AMSCollaboration
E-mail: maura.graziani@pg.infn.it
The Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS-02) is a precision large-acceptancehigh energy particle detector. It was successfully deployed in 2011, on May 19thon the International Space Station(ISS) with the Space Shuttle STS-134 mission in order to conduct a unique longduration mission of fundamental physics research in space. AMS is able toperform an accurate measurement of the Cosmic Rays (CR) composition and energyspectra up to the TeV scale, that could reveal the presence of primordialanti-matter or give the signature of exotic sources, as for example secondariesfrom dark matter annihilation. An overview of the performance of the AMS-02detector as well as the results based on data collected during the first 30months of operations in space will be discussed.
53rd International Winter Meeting on NuclearPhysics,
26-30 January 2015
Bormio, Italy
1. The AMS-02 Detector
The Alpha MagneticSpectrometer (AMS) is a large acceptance cosmic ray detector which has beeninstalled during the STS-134 NASA Endeavour Space Shuttle mission on theInternational Space Station (ISS) in May 2011, where it will collect cosmicrays until the end of the ISS operation, currently set to 2024. Thanks to thelong exposure time combined with a large detector acceptance (0.5m2sr), AMS is able to study the primary CR fluxes in theenergy range 1GeV 1TeV with unprecedented precision and sensitivity.
[1] Speaker.
[2] INFN and University of Perugia, I–06100 Perugia, Italy
cCopyright owned by the author(s) under the terms of the Creative CommonsAttribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike Licence. http://pos.sissa.it/
The main goals of the experiment are thedirect search of anti-nuclei and indirect search of dark matter particlesthrough their annihilation into light particles such as ¯p,e±, or γ-rays [1], gammaray astrophysics and exotic physics (strangelets). Furthermore, the AMS-02 dataare expected to significantly improve our understanding of the CR accelerationand propagation processes in the Galaxy [18,19].The measurements of low energy CR fluxes during an entire 11 years solar cyclewill also help in the understanding of solar physic and in the propagation ofCRs in the Heliosphere.
Figure 1: On the left:schematic view of the AMS-02 spectrometer. On the right: a 660GeV electronmeasured by the AMS detector on the ISS in the bending (y-z) plane. Trackerplanes measure the particle charge and momentum. The TRD identifies theparticle as an electron. The TOF measures the charge and ensures that theparticle is downward-going. The RICH independently measures the charge andvelocity. The ECAL, independently identifies the particle as an electron andmeasures its energy.
To reach its scientificgoals, the instrument - which schematic layout is reported in Figure1 hasbeen conceived with a large redundancy in the measurement of particleproperties with complementary techniques by different sub detectors. AMS-02 hasa volume of 5×4×3m3,weights 7.5 tons and was built taking advantages from the experience of thehigh energy particle physics experiments.
The core of theinstrument is a spectrometer, composed of a permanent magnet, which produces amagnetic field with an intensity of 0.14T, and of 9 layers of double-sidedmicro-strip silicon sensors. The task of the spectrometer is the reconstructionof the trajectory and the measurement of the rigidity (R = P/eZ, momentum/charge ratio).
Above and below thespectrometer two planes of time of flight counters (ToF) provide the maintrigger of AMS-02 and distinguish between up-going and down-going particles.This information combined with the trajectory curvature given by thespectrometer, is used to reconstruct the sign of the charge. A TransitionRadiation Detector (TRD) is located at the top of the instrument. The detectoris completed with a Ring Imaging Cherenkov detector (RICH) and anelectromagnetic calorimeter (ECAL).The central part of AMS-02 is surrounded byan anti-coincidence system (ACC).
The AMS-02 detector isdescribed in details in [1].
In the following willbe presented the latest results of AMS of electrons and positrons in the cosmicrays and will be briefly discussed the measurement techniques which have beenused.
1.1The importance of the electronic component in Cosmic Rays
Theelectronic component of CR carries important physics information. Due to theirlow mass, electrons (e−) and positrons (e+) are subject to important energy losses in theinteraction with the Inter Stellar Medium, during their trajectory between thesources and Earth. For this reason they carry information about the origin andthe propagation of CR complementary to the hadronic component. Due to theirstrong energy losses, electrons and positrons at high energies are uniqueprobes to study the CR source property in the galactic neighborhood [12].
Anexcess of electrons in the range 300-700 GeV with respect to the expectedspectrum from conventional diffuse electron sources has been reported by ATIC [13]and PPB-BETS[14]. The following measurements of FERMI [10,11]observed a spectral flattening of the e− +e+spectrum between 70-200 GeV and a small excess at higherenergies with respect ATIC and PPB-BETS. At higher energies, a rapid steepeningof the spectrum is observed by HESS [15,16]. The PAMELA measurements of the positronfraction [9] and the e−spectrum[17]have pointed to the need of a fresh source of electrons and positronscontributing to the observed features in the high energy part of the e−, e+spectrum.
The measurement of thecosmic electrons (e−) and positrons (e+) is challenging: charged cosmic rays between 1 GeV - 1TeV observed at Earth, are made substantially of protons (∼90%), Helium (∼8%) and heavynuclei (∼1%). e−and e+constitute respectively (∼1% and∼ 0.1% of the total CR flux. The main challenge in the measurementof the electronic component is the natural high background/signal ratio. Theratio to the main CR component, i.e. protons (p), amounts to e−p∼10−3–10−2and e+/p∼10−4–10−3depending on the energy.
In order to obtainedthe needed high e/p rejection power, AMS-02 uses mainly three sub detectors:The Radiation Transition Detector (TRD), the electromagnetic calorimeter (ECAL)and the Tracker (TRK).
2. Rigidity measurement and ChargeConfusion
TheSilicon Tracker is made of 2264 double-sided micro-strip silicon sensorsdistributed over 9 layers [5,6] with an active area of ∼ 6.4m2.As show in Figure2, 3 of the 9 layers are located outside themagnetic field of the permanent magnet: one is located on top of the TRD,another one above the magnet, and the last one between the RICH and the ECAL.The others 6 layers constitute the inner Tracker which is contained in thepermanent magnet field volume.
Figure 2: Dispositionof the 9 Silicon
Figure 3: Rigidityresolution as estimated by
Tracker layers: 3 arelocated outside the
Monte Carlo protons. TheMDR is ∼ 2TeV.
magnetic field. The others6 layers consti-
The result from 450GeVTest Beam protons
tute the inner Trackerwhich is contained in is superimposed (full red circle) validating
the permanent magnet fieldvolume.
the simulation.
Figure 4: Charge confusionfor electrons and positrons. The expectation from Monte Carlo (red dashed line)and the measurement, directly from ISS data (full black circles), are shown.
The tracker is able todetect the crossing points of particles with high accuracy (∼ 10µmin the bending direction and ∼ 30µm alongthe non-bending one). From the crossing points it is possible to reconstructthe trajectory of the particle and the curvature of the trajectory provides themeasurement of the particle Rigidity. Continuous monitoring of the trackerstability is performed in flight with a internal laser alignment system and by cosmicrays allowing to maintain the tracker alignment uncertainties at the fewmicrons level to reach in space the same performances verified on ground.
It has a Maximum Detectable Rigidity, MDR,of ∼ 2 TeV forsingle charged particles as presented in Figure3 reportingthe rigidity resolution for proton particles estimated with a Monte Carlosimulation of the full detector and validated with beam test (red point in thefigure) before launch. The accuracy of the rigidity measurement crucial tomeasure the momentum of all the non-electromagnetic particles (see Sec.3)as protons and nuclei, up to the TeV.
Combiningthe information about the direction of the particle given by the ToF(down-going or up-going particle) with the sign of the rigidity is possible toreconstruct the sign of the charge. Given the orders of magnitude in therelative abundances between matter and anti-matter in the various species(protons/anti-protons∼ 104, electrons/positrons∼ 10, Helium/anti-Helium> 109), the misidentification ofparticles charge sign, Charge Confusion (CC), may have a relevant effect on theaccuracy of the measurements. The CC can be generated by to two main effects:the spillover and the wrong hitpickup. The spillover is the dominant source of CC for high momentum particles:the curvature radius of the track inside the magnetic field increases withincreasing particle momentum and, due to the finite measurement resolution ofthe trajectory, it becomes more probable to reconstruct the trajectory with aflipped curvature sign. At lower energies, the largest source of CC is relatedto spurious hits in the tracker - related to noise or interactions in thedetector material - which are erroneously associated to the particle track inthe pattern recognition, inducing a wrong reconstruction of its trajectoryhence of its rigidity value and charge sign. This effect can be mitigatedsearching for the effects of the interactions in the other sub detectors, oncetheir topology in the instrument is known they can be either rejected orstatistically subtracted based on their characteristic distributions.
In Figure 4 theCC for electrons and positrons, as a function of energy is shown. Theexpectation from MC is compared with the CC measured directly from data: tomeasure the amount of CC, a template fit approach has been adopted by lookingat the activity in the detector and at the energy/rigidity ratio.
3. The measurement of the energy
Highaccuracy measurement of the particle energy is achieved for electromagneticcomponents of the cosmic radiation by means of the ECAL.
The ECAL is a samplingelectromagnetic calorimeter with an active area of 64.8×64.8cm2and 17 radiation lengths thickness [8]. It ismade by 9 superlayers, each layer is composed by lead interleaved withscintillating fibers that run in one direction only. The superimposition ofsuperlayers with fibers running parallel to the X and Y axes (five and foursuperlayers, respectively) allows the ECAL to reconstruct the 3D development ofthe shower.
The energy resolution of ECAL is evaluatedfrom beam tests of the complete AMS-02 detector
and is parametrized as a function of energy σ(E)/E =p(0.104)2/E +(0.014)2. The resolution as a function ofenergy is shown in Figure5 superimposed with the results coming from TestBeam electrons.
Figure 5: On the left, TheAMS-02 Electromagnetic CALorimeter. It is made of lead interleaved withscintillating fibers and its deep corresponds to 17X0. On the right,The ECAL resolution as a function of energy (red dashed line) superimposed withthe results from Test Beam electrons (black points).
4. Electron-proton separation
The two key detectors forthe lepton-hadron separation are the TRD and the ECAL. These detectors allowthe rejection of the overwhelming background coming, mainly, by CR protons, andare used to perform the measurement of the leptonic components.
4.1 e/p separation withthe Transition Radiation Detector (TRD)
The key point in theworking principle of the TRD is the efficient detection of transition radiation(TR) – a soft X-ray emission – with the smallest amount of material in theparticle path. The TRD is constituted by 328 modules arranged in 20 layers [7].Each module contains 20 mm of radiator made of polypropylene/polyethylene fiberfleece and 16 tube straws filled with a 90:10 Xe:CO2 mixture. In the radiatormaterial the refraction index changes several times. This increases theprobability for the crossing particle to emit transition radiation X-rays. Theemission probability is proportional to the Lorentz boost factorγ, therefore electrons produce moretransition radiation than protons with the same energy.
The ADC spectrumreleased by electrons and protons inside one TRD tube is shown in Figure6 (onthe left). For protons, only the ionization spectrum is visible. For electrons,instead, the TR spectrum corresponding to higher energy release is superimposedon top of the ionization spectrum.
ADC counts TRDestimator = -ln(Pe/(Pe+Pp))
Figure 6: On the left, TRDsingle tube ADC spectra for 25 GeV electrons (blue) and protons (red) selectedfrom ISS data. Protons only lose ionization energy in the tubes. Electrons,instead, can produce TR X-rays with consequent higher energy release, visiblein the right tail of the distribution. On the right, a TRD estimator, definedby likelihood electrons (Pe)and protons (Pp) ratio,used to separate electrons from protons.
| TRD estimator Figure 7: Fitting method applied on TRD estimator in order to statistically estimating the electrons(positrons) component in the sam- | 1 10 102 103 Energy (Rigidity (GV)GeV)! Figure 8: The proton rejection, as a function of energy, with a 90% efficiency cut on the TRD estimator. |
1
ple.
The observed signals inall TRD layers associated to the reconstructed particle are combined in alog-likelihood estimator for the electron (Pe)and proton (Pp)hypothesis. The two likelihoods can be used (for example by means of alikelihood ratio approach, as shown in Figure 6, on theright) to separate electrons from protons using fitting method in order tostatistically estimating the electrons(positrons) component in the sample. Inthis case, the reference spectra of the TRD estimator has to be retrieved ineach energy bin directly from data: in order to obtained the electrons TRDtemplate, it is possible to use the ECAL BDT (see section4.2)in order to remove the proton background, instead for the definition of protontemplate is more simple sincep arethe dominant cosmic ray species. The TRD classifier reference spectra are usedto statistically separate the signale± contribution from thepbackground as show in Figure 7.
The achieved protonrejection, as a function of the energy, is shown in Figure 8.
4.2e/p rejection with the Electromagnetic Calorimeter (ECAL)
In order to cleanly identify electrons and positrons, astatistical estimator (Boosted Decision Tree algorithm [8]),has been deployed by means of the different characteristics betweenelectromagnetic and hadronic showers. The estimator combines 19 variables fromthe imaging reconstruction of the electromagnetic shower. The distribution ofthe BDT estimator for electrons and protons is shown in Figure9.
Moreover, the ratiobetween the energy measured by the ECAL (E) and the rigidity measured by theTracker can be used to reject the proton background (E/R∼1 for electrons and positrons , E/R∼0 for protons).
The achieved protonrejection with a 90% efficiency cut on the BDT, combined with a cut on thematching between energy in ECAL and momentum in the spectrometer, E/p<0.75, is shown in Figure10 (right).
ECALestimator
Figure 9: ECAL BoostedDecision Tree esti-
| mator for protons (red) and electrons (blue) in the energy range 80-100GeV. | Figure 10: The proton rejection, as a function of energy, with a 90% efficiency cut on |
the BDT combined with a E/p 0.75 < cut.
5. Charge Measurements
Information on the CRnuclear charge Z are obtained by themultiple measurements of energy loss in the several detectors of thespectrometer and by the amount of Cherenkov light detected by the RICH. Insidethe TRD, the ionization energy loss in the Xe/CO2 gas mixture ofeach of the 20 layers is proportional to Z2and can be used tomeasure the nuclear charge. The same technique is used also in the 4 layers ofplastic scintillators of the TOF and in the nine tracker layers. In the RICH,instead, the value of the charge is determined by the number of photons countedin the Cherenkov ring. Even in the ECAL, the energy loss for MIPs can be usedto measure the Z.
The adopted analysisstrategy is to identify the CR nuclear charge using the 7 Inner-Tracker layers(from L2 to L8) and the 4 TOF planes, while complementary information from theother subdetectors are used in a second stage. The Inner Tracker+TOF combinationrepresents the basic
Figure 11: Schematic Y-Zview of the AMS-02 detector, illustrating the path of a typical CR event. Thepanels show the charge response of single sub-detector units to light CRelements (Z= 1 to Z= 8): (a-c)Tracker, (b) TRD, (d) TOF, (e) RICH, and (f) ECAL.
core of the AMS-02spectrometer and ensures charge separation capabilities over a wide dynamicalrange (Z= 1−26). In the Silicon tracker, thanks to its double sided nine layersand the high dynamic range of the front end electronics, the energy loss can bemeasured with high accuracy. The overall Silicon Tracker resolution for thecharge is ∼ 0.1c.u., and this is crucial to measure the relative abundances ofall the nuclei up the Iron (Fe). Each single layer, if used as a standalonedetector, has however a very good resolution, ∼ 0.3c.u.. Such a good resolution with asingle measurement is very important especially for the first tracker layer.Being at the top of the instrument, it allows the detection of the eventsentering the detector with a certain charge and, due to the fragmentationprocess, arriving in the lower sub-detectors, as the inner tracker, with adifferent (lower) one. This capability of tagging the fragmentation is veryimportant for an accurate measurement of all the nuclei, especially the lessabundant species where fragmentation in the detector of other species couldspoil their flux measurement accuracy.
The single chargeestimators are shown in Figure 11where each plot is referred to aspecific sub-detector where the various CR elements (Z= 1−8) have beenidentified using information from other sub-detectors.
6. Thermal environment and TTCSsystem
Thespace thermal environment of AMS is different from the ground-based acceleratorexperiment or satellite-based experiment. On board of the ISS, AMS orbitsaround the Earth with a period of∼ 93 minutes andis subjected to extreme thermal variations due to day/night effect during itsorbits and seasonal Sun exposure variation or due to changes of the attitude ofthe ISS, as in the case of berthing/unberthing of visiting vehicles [20].Since each AMS sub-detector has its own warning, operational and no-operationaltemperature range, AMS requires constant alertness in order to avoid damage toits electronics. For this purpose, several sensors are placed on eachsub-detector and the temperatures of AMS are constantly undermonitoring.
Figure 12: Time evolutionof the temperature measured in different sensors thermally connected to thetracker front-end electronic of the Inner Tracker, layer 1 and layer 9.
In particular, theTracker electronics, that produces almost the whole quantity of the AMSelectronics heat, has its own temperature control system: the TTCS (TrackerThermal Control System). The AMS-02 TTCS is a mechanically pumped two-phase CO2cooling loop. It is able to remove 140W of heat by means of two dedicatedradiators facing outer space located on the top of AMS-02. TTCS provides alsostability with respect to the environmental temperature described above.
In Figure 12 isshown the average temperature of the Tracker layer 1, Inner Tracker and trackerlayer 9 during the first two years of operation. Since the inner tracker andlayer 9 are cooled by the TTCS system, their temperature has a small variationwith respect to the orbital thermal environment changes. The wide temperaturevariations that can be observed at the beginning of AMS-02 operations in 2011were due to the commissioning of the TTCS system on orbit. Since the Trackerlayer 1 is facing outer space, it has no need of a cooling system but a systemof heaters has been installed on this layer to warm it up in the case of toolow temperatures.
7. The Data sample
Thedetector is orbiting around the Earth at an altitude of∼ 400km from ground and performs a complete orbit in∼ 93 minutes. Figure13 showsthe acquisition rate as a function of the geographical coordinates (left) andthe corresponding live time (right).
Upto the January of 2015, in about 44 months in orbit, AMS had collected∼ 60 billion cosmic rays events. In this proceeding, arereported the latest published results of AMS, based on the data collected duringthe first 30 months of operations on the International Space Station (ISS),from 19 May 2011 to 26 November 2013. This corresponds to the exposure timeshown in Figure14.
Figure 13: (Left)Acquisition rate as a function of the geographical coordinates. The averageacquisition rate ∼ 500hz. (Right) LiveTime as a function of the geographicalcoordinates.
Figure 14: Exposure timecorresponding to the first 30 months of data as function of the energy.
The observed drop inexposure at low energy is related to the effect of the geomagnetic field on thetrajectories of incoming cosmic particles, for a given position along the orbitonly particles with energy above the corresponding rigidity cutoff can reachthe detector from outer space. At high energy, the time exposure is justdetermined by the integrated data taking time of the fully operationaldetector. A duty cycle of ∼ 80% is obtained in AMS, which is a remarkable results for a spaceexperiment.
As already said in section 1.1 themeasurement of electrons and positrons in the cosmic rays is very challengingdue to the proton background. In order to obtained the high e/p rejection powerrequired, the signals from TRD and ECAL are used, as explained in section 4.1,on a unitary charge sample. This unitary charge sample, is obtained through aloose preselection applied on ISS data that select only events with arelativistic down-going particle and with an associated and matching signal inTRD, Tracker and ECAL. In order to reject particles with Z>1, the energy loss in Tracker and TRD is usedas explained in section 5. Moreover the secondary events produced bythe interaction of primary cosmic rays with the atmosphere, are removed fromthe analysis cutting over the geomagnetic cutoff.
In the flux measurements,an electron MC sample was used in order to calculate the geometrical and thepreselection acceptance. Since some details of the data, for example theinteractions with the material of AMS, may not be correctly described by the MCsimulation, the acceptance is corrected by a factor that take into account thedifference between data and MC. In order to obtaine this factor, each cutcontained in the preselection has been studied both on an electrons sampleobtained from ISS data, both on electrons MC.
8. Results
During the first year ofAMS-02 operation the main task of the collaboration has been the carefulcalibration of all subsystems. The objective was to keep the detectorperformances stable in time and at the design level in spite of the thermalexcursions described in section 6. After this first commissioning phase, thedata analysis was focused on the scientific program: in the following thelatest results will be briefly discussed.
8.1Positron fraction
Figure15 shows a precision measurement of the positrons fractionperformed by AMS in the energy range 0.5–500GeV.
Below ∼8GeV, the positron fraction decreases with the energy andthis is consistent with the standard model of the cosmic ray propagation.However, above 20GeV, the positron fraction starts to increase with the energy,in contrast with a model that take into account only the secondary productionof positrons.
InFigure 16 the comparison at high energies (>10GeV) of the AMS data with the previousexperiment is reported: we observe that above∼ 200GeVthe positron fraction is no longerincreasing with energy.
The analysis ofthe positron fraction slope behavior with energy, indicates that above∼ 200GeV the positron fraction is no longer increasing withenergy. The positron fraction measured by AMS02 exceeds what expected fromsecondary production of positrons in the ISM [21,22].Production of positrons from nearby pulsars [23] or indark matter annihilation [24] have been proposed to explain theexperimental data, extending the positron fraction measurement to the TeV energyand an accurate determination of the anti-proton flux will help in disentanglethe different hypotheses.
These two measurementsare among the main objectives of AMS.
8.2Electrons and positrons fluxes
Figures17 and 18 show respectively the electrons and positronsfluxes measured by AMS, multiplied by∼ E3, together with the most recent measurementsfor comparison, as a function of the energy, up to 200GeV (left plot) and up to700GeV (right plot).
Thank to the highstatistic collected by AMS, is possible to determinate the spectral indices asa function of energy as show in Figure19. This isa new observation and provides important information on the origins ofcosmic-ray electrons and positrons.
e± energy (GeV)
Figure 15: The positronfraction measured by AMS from 1 to 500GeV. It shows a rapid decrease from 1 to ∼8GeV followed by asteady increase up to ∼ 200GeV.
e± energy (GeV)
Figure 16: The positronfraction above 10GeV, where it begins to increase. The present measurementextends the energy range to 500GeV and demonstrates that, above ∼200GeV, the positronfraction is no longer increasing. Measurements from other experiments are alsoshown.
From the results, isclear that both the electrons flux and the positrons flux are significantlydifferent in their magnitude and energy dependence and cannot be described bysingle power laws. The spectral indices of electrons and positrons aredifferent, both change their behavior at ∼30GeV andshow that high-energy positrons have a different origin from that of electrons.Furthermore, the rise in the positron fraction from 20 GeV (see section8.1)is due to an excess of positrons, not to a loss of electrons (the positron fluxis harder) .
Asfor the positron fraction, a better understanding of the origin of thedifferent spectral features will emerge as the flux measurements will befurther extended in energy.
!
Figure 17: The AMSelectrons flux, multiplied by E3 compared with the earliermeasurements up to 200GeV (on the left) and up to 700GeV. (on the right).
!
Figure 18: The AMSpositrons flux, multiplied by E3 compared with the earliermeasurements up to 200GeV (on the left) and up to 700GeV. (on the right).
8.3 The (e+ + e−) flux
The inclusive measurementof electron and positron flux has also been performed by AMS in the energyrange 0.5GeV–1TeV. In this analysis, no explicit requirement on the particlecharge sign was performed; this allowed a more efficient event selection withrespect to the e+, e−, which maximizes the statistics and minimizes any systematicuncertainty related to quality cuts in tracking and charge confusion effects.It provides a precious consistency check to the separate flux measurementspresented in 8.2 and at the same time, it can be directlycompared with direct measurements performed by other experiments by means ofcalorimetric techniques [10,13] or ground based indirect measurement [citaHESS].
Themeasurement of Φ(e−+e+)as a function of energy from 0.5 GeV to 1 TeVindicates that the flux is smooth and reveals new and distinct information. Nostructures were observed. From 30.2GeV to 1TeV, the flux can be described by asingle power law with the spectral index
Energy (GeV)!
Figure 19: The spectralindices of the electron flux (blue points) and of the positron flux (redpoints) as a function of energy.
20: Electrons plus flux measured by AMSmultiplied by E3 as a function of energy compared with the resultsfrom earlier experiments.
Figure 21: Fit with asingle power law above 30.2GeV of Φ(e− +e+)multiplied by E3.
γ =−3.170±0.008(stat+syst)+0.008(energy scale) as shows in Figure21.
9. Conclusions
Data recorded in the first ∼30 months of mission by the AMS experiment have beenanalyzed
and the measurement of theenergy spectra of electrons and positrons have been presented, together withthe positron fraction.
The observed positronexcess may imply a heavy Dark Matter WIMP particle or a new mechanism ofacceleration in the pulsars. Through the measurement antiproton to proton ratioand positron fraction to high energies, AMS has the potential to shed a lighton the origin of these observed features, either from exotic sources such asdark matter particles or other astrophysical sources such as pulsars.
Accurate measurements ofthe cosmic rays components are being performed and will allow a better tuningof the parameter that describes the Interstellar Medium and the propagation ofCosmic Rays through the galaxy.
AMS will continue itsmission until ISS will be operated: it will be a Cosmic Rays observatory of thenext decade.
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