对应的bucket的value
CounterCell a; long v; int m;
boolean uncontended = true;
- if (as == null || (m = as.length - 1) < 0 ||
(a = as[ThreadLocalRandom.getProbe() & m]) == null ||
!(uncontended =
U.compareAndSwapLong(a, CELLVALUE, v = a.value, v + x))) {
// 如果两次CAS都失败了，那么调用fullAddCount方法
fullAddCount(x, uncontended);
return;
}
if (check <= 1)
return;
s = sumCount();
}
// 以上与扩容无关，如果check值大于等于0 则需要检查是否需要进行扩容操作
if (check >= 0) {
Node<K,V>[] tab, nt; int n, sc;
while (s >= (long)(sc = sizeCtl) && (tab = table) != null &&
(n = tab.length) < MAXIMUM_CAPACITY) {
int rs = resizeStamp(n);
// 如果sizeCtl是小于0的，说明有其他线程正在执行扩容操作，nextTable一定不为空
if (sc < 0) {
if ((sc >>> RESIZE_STAMP_SHIFT) != rs || sc == rs + 1 ||
sc == rs + MAX_RESIZERS || (nt = nextTable) == null ||
transferIndex <= 0)
break;
// 协助扩容
if (U.compareAndSwapInt(this, SIZECTL, sc, sc + 1))
transfer(tab, nt);
}
// 当前线程是唯一的或是第一个发起扩容的线程 此时nextTable=null
else if (U.compareAndSwapInt(this, SIZECTL, sc,
(rs << RESIZE_STAMP_SHIFT) + 2))
// 发起扩容
transfer(tab, null);
s = sumCount();
}
}
}
private final void fullAddCount(long x, boolean wasUncontended) {
int h;
if ((h = ThreadLocalRandom.getProbe()) == 0) {
ThreadLocalRandom.localInit(); // force initialization
h = ThreadLocalRandom.getProbe();
wasUncontended = true;
}
boolean collide = false; // True if last slot nonempty
for (;;) {
CounterCell[] as; CounterCell a; int n; long v;
if ((as = counterCells) != null && (n = as.length) > 0) {
if ((a = as[(n - 1) & h]) == null) {
if (cellsBusy == 0) { // Try to attach new Cell
CounterCell r = new CounterCell(x); // Optimistic create
if (cellsBusy == 0 &&
U.compareAndSwapInt(this, CELLSBUSY, 0, 1)) {
boolean created = false;
try { // Recheck under lock
CounterCell[] rs; int m, j;
if ((rs = counterCells) != null &&
(m = rs.length) > 0 &&
rs[j = (m - 1) & h] == null) {
rs[j] = r;
created = true;
}
} finally {
cellsBusy = 0;
}
if (created)
break;
continue; // Slot is now non-empty
}
}
collide = false;
}
else if (!wasUncontended) // CAS already known to fail
wasUncontended = true; // Continue after rehash
else if (U.compareAndSwapLong(a, CELLVALUE, v = a.value, v + x))
break;
else if (counterCells != as || n >= NCPU)
collide = false; // At max size or stale
else if (!collide)
collide = true;
else if (cellsBusy == 0 &&
U.compareAndSwapInt(this, CELLSBUSY, 0, 1)) {
try {
if (counterCells == as) {// Expand table unless stale
CounterCell[] rs = new CounterCell[n << 1];
for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i)
rs[i] = as[i];
counterCells = rs;
}
} finally {
cellsBusy = 0;
}
collide = false;
continue; // Retry with expanded table
}
h = ThreadLocalRandom.advanceProbe(h);
}
else if (cellsBusy == 0 && counterCells == as &&
U.compareAndSwapInt(this, CELLSBUSY, 0, 1)) {
boolean init = false;
try { // Initialize table
if (counterCells == as) {
CounterCell[] rs = new CounterCell[2];
rs[h & 1] = new CounterCell(x);
counterCells = rs;
init = true;
}
} finally {
cellsBusy = 0;
}
if (init)
break;
}
else if (U.compareAndSwapLong(this, BASECOUNT, v = baseCount, v + x))
break; // Fall back on using base
}
}
transfer
-
当table容量不足的时候，即table的元素数量达到容量阈值sizeCtl，需要对table进行扩容。 整个扩容分为两部分：
- 1)构建一个nextTable，大小为table的两倍。
- 2)把table的数据复制到nextTable中。
-
这两个过程在单线程下实现很简单，但是ConcurrentHashMap是支持并发插入的，扩容操作自然也会有并发的出现，这种情况下，第二步可以支持节点的并发复制，这样性能自然提升不少，但实现的复杂度也上升了一个台阶。
-
先看第一步，构建nextTable，毫无疑问，这个过程只能有单个线程进行nextTable的初始化。
-
通过Unsafe.compareAndSwapInt修改sizeCtl值，保证只有一个线程能够初始化nextTable，扩容后的数组长度为原来的两倍。
-
节点从table移动到nextTable，大体思想是遍历、复制的过程。
- 1)首先根据运算得到需要遍历的次数i，然后利用tabAt方法获得i位置的元素f，初始化一个ForwardingNode实例fwd。
- 2)如果f==null，则在table中的i位置放入fwd，这个过程是采用
-
Unsafe.compareAndSwapObjectf方法实现的，很巧妙的实现了节点的并发移动。
- 3)如果f是链表的头节点，就构造一个反序链表，把他们分别放在nextTable的i和i+n的位置上，移动完成，采用Unsafe.putObjectVolatile方法给table原位置赋值fwd。
- 4)如果f是TreeBin节点，也做一个反序处理，并判断是否需要untreeify，把处理的结果分别放在nextTable的i和i+n的位置上，移动完成，同样采用Unsafe.putObjectVolatile方法给table原位置赋值fwd。
- 5)遍历过所有的节点以后就完成了复制工作，把table指向nextTable，并更新sizeCtl为新数组大小的0.75倍 ，扩容完成。
-
在多线程环境下，ConcurrentHashMap用两点来保证正确性：ForwardingNode和synchronized。当一个线程遍历到的节点如果是ForwardingNode，则继续往后遍历，如果不是，则将该节点加锁，防止其他线程进入，完成后设置ForwardingNode节点，以便要其他线程可以看到该节点已经处理过了，如此交叉进行，高效而又安全。
/**
* Moves and/or copies the nodes in each bin to new table. See
* above for explanation.
*/
private final void transfer(Node<K,V>[] tab, Node<K,V>[] nextTab) {
int n = tab.length, stride;
if ((stride = (NCPU > 1) ? (n >>> 3) / NCPU : n) < MIN_TRANSFER_STRIDE)
stride = MIN_TRANSFER_STRIDE; // subdivide range
// 扩容第一步，创建两倍长的数组nextTable，单线程执行
// initiating只能有一个线程进行构造nextTable，如果别的线程进入发现不为空就不用构造nextTable了
if (nextTab == null) { // initiating
try {
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
Node<K,V>[] nt = (Node<K,V>[])new Node<?,?>[n << 1];
nextTab = nt;
} catch (Throwable ex) { // try to cope with OOME
sizeCtl = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
return;
}
nextTable = nextTab;
// 原先扩容大小
transferIndex = n;
}
// 扩容第二步，把table的数据复制到nextTable中，多线程可以同时进行
int nextn = nextTab.length;
// 构造一个ForwardingNode用于多线程之间的共同扩容情况
ForwardingNode<K,V> fwd = new ForwardingNode<K,V>(nextTab);
boolean advance = true;
boolean finishing = false; // to ensure sweep before committing nextTab
// 遍历每个节点
for (int i = 0, bound = 0;;) {
Node<K,V> f; int fh;
while (advance) {
int nextIndex, nextBound;
if (--i >= bound || finishing)
advance = false;
else if ((nextIndex = transferIndex) <= 0) {
i = -1;
advance = false;
}
else if (U.compareAndSwapInt
(this, TRANSFERINDEX, nextIndex,
nextBound = (nextIndex > stride ?
nextIndex - stride : 0))) {
bound = nextBound;
i = nextIndex - 1;
advance = false;
}
}
// 得到一个i，i指向table中某一个尚未拷贝的bucket，下面的代码是对i对应的bucket进行拷贝，拷贝完后将bucket赋值为fwd（ForwadingNode)
//**************************************************************//
if (i < 0 || i >= n || i + n >= nextn) {
int sc;
// 如果原table已经复制结束
if (finishing) {
nextTable = null;
table = nextTab;
// 修改扩容后的阀值，应该是现在容量的0.75倍
sizeCtl = (n << 1) - (n >>> 1);
return;
}
// 采用CAS算法更新SizeCtl，减一，表示有一个新的线程参与到扩容操作
if (U.compareAndSwapInt(this, SIZECTL, sc = sizeCtl, sc - 1)) {
if ((sc - 2) != resizeStamp(n) << RESIZE_STAMP_SHIFT)
return;
finishing = advance = true;
i = n; // recheck before commit
}
}
// CAS算法获取某一个数组的节点，为空就设为ForwordingNode
else if ((f = tabAt(tab, i)) == null)
advance = casTabAt(tab, i, null, fwd);
// 如果这个节点的hash值是MOVED，就表示这个节点是ForwordingNode节点，就表示这个节点已经被处理过了，直接跳过
else if ((fh = f.hash) == MOVED)
advance = true; // already processed
else {
synchronized (f) {
if (tabAt(tab, i) == f) {
Node<K,V> ln, hn;
if (fh >= 0) {
//如果这个节点的确是链表节点，则拆分为两个子链表，存储到nextTable相应的两个位置
int runBit = fh & n;
Node<K,V> lastRun = f;
for (Node<K,V> p = f.next; p != null; p = p.next) {
int b = p.hash & n;
if (b != runBit) {
runBit = b;
lastRun = p;
}
}
if (runBit == 0) {
ln = lastRun;
hn = null;
}
else {
hn = lastRun;
ln = null;
}
for (Node<K,V> p = f; p != lastRun; p = p.next) {
int ph = p.hash; K pk = p.key; V pv = p.val;
if ((ph & n) == 0)
ln = new Node<K,V>(ph, pk, pv, ln);
else
hn = new Node<K,V>(ph, pk, pv, hn);
}
// CAS存储在nextTable的i位置上
setTabAt(nextTab, i, ln);
// CAS存储在nextTable的i+n位置上
setTabAt(nextTab, i + n, hn);
// CAS在原table的i处设置forwordingNode节点，表示这个这个节点已经处理完毕
setTabAt(tab, i, fwd);
advance = true;
}
// 如果这个节点是红黑树，则拆分为两颗子树，保存到nextTable相应的两个位置
else if (f instanceof TreeBin) {
TreeBin<K,V> t = (TreeBin<K,V>)f;
TreeNode<K,V> lo = null, loTail = null;
TreeNode<K,V> hi = null, hiTail = null;
int lc = 0, hc = 0;
for (Node<K,V> e = t.first; e != null; e = e.next) {
int h = e.hash;
TreeNode<K,V> p = new TreeNode<K,V>
(h, e.key, e.val, null, null);
if ((h & n) == 0) {
if ((p.prev = loTail) == null)
lo = p;
else
loTail.next = p;
loTail = p;
++lc;
}
else {
if ((p.prev = hiTail) == null)
hi = p;
else
hiTail.next = p;
hiTail = p;
++hc;
}
}
// 如果拆分后的树的节点数量已经少于6个就需要重新转化为链表
ln = (lc <= UNTREEIFY_THRESHOLD) ? untreeify(lo) :
(hc != 0) ? new TreeBin<K,V>(lo) : t;
hn = (hc <= UNTREEIFY_THRESHOLD) ? untreeify(hi) :
(lc != 0) ? new TreeBin<K,V>(hi) : t;
// CAS存储在nextTable的i位置上
setTabAt(nextTab, i, ln);
// CAS存储在nextTable的i+n位置上
setTabAt(nextTab, i + n, hn);
// CAS在原table的i处设置forwordingNode节点，表示这个这个节点已经处理完毕
setTabAt(tab, i, fwd);
advance = true;
}
}
}
}
}
}
helpTransfer
final Node<K,V>[] helpTransfer(Node<K,V>[] tab, Node<K,V> f) {
Node<K,V>[] nextTab; int sc;
if (tab != null && (f instanceof ForwardingNode) &&
(nextTab = ((ForwardingNode<K,V>)f).nextTable) != null) {
int rs = resizeStamp(tab.length);
while (nextTab == nextTable && table == tab &&
(sc = sizeCtl) < 0) {
if ((sc >>> RESIZE_STAMP_SHIFT) != rs || sc == rs + 1 ||
sc == rs + MAX_RESIZERS || transferIndex <= 0)
break;
if (U.compareAndSwapInt(this, SIZECTL, sc, sc + 1)) {
// 调用扩容方法
transfer(tab, nextTab);
break;
}
}
return nextTab;
}
return table;
}
get（无锁)
public V get(Object key) {
Node<K,V>[] tab; Node<K,V> e, p; int n, eh; K ek;
int h = spread(key.hashCode());
if ((tab = table) != null && (n = tab.length) > 0 &&
(e = tabAt(tab, (n - 1) & h)) != null) {
if ((eh = e.hash) == h) {
// bucket中第一个结点就是我们要找的，直接返回
if ((ek = e.key) == key || (ek != null && key.equals(ek)))
return e.val;
}
else if (eh < 0)
// bucket中第一个结点是红黑树根，则调用find方法去找
return (p = e.find(h, key)) != null ? p.val : null;
// bucket中第一个结点是链表，则遍历链表查找
while ((e = e.next) != null) {
if (e.hash == h &&
((ek = e.key) == key || (ek != null && key.equals(ek))))
return e.val;
}
}
return null;
}
untreeify（无锁)
static <K,V> Node<K,V> untreeify(Node<K,V> b) {
Node<K,V> hd = null, tl = null;
for (Node<K,V> q = b; q != null; q = q.next) {
Node<K,V> p = new Node<K,V>(q.hash, q.key, q.val, null);
if (tl == null)
hd = p;
else
tl.next = p;
tl = p;
}
return hd;
}
remove（有锁)
public boolean remove(Object key, Object value) {
if (key == null)
throw new NullPointerException();
return value != null && replaceNode(key, null, value) != null;
}
/**
* Implementation for the four public remove/replace methods:
* Replaces node value with v, conditional upon match of cv if
* non-null. If resulting value is null, delete.
*/
final V replaceNode(Object key, V value, Object cv) {
int hash = spread(key.hashCode());
for (Node<K,V>[] tab = table;;) {
Node<K,V> f; int n, i, fh;
if (tab == null || (n = tab.length) == 0 ||
(f = tabAt(tab, i = (n - 1) & hash)) == null)
break;
else if ((fh = f.hash) == MOVED)
// 如果已经被移动，那么就帮助进行扩容
tab = helpTransfer(tab, f);
else {
V oldVal = null;
boolean validated = false;
synchronized (f) {
if (tabAt(tab, i) == f) {
// 如果是链表，则删除链表中的节点
if (fh >= 0) {
validated = true;
for (Node<K,V> e = f, pred = null;;) {
K ek;
if (e.hash == hash &&
((ek = e.key) == key ||
(ek != null && key.equals(ek)))) {
V ev = e.val;
if (cv == null || cv == ev ||
(ev != null && cv.equals(ev))) {
oldVal = ev;
if (value != null)
e.val = value;
else if (pred != null)
pred.next = e.next;
else
setTabAt(tab, i, e.next);
}
break;
}
pred = e;
if ((e = e.next) == null)
break;
}
}
// 如果是红黑树，则从红黑树中删除结点
else if (f instanceof TreeBin) {
validated = true;
TreeBin<K,V> t = (TreeBin<K,V>)f;
TreeNode<K,V> r, p;
if ((r = t.root) != null &&
(p = r.findTreeNode(hash, key, null)) != null) {
V pv = p.val;
if (cv == null || cv == pv ||
(pv != null && cv.equals(pv))) {
oldVal = pv;
if (value != null)
p.val = value;
else if (t.removeTreeNode(p))
setTabAt(tab, i, untreeify(t.first));
}
}
}
}
}
if (validated) {
if (oldVal != null) {
if (value == null)
addCount(-1L, -1);
return oldVal;
}
break;
}
}
}
return null;
}
containsKey
public boolean containsKey(Object key) {
return get(key) != null;
}
containsValue
public boolean containsValue(Object value) {
if (value == null)
throw new NullPointerException();
Node<K,V>[] t;
if ((t = table) != null) {
Traverser<K,V> it = new Traverser<K,V>(t, t.length, 0, t.length);
for (Node<K,V> p; (p = it.advance()) != null; ) {
V v;
if ((v = p.val) == value || (v != null && value.equals(v)))
return true;
}
}
return false;
}
static class Traverser<K,V> {
Node<K,V>[] tab; // current table; updated if resized
Node<K,V> next; // the next entry to use
TableStack<K,V> stack, spare; // to save/restore on ForwardingNodes
int index; // index of bin to use next
int baseIndex; // current index of initial table
int baseLimit; // index bound for initial table
final int baseSize; // initial table size
Traverser(Node<K,V>[] tab, int size, int index, int limit) {
this.tab = tab;
this.baseSize = size;
this.baseIndex = this.index = index;
this.baseLimit = limit;
this.next = null;
}
/**
* Advances if possible, returning next valid node, or null if none.
*/
final Node<K,V> advance() {
Node<K,V> e;
if ((e = next) != null)
e = e.next;
for (;;) {
Node<K,V>[] t; int i, n; // must use locals in checks
if (e != null)
return next = e;
if (baseIndex >= baseLimit || (t = tab) == null ||
(n = t.length) <= (i = index) || i < 0)
return next = null;
if ((e = tabAt(t, i)) != null && e.hash < 0) {
if (e instanceof ForwardingNode) {
tab = ((ForwardingNode<K,V>)e).nextTable;
e = null;
pushState(t, i, n);
continue;
}
else if (e instanceof TreeBin)
e = ((TreeBin<K,V>)e).first;
else
e = null;
}
if (stack != null)
recoverState(n);
else if ((index = i + baseSize) >= n)
index = ++baseIndex; // visit upper slots if present
}
}
/**
* Saves traversal state upon encountering a forwarding node.
*/
private void pushState(Node<K,V>[] t, int i, int n) {
TableStack<K,V> s = spare; // reuse if possible
if (s != null)
spare = s.next;
else
s = new TableStack<K,V>();
s.tab = t;
s.length = n;
s.index = i;
s.next = stack;
stack = s;
}
/**
* Possibly pops traversal state.
*
* @param n length of current table
*/
private void recoverState(int n) {
TableStack<K,V> s; int len;
while ((s = stack) != null && (index += (len = s.length)) >= n) {
n = len;
index = s.index;
tab = s.tab;
s.tab = null;
TableStack<K,V> next = s.next;
s.next = spare; // save for reuse
stack = next;
spare = s;
}
if (s == null && (index += baseSize) >= n)
index = ++baseIndex;
}
}
遍历
public Set<Map.Entry<K,V>> entrySet() {
EntrySetView<K,V> es;
return (es = entrySet) != null ? es : (entrySet = new EntrySetView<K,V>(this));
}
public Iterator<Map.Entry<K,V>> iterator() {
ConcurrentHashMap<K,V> m = map;
Node<K,V>[] t;
int f = (t = m.table) == null ? 0 : t.length;
return new EntryIterator<K,V>(t, f, 0, f, m);
}
static class BaseIterator<K,V> extends Traverser<K,V> {
final ConcurrentHashMap<K,V> map;
Node<K,V> lastReturned;
BaseIterator(Node<K,V>[] tab, int size, int index, int limit,
ConcurrentHashMap<K,V> map) {
super(tab, size, index, limit);
this.map = map;
advance();
}
public final boolean hasNext() { return next != null; }
public final boolean hasMoreElements() { return next != null; }
public final void remove() {
Node<K,V> p;
if ((p = lastReturned) == null)
throw new IllegalStateException();
lastReturned = null;
map.replaceNode(p.key, null, null);
}
}
static final class EntryIterator<K,V> extends BaseIterator<K,V>
implements Iterator<Map.Entry<K,V>> {
EntryIterator(Node<K,V>[] tab, int index, int size, int limit,
ConcurrentHashMap<K,V> map) {
super(tab, index, size, limit, map);
}
public final Map.Entry<K,V> next() {
Node<K,V> p;
if ((p = next) == null)
throw new NoSuchElementException();
K k = p.key;
V v = p.val;
lastReturned = p;
advance();
return new MapEntry<K,V>(k, v, map);
}
}
1.7 分段锁实现
- 采用 Segment + HashEntry的方式进行实现
put
- 当执行 put方法插入数据时，根据key的hash值，在 Segment数组中找到相应的位置，如果相应位置的 Segment还未初始化，则通过CAS进行赋值，接着执行 Segment对象的 put方法通过加锁机制插入数据，实现如下：
- 场景：线程A和线程B同时执行相同 Segment对象的 put方法
- 1、线程A执行 tryLock()方法成功获取锁，则把 HashEntry对象插入到相应的位置；
- 2、线程B获取锁失败，则执行 scanAndLockForPut()方法，在 scanAndLockForPut方法中，会通过重复执行 tryLock()方法尝试获取锁，在多处理器环境下，重复次数为64，单处理器重复次数为1，当执行 tryLock()方法的次数超过上限时，则执行 lock()方法挂起线程B；
- 3、当线程A执行完插入操作时，会通过 unlock()方法释放锁，接着唤醒线程B继续执行；
size
- 因为 ConcurrentHashMap是可以并发插入数据的，所以在准确计算元素时存在一定的难度，一般的思路是统计每个 Segment对象中的元素个数，然后进行累加，但是这种方式计算出来的结果并不一样的准确的，因为在计算后面几个 Segment的元素个数时，已经计算过的 Segment同时可能有数据的插入或则删除。
- 先采用不加锁的方式，连续计算元素的个数，最多计算3次： 1、如果前后两次计算结果相同，则说明计算出来的元素个数是准确的； 2、如果前后两次计算结果都不同，则给每个 Segment进行加锁，再计算一次元素的个数；
ConcurrentSkipListMap
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ConcurrentSkipListMap有几个ConcurrentHashMap 不能比拟的优点：
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1、ConcurrentSkipListMap 的key是有序的。
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2、ConcurrentSkipListMap 支持更高的并发。ConcurrentSkipListMap 的存取时间是log（N)，和线程数几乎无关。也就是说在数据量一定的情况下，并发的线程越多，ConcurrentSkipListMap越能体现出他的优势。
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SkipList 跳表：
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跳表是平衡树的一种替代的数据结构，但是和红黑树不相同的是，跳表对于树的平衡的实现是基于一种随机化的算法的，这样也就是说跳表的插入和删除的工作是比较简单的。
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下面来研究一下跳表的核心思想：
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先从链表开始，如果是一个简单的链表，那么我们知道在链表中查找一个元素I的话，需要将整个链表遍历一次。
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如果是说链表是排序的，并且节点中还存储了指向前面第二个节点的指针的话，那么在查找一个节点时，仅仅需要遍历N/2个节点即可。
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这基本上就是跳表的核心思想，其实也是一种通过“空间来换取时间”的一个算法，通过在每个节点中增加了向前的指针，从而提升查找的效率。
🚩 Map实现类之间的区别
HashMap与ConcurrentHashMap区别
- 1)前者允许key或value为null，后者不允许
- 2)前者不是线程安全的，后者是
HashMap、TreeMap与LinkedHashMap区别
- 1)HashMap遍历时，取得数据的顺序是完全随机的；
- TreeMap可以按照自然顺序或Comparator排序；
- LinkedHashMap可以按照插入顺序或访问顺序排序，且get的效率（O(1))比TreeMap（O(logn))更高。
- 2)HashMap底层基于哈希表，数组+链表/红黑树；
- TreeMap底层基于红黑树
- LinkedHashMap底层基于HashMap与环形双向链表
- 3)就get和put效率而言，HashMap是最高的，LinkedHashMap次之，TreeMap最次。
HashMap与Hashtable区别
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- 扩容策略：Hashtable在不指定容量的情况下的默认容量为11，而HashMap为16，Hashtable不要求底层数组的容量一定要为2的整数次幂（*2+1)，而HashMap则要求一定为2的整数次幂（*2)。
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- 允许null：Hashtable中key和value都不允许为null，而HashMap中key和value都允许为null（key只能有一个为null，而value则可以有多个为null)。
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- 线程安全：前者不是线程安全的，后者是；
ConcurrentHashMap、Collections.synchronizedMap与Hashtable的异同
- 它们都是同步Map，但三者实现同步的机制不同；后两者都是简单地在方法上加synchronized实现的，锁的粒度较大；前者是基于CAS和synchronized实现的，锁的粒度较小，大部分都是lock-free无锁实现同步的。
- ConcurrentHashMap还提供了putIfAbsent同步方法。
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