TCP/IP路由协议-BGP数据包转发【IBGP路由器相互直连/互为邻居】

1-引言

关于BGP需要注意的几个关键点：
1）BGP通告的网段必须存在于IGP的路由表中；而OSPF通告的网段所在接口上启用了OSPF进程；
2）OSPF靠area 0和SPF防环；而BGP靠AS 0 和路径属性防环；路由信息数据包每过一个AS都会记录当前的AS号到路径属性中。如果已经记录的AS号与路由器所在的AS号一致则该路由器拒收该条路由通告信息；
3)BGP路由信息转发原则：从EBGP接收的可以转发给IBGP或EBGP，从IBGP接收的可以转发给EBGP，但是不能转发给IBGP；
4）从EBGP接收的路由信息需要改变下一跳；
5）BGP属于控制层面的路由协议，其路由表中有BGP路由也不一定能够转发数据包，转发数据包需要结合其他配置方法。

本篇笔记探讨的问题如下：

其中：

1）邻居关系：R2——R3； R3——R2、R4； R4——R3、R5； R5——R4；
2）在R1上配置lo 100 100.100.100.100/24；
3）R4，R5收不到100.100.100.100的路由，是由于“从IBGP接收的可以转发给EBGP，但是不能转发给IBGP”，因此，R5实际上无法与100.100.100.100通信。R2，R3也收不到200.200.200.200的路由，同理。

配置方法如下

基本配置：

R1：
config t
inter lo 0
ip add 1.1.1.1 255.255.255.255
inter lo 100
ip add 100.100.100.100 255.255.255.0
inter f 0/0
no shutdown
ip add 12.1.1.1 255.255.255.0
router ospf 100
router-id 1.1.1.1
network 12.1.1.1 0.0.0.0 a 0
network 1.1.1.1 0.0.0.0 a 0

R2:
config t
inter lo 0
ip add 2.2.2.2 255.255.255.255
inter f 1/0
no shutdown
ip add 12.1.1.2 255.255.255.0
inter f 0/0 
no shutdown
ip add 23.1.1.2 255.255.255.0
router ospf 100
router-id 2.2.2.2
network 12.1.1.2 0.0.0.0 a 0
network 23.1.1.2 0.0.0.0 a 0
network 2.2.2.2 0.0.0.0 a 0

R3:
config t
inter lo 0 
ip add 3.3.3.3 255.255.255.255
inter f 1/0
no shutdown
ip add 23.1.1.3 255.255.255.0
inter f 0/0
no shutdown
ip add 34.1.1.3 255.255.255.0
router ospf 100
router-id 3.3.3.3
network 3.3.3.3 0.0.0.0 a 0
network 23.1.1.3 0.0.0.0 a 0
network 34.1.1.3 0.0.0.0 a 0

R4:
config t
inter lo 0 
ip add 4.4.4.4 255.255.255.255
inter f 1/0
no shutdown
ip add 34.1.1.4 255.255.255.0
inter f 0/0
no shutdown
ip add 45.1.1.4 255.255.255.0
router ospf 100
router-id 4.4.4.4
network 4.4.4.4 0.0.0.0 a 0
network 34.1.1.4 0.0.0.0 a 0
network 45.1.1.4 0.0.0.0 a 0 

R5:
config t
inter lo 0
ip add 5.5.5.5 255.255.255.255
inter f 1/0
no shutdown
ip add 45.1.1.5 255.255.255.0
inter f 0/0
no shutdown
ip add 56.1.1.5 255.255.255.0
router ospf 100
router-id 5.5.5.5
network 5.5.5.5 0.0.0.0 a 0
network 45.1.1.5 0.0.0.0 a 0
network 56.1.1.5 0.0.0.0 a 0

R6:
config t
inter lo 0
ip add 6.6.6.6 255.255.255.255
inter lo 200
ip add 200.200.200.200 255.255.255.0
inter f 1/0
no shutdown
ip add 56.1.1.6 255.255.255.0
router ospf 100
router-id 6.6.6.6
network 6.6.6.6 0.0.0.0 a 0
network 56.1.1.6 0.0.0.0 a 0

BGP配置：

R1:
config t
router bgp 1
bgp router-id 1.1.1.1
neighbor 2.2.2.2 remote-as 100
neighbor 2.2.2.2 update-source lo 0
neighbor 2.2.2.2 ebgp-multihop 255
network 100.100.100.0 m 255.255.255.0

R2：
config t
router bgp 100
bgp router-id 2.2.2.2
neighbor 3.3.3.3 remote-as 100
neighbor 3.3.3.3 update-source lo 0
neighbor 3.3.3.3 ebgp-multihop 255
neighbor 1.1.1.1 remote-as 1
neighbor 1.1.1.1 update-source lo 0
neighbor 1.1.1.1 ebgp-multihop 255

R3：
config t 
router bgp 100
bgp router-id 3.3.3.3
neighbor 2.2.2.2 remote-as 100
neighbor 2.2.2.2 update-source lo 0
neighbor 2.2.2.2 ebgp-multihop 255
neighbor 4.4.4.4 remote-as 100
neighbor 4.4.4.4 update-source lo 0
neighbor 4.4.4.4 ebgp-multihop 255

R4：
config t
router bgp 100
bgp router-id 4.4.4.4
neighbor 3.3.3.3 remote-as 100
neighbor 3.3.3.3 update-source lo 0
neighbor 3.3.3.3 ebgp-multihop 255
neighbor 5.5.5.5 remote-as 100
neighbor 5.5.5.5 update-source lo 0
neighbor 5.5.5.5 ebgp-multihop 255

R5：
config t
router bgp 100
bgp router-id 5.5.5.5
neighbor 4.4.4.4 remote-as 100
neighbor 4.4.4.4 update-source lo 0
neighbor 4.4.4.4 ebgp-multihop 255
neighbor 6.6.6.6 remote-as 666
neighbor 6.6.6.6 update-source lo 0
neighbor 6.6.6.6 ebgp-multihop 255

R6:
config t
router bgp 666
bgp router-id 6.6.6.6
neighbor 5.5.5.5 remote-as 100
neighbor 5.5.5.5 update-source lo 0
neighbor 5.5.5.5 ebgp-multihop 255
network 200.200.200.0 m 255.255.255.0

现象见下图：

有4个方法可以解决该问题：

1）AS 100内的路由器相互直连；
2）配置AS联盟——R2和R3 私有AS10，R4和R5私有AS20，4个Router配置成联盟AS为100即可。注意需要重新配置邻居关系；
3)配置R3为路由反射器，无需重新配置邻居关系；
4）使用MPLS多标签交换协议——重新配置邻居关系，只让R2和R5做邻居，然后AS 100内的所有路由器都启用mpls ip；

2-实验操作

方法一【相互直连】的实验操作及结果如下：

构造互相直连

基本配置

R1：
config t
inter lo 0
ip add 1.1.1.1 255.255.255.255
inter f 0/0
no shutdown
ip add 12.1.1.1 255.255.255.0
router ospf 100
router-id 1.1.1.1
network 12.1.1.1 0.0.0.0 a 0

R2：
config t
inter lo 0
ip add 2.2.2.2 255.255.255.255
inter f 1/0
no shutdown
ip add 12.1.1.2 255.255.255.0
inter f 0/0 
no shutdown
ip add 23.1.1.2 255.255.255.0
inter f 2/0
no shutdown
ip add 24.1.1.2 255.255.255.0
inter f 3/0
no shutdown
ip add 25.1.1.2 255.255.255.0
router ospf 100
router-id 2.2.2.2
network 12.1.1.2 0.0.0.0 a 0
network 23.1.1.2 0.0.0.0 a 0
network 24.1.1.2 0.0.0.0 a 0
network 25.1.1.2 0.0.0.0 a 0

R3：
config t
inter lo 0 
ip add 3.3.3.3 255.255.255.255
inter f 1/0
no shutdown
ip add 23.1.1.3 255.255.255.0
inter f 0/0
no shutdown
ip add 34.1.1.3 255.255.255.0
inter f 2/0
no shutdown
ip add 35.1.1.3 255.255.255.0
router ospf 100
router-id 3.3.3.3
network 23.1.1.3 0.0.0.0 a 0
network 34.1.1.3 0.0.0.0 a 0
network 35.1.1.3 0.0.0.0 a 0

R4：
config t
inter lo 0 
ip add 4.4.4.4 255.255.255.255
inter f 1/0
no shutdown
ip add 34.1.1.4 255.255.255.0
inter f 1/1
no shutdown
ip add 24.1.1.4 255.255.255.0
inter f 0/0
no shutdown
ip add 45.1.1.4 255.255.255.0
router ospf 100
router-id 4.4.4.4
network 34.1.1.4 0.0.0.0 a 0
network 24.1.1.4 0.0.0.0 a 0
network 45.1.1.4 0.0.0.0 a 0

R5：
config t
inter lo 0
ip add 5.5.5.5 255.255.255.255
inter f 1/0
no shutdown
ip add 45.1.1.5 255.255.255.0
inter f 2/0
no shutdown
ip add 35.1.1.5 255.255.255.0
inter f 1/1
no shutdown
ip add 25.1.1.5 255.255.255.0
inter f 0/0
no shutdown
ip add 56.1.1.5 255.255.255.0
router ospf 100
router-id 5.5.5.5
network 45.1.1.5 0.0.0.0 a 0
network 35.1.1.5 0.0.0.0 a 0
network 25.1.1.5 0.0.0.0 a 0
network 56.1.1.5 0.0.0.0 a 0

R6：
config t
inter lo 0
ip add 6.6.6.6 255.255.255.255
inter f 1/0
no shutdown
ip add 56.1.1.6 255.255.255.0
router ospf 100
router-id 6.6.6.6
network 56.1.1.6 0.0.0.0 a 0

配置BGP

R1:
config t
router bgp 1
bgp router-id 1.1.1.1
neighbor 2.2.2.2 remote-as 100
neighbor 2.2.2.2 update-source lo 0
neighbor 2.2.2.2 ebgp-multihop 255
network 100.100.100.0 m 255.255.255.0

R2：
config t
router bgp 100
bgp router-id 2.2.2.2
neighbor 3.3.3.3 remote-as 100
neighbor 3.3.3.3 update-source lo 0
neighbor 3.3.3.3 ebgp-multihop 255
neighbor 1.1.1.1 remote-as 1
neighbor 1.1.1.1 update-source lo 0
neighbor 1.1.1.1 ebgp-multihop 255
neighbor 4.4.4.4 remote-as 100
neighbor 4.4.4.4 update-source lo 0
neighbor 4.4.4.4 ebgp-multihop 255
neighbor 5.5.5.5 remote-as 100
neighbor 5.5.5.5 update-source lo 0
neighbor 5.5.5.5 ebgp-multihop 255

R3：
config t 
router bgp 100
bgp router-id 3.3.3.3
neighbor 2.2.2.2 remote-as 100
neighbor 2.2.2.2 update-source lo 0
neighbor 2.2.2.2 ebgp-multihop 255
neighbor 4.4.4.4 remote-as 100
neighbor 4.4.4.4 update-source lo 0
neighbor 4.4.4.4 ebgp-multihop 255
neighbor 5.5.5.5 remote-as 100
neighbor 5.5.5.5 update-source lo 0
neighbor 5.5.5.5 ebgp-multihop 255

R4：
config t
router bgp 100
bgp router-id 4.4.4.4
neighbor 3.3.3.3 remote-as 100
neighbor 3.3.3.3 update-source lo 0
neighbor 3.3.3.3 ebgp-multihop 255
neighbor 5.5.5.5 remote-as 100
neighbor 5.5.5.5 update-source lo 0
neighbor 5.5.5.5 ebgp-multihop 255
neighbor 2.2.2.2 remote-as 100
neighbor 2.2.2.2 update-source lo 0
neighbor 2.2.2.2 ebgp-multihop 255

R5：
config t
router bgp 100
bgp router-id 5.5.5.5
neighbor 4.4.4.4 remote-as 100
neighbor 4.4.4.4 update-source lo 0
neighbor 4.4.4.4 ebgp-multihop 255
neighbor 6.6.6.6 remote-as 666
neighbor 6.6.6.6 update-source lo 0
neighbor 6.6.6.6 ebgp-multihop 255
neighbor 2.2.2.2 remote-as 100
neighbor 2.2.2.2 update-source lo 0
neighbor 2.2.2.2 ebgp-multihop 255
neighbor 3.3.3.3 remote-as 100
neighbor 3.3.3.3 update-source lo 0
neighbor 3.3.3.3 ebgp-multihop 255

R6:
config t
router bgp 666
bgp router-id 6.6.6.6
neighbor 5.5.5.5 remote-as 100
neighbor 5.5.5.5 update-source lo 0
neighbor 5.5.5.5 ebgp-multihop 255
network 200.200.200.0 m 255.255.255.0

实验结果

预期结果：所有路由器上都有100和200的路由信息！

综上所述，互相直连同时互相指定邻居是可以解决该问题的！