1. 今日大纲
1、 了解Spring的发展
2、 掌握Spring的java配置方式
3、 学习Spring Boot
4、 使用Spring Boot来改造购物车系统
2. Spring的发展
2.1. Spring1.x 时代
在Spring1.x时代,都是通过xml文件配置bean,随着项目的不断扩大,需要将xml配置分放到不同的配置文件中,需要频繁的在java类和xml配置文件中切换。
2.2. Spring2.x时代
随着JDK 1.5带来的注解支持,Spring2.x可以使用注解对Bean进行申明和注入,大大的减少了xml配置文件,同时也大大简化了项目的开发。
那么,问题来了,究竟是应该使用xml还是注解呢?
最佳实践:
1、 应用的基本配置用xml,比如:数据源、资源文件等;
2、 业务开发用注解,比如:Service中注入bean等;
2.3. Spring3.x到Spring4.x
从Spring3.x开始提供了Java配置方式,使用Java配置方式可以更好的理解你配置的Bean,现在我们就处于这个时代,并且Spring4.x和Spring boot都推荐使用java配置的方式。
3. Spring的Java配置方式
Java配置是Spring4.x推荐的配置方式,可以完全替代xml配置。
3.1. @Configuration 和 @Bean
Spring的Java配置方式是通过 @Configuration和 @Bean 这两个注解实现的:
1、@Configuration 作用于类上,相当于一个xml配置文件;
2、@Bean 作用于方法上,相当于xml配置中的<bean>;
3.2. 示例
该示例演示了通过Java配置的方式进行配置Spring,并且实现了Spring IOC功能。
3.2.1. 创建工程以及导入依赖
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0"xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
<modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
<groupId>cn.itcast.springboot</groupId>
<artifactId>itcast-springboot</artifactId>
<version>1.0.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
<packaging>war</packaging>
<dependencies>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-webmvc</artifactId>
<version>4.3.7.RELEASE</version>
</dependency>
<!-- 连接池 -->
<dependency>
<groupId>com.jolbox</groupId>
<artifactId>bonecp-spring</artifactId>
<version>0.8.0.RELEASE</version>
</dependency>
</dependencies>
<build>
<finalName>${project.artifactId}</finalName>
<plugins>
<!-- 资源文件拷贝插件 -->
<plugin>
<groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
<artifactId>maven-resources-plugin</artifactId>
<configuration>
<encoding>UTF-8</encoding>
</configuration>
</plugin>
<!-- java编译插件 -->
<plugin>
<groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
<artifactId>maven-compiler-plugin</artifactId>
<configuration>
<source>1.7</source>
<target>1.7</target>
<encoding>UTF-8</encoding>
</configuration>
</plugin>
</plugins>
<pluginManagement>
<plugins>
<!-- 配置Tomcat插件 -->
<plugin>
<groupId>org.apache.tomcat.maven</groupId>
<artifactId>tomcat7-maven-plugin</artifactId>
<version>2.2</version>
</plugin>
</plugins>
</pluginManagement>
</build>
</project>
3.2.2. 编写User对象
publicclass User {
private String username;
private String password;
private Integer age;
public String getUsername() {
returnusername;
}
publicvoid setUsername(String username) {
this.username = username;
}
public String getPassword() {
returnpassword;
}
publicvoid setPassword(String password) {
this.password = password;
}
public Integer getAge() {
returnage;
}
publicvoid setAge(Integer age) {
this.age = age;
}
}
3.2.3. 编写UserDAO 用于模拟与数据库的交互
publicclass UserDAO {
public List<User>queryUserList(){
List<User> result = newArrayList<User>();
// 模拟数据库的查询
for (inti = 0; i < 10; i++) {
User user = new User();
user.setUsername("username_" + i);
user.setPassword("password_" + i);
user.setAge(i + 1);
result.add(user);
}
returnresult;
}
}
3.2.4. 编写UserService 用于实现User数据操作业务逻辑
@Service
publicclass UserService {
@Autowired // 注入Spring容器中的bean对象
private UserDAO userDAO;
public List<User>queryUserList() {
// 调用userDAO中的方法进行查询
returnthis.userDAO.queryUserList();
}
}
3.2.5. 编写SpringConfig 用于实例化Spring容器
@Configuration//通过该注解来表明该类是一个Spring的配置,相当于一个xml文件
@ComponentScan(basePackages = "cn.itcast.springboot.javaconfig") //配置扫描包
publicclass SpringConfig{
@Bean// 通过该注解来表明是一个Bean对象,相当于xml中的<bean>
public UserDAO getUserDAO(){
returnnew UserDAO(); // 直接new对象做演示
}
}
3.2.6. 编写测试方法 用于启动Spring容器
publicclass Main {
publicstaticvoid main(String[] args) {
// 通过Java配置来实例化Spring容器
AnnotationConfigApplicationContext context = newAnnotationConfigApplicationContext(SpringConfig.class);
// 在Spring容器中获取Bean对象
UserService userService = context.getBean(UserService.class);
// 调用对象中的方法
List<User> list = userService.queryUserList();
for (User user : list) {
System.out.println(user.getUsername() + ", " + user.getPassword() + ", " + user.getPassword());
}
// 销毁该容器
context.destroy();
}
}
3.2.7. 测试效果
3.2.8. 小结
从以上的示例中可以看出,使用Java代码就完美的替代xml配置文件,并且结构更加的清晰。
3.3. 实战
3.3.1. 读取外部的资源配置文件
通过@PropertySource可以指定读取的配置文件,通过@Value注解获取值,具体用法:
@Configuration//通过该注解来表明该类是一个Spring的配置,相当于一个xml文件
@ComponentScan(basePackages = "cn.itcast.springboot.javaconfig") //配置扫描包
@PropertySource(value= { "classpath:jdbc.properties"})
publicclass SpringConfig {
@Value("${jdbc.url}")
private String jdbcUrl;
@Bean// 通过该注解来表明是一个Bean对象,相当于xml中的<bean>
public UserDAO getUserDAO(){
returnnew UserDAO(); // 直接new对象做演示
}
}
思考:
1、 如何配置多个配置文件?
2、 如果配置的配置文件不存在会怎么样?
3.3.2. 配置数据库连接池
导入依赖:
<!-- 连接池 -->
<dependency>
<groupId>com.jolbox</groupId>
<artifactId>bonecp-spring</artifactId>
<version>0.8.0.RELEASE</version>
</dependency>
之前的Spring xml配置:
<!-- 定义数据源 -->
<bean id="dataSource" class="com.jolbox.bonecp.BoneCPDataSource"
destroy-method="close">
<!-- 数据库驱动 -->
<property name="driverClass"value="${jdbc.driverClassName}" />
<!-- 相应驱动的jdbcUrl -->
<property name="jdbcUrl"value="${jdbc.url}" />
<!-- 数据库的用户名 -->
<property name="username"value="${jdbc.username}" />
<!-- 数据库的密码 -->
<property name="password"value="${jdbc.password}" />
<!-- 检查数据库连接池中空闲连接的间隔时间,单位是分,默认值:240,如果要取消则设置为0 -->
<property name="idleConnectionTestPeriod"value="60" />
<!-- 连接池中未使用的链接最大存活时间,单位是分,默认值:60,如果要永远存活设置为0 -->
<property name="idleMaxAge"value="30" />
<!-- 每个分区最大的连接数 -->
<!--
判断依据:请求并发数
-->
<property name="maxConnectionsPerPartition"value="100" />
<!-- 每个分区最小的连接数 -->
<property name="minConnectionsPerPartition"value="5" />
</bean>
参考xml配置改造成java配置方式:
@Value("${jdbc.url}")
private String jdbcUrl;
@Value("${jdbc.driverClassName}")
private String jdbcDriverClassName;
@Value("${jdbc.username}")
private String jdbcUsername;
@Value("${jdbc.password}")
private String jdbcPassword;
@Bean(destroyMethod = "close")
public DataSource dataSource() {
BoneCPDataSource boneCPDataSource = newBoneCPDataSource();
// 数据库驱动
boneCPDataSource.setDriverClass(jdbcDriverClassName);
// 相应驱动的jdbcUrl
boneCPDataSource.setJdbcUrl(jdbcUrl);
// 数据库的用户名
boneCPDataSource.setUsername(jdbcUsername);
// 数据库的密码
boneCPDataSource.setPassword(jdbcUsername);
// 检查数据库连接池中空闲连接的间隔时间,单位是分,默认值:240,如果要取消则设置为0
boneCPDataSource.setIdleConnectionTestPeriodInMinutes(60);
// 连接池中未使用的链接最大存活时间,单位是分,默认值:60,如果要永远存活设置为0
boneCPDataSource.setIdleMaxAgeInMinutes(30);
// 每个分区最大的连接数
boneCPDataSource.setMaxConnectionsPerPartition(100);
// 每个分区最小的连接数
boneCPDataSource.setMinConnectionsPerPartition(5);
returnboneCPDataSource;
}
思考:如何使用该DataSource对象?
4. Spring Boot
4.1. 什么是Spring Boot
4.2. Spring Boot的优缺点
4.3. 快速入门
4.3.1. 设置spring boot的parent
<parent>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-parent</artifactId>
<version>1.5.2.RELEASE</version>
</parent>
说明:Spring boot的项目必须要将parent设置为spring boot的parent,该parent包含了大量默认的配置,大大简化了我们的开发。
4.3.2. 导入spring boot的web支持
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>
</dependency>
4.3.3. 添加Spring boot的插件
<plugin>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-maven-plugin</artifactId>
</plugin>
4.3.4. 编写第一个Spring Boot的应用
@Controller
@SpringBootApplication
@Configuration
publicclass HelloApplication {
@RequestMapping("hello")
@ResponseBody
public String hello(){
return"hello world!";
}
publicstaticvoid main(String[] args) {
SpringApplication.run(HelloApplication.class, args);
}
}
代码说明:
1、@SpringBootApplication:Spring Boot项目的核心注解,主要目的是开启自动配置。;
2、@Configuration:这是一个配置Spring的配置类;
3、@Controller:标明这是一个SpringMVC的Controller控制器;
4、main方法:在main方法中启动一个应用,即:这个应用的入口;
4.3.5. 启动应用
在Spring Boot项目中,启动的方式有两种,一种是直接run Java Application另外一种是通过Spring Boot的Maven插件运行。
第一种:
第二种:
启动效果:
看到如下信息就说明启动成功了:
INFO 6188 --- [ main]c.i.springboot.demo.HelloApplication : Started HelloApplication in 3.281 seconds (JVM running for 3.601)
4.3.6. 测试
打开浏览器,输入地址:
效果:
是不是很Easy?
4.4. Spring Boot的核心
4.4.1. 入口类和@SpringBootApplication
Spring Boot的项目一般都会有*Application的入口类,入口类中会有main方法,这是一个标准的Java应用程序的入口方法。
@SpringBootApplication注解是Spring Boot的核心注解,它其实是一个组合注解:
该注解主要组合了以下注解:
1. @SpringBootConfiguration:这是Spring Boot项目的配置注解,这也是一个组合注解:
在Spring Boot项目中推荐使用@ SpringBootConfiguration替代@Configuration
2. @EnableAutoConfiguration:启用自动配置,该注解会使SpringBoot根据项目中依赖的jar包自动配置项目的配置项:
a) 如:我们添加了spring-boot-starter-web的依赖,项目中也就会引入SpringMVC的依赖,Spring Boot就会自动配置tomcat和SpringMVC
3. @ComponentScan:默认扫描@SpringBootApplication所在类的同级目录以及它的子目录。
4.4.2. 关闭自动配置
通过上述,我们得知,Spring Boot会根据项目中的jar包依赖,自动做出配置,Spring Boot支持的自动配置如下(非常多):
如果我们不需要Spring Boot自动配置,想关闭某一项的自动配置,该如何设置呢?
比如:我们不想自动配置Redis,想手动配置。
当然了,其他的配置就类似了。
4.4.3. 自定义Banner
启动Spring Boot项目后会看到这样的图案:
这个图片其实是可以自定义的:
1. 打开网站:http://patorjk.com/software/taag/#p=display&h=3&v=3&f=4Max&t=itcast%20Spring%20Boot
2. 拷贝生成的字符到一个文本文件中,并且将该文件命名为banner.txt
3. 将banner.txt拷贝到项目的resources目录中:
4. 重新启动程序,查看效果:
好像没有默认的好看啊!!!
如果不想看到任何的banner,也是可以将其关闭的:
4.4.4. 全局配置文件
Spring Boot项目使用一个全局的配置文件application.properties或者是application.yml,在resources目录下或者类路径下的/config下,一般我们放到resources下。
1、 修改tomcat的端口为8088
重新启动应用,查看效果:
2、 修改进入DispatcherServlet的规则为:*.html
测试:
更多的配置:
# ===================================================================
# COMMON SPRING BOOT PROPERTIES
#
# This sample file is provided as a guideline. Do NOT copy it in its
# entirety to your own application. ^^^
# ===================================================================
# ----------------------------------------
# CORE PROPERTIES
# ----------------------------------------
# BANNER
banner.charset=UTF-8 # Banner file encoding.
banner.location=classpath:banner.txt # Banner file location.
banner.image.location=classpath:banner.gif # Banner image file location (jpg/png can also be used).
banner.image.width= # Width of the banner image in chars (default 76)
banner.image.height= # Height of the banner image in chars (default based on image height)
banner.image.margin= # Left hand image margin in chars (default 2)
banner.image.invert= # If images should be inverted for dark terminal themes (default false)
# LOGGING
logging.config= # Location of the logging configuration file. For instance `classpath:logback.xml` for Logback
logging.exception-conversion-word=%wEx # Conversion word used when logging exceptions.
logging.file= # Log file name. For instance `myapp.log`
logging.level.*= # Log levels severity mapping. For instance `logging.level.org.springframework=DEBUG`
logging.path= # Location of the log file. For instance `/var/log`
logging.pattern.console= # Appender pattern for output to the console. Only supported with the default logback setup.
logging.pattern.file= # Appender pattern for output to the file. Only supported with the default logback setup.
logging.pattern.level= # Appender pattern for log level (default %5p). Only supported with the default logback setup.
logging.register-shutdown-hook=false # Register a shutdown hook for the logging system when it is initialized.
# AOP
spring.aop.auto=true # Add @EnableAspectJAutoProxy.
spring.aop.proxy-target-class=false # Whether subclass-based (CGLIB) proxies are to be created (true) as opposed to standard Java interface-based proxies (false).
# IDENTITY (ContextIdApplicationContextInitializer)
spring.application.index= # Application index.
spring.application.name= # Application name.
# ADMIN (SpringApplicationAdminJmxAutoConfiguration)
spring.application.admin.enabled=false # Enable admin features for the application.
spring.application.admin.jmx-name=org.springframework.boot:type=Admin,name=SpringApplication # JMX name of the application admin MBean.
# AUTO-CONFIGURATION
spring.autoconfigure.exclude= # Auto-configuration classes to exclude.
# SPRING CORE
spring.beaninfo.ignore=true # Skip search of BeanInfo classes.
# SPRING CACHE (CacheProperties)
spring.cache.cache-names= # Comma-separated list of cache names to create if supported by the underlying cache manager.
spring.cache.caffeine.spec= # The spec to use to create caches. Check CaffeineSpec for more details on the spec format.
spring.cache.couchbase.expiration=0 # Entry expiration in milliseconds. By default the entries never expire.
spring.cache.ehcache.config= # The location of the configuration file to use to initialize EhCache.
spring.cache.guava.spec= # The spec to use to create caches. Check CacheBuilderSpec for more details on the spec format.
spring.cache.infinispan.config= # The location of the configuration file to use to initialize Infinispan.
spring.cache.jcache.config= # The location of the configuration file to use to initialize the cache manager.
spring.cache.jcache.provider= # Fully qualified name of the CachingProvider implementation to use to retrieve the JSR-107 compliant cache manager. Only needed if more than one JSR-107 implementation is available on the classpath.
spring.cache.type= # Cache type, auto-detected according to the environment by default.
# SPRING CONFIG - using environment property only (ConfigFileApplicationListener)
spring.config.location= # Config file locations.
spring.config.name=application # Config file name.
# HAZELCAST (HazelcastProperties)
spring.hazelcast.config= # The location of the configuration file to use to initialize Hazelcast.
# PROJECT INFORMATION (ProjectInfoProperties)
spring.info.build.location=classpath:META-INF/build-info.properties # Location of the generated build-info.properties file.
spring.info.git.location=classpath:git.properties # Location of the generated git.properties file.
# JMX
spring.jmx.default-domain= # JMX domain name.
spring.jmx.enabled=true # Expose management beans to the JMX domain.
spring.jmx.server=mbeanServer # MBeanServer bean name.
# Email (MailProperties)
spring.mail.default-encoding=UTF-8 # Default MimeMessage encoding.
spring.mail.host= # SMTP server host. For instance `smtp.example.com`
spring.mail.jndi-name= # Session JNDI name. When set, takes precedence to others mail settings.
spring.mail.password= # Login password of the SMTP server.
spring.mail.port= # SMTP server port.
spring.mail.properties.*= # Additional JavaMail session properties.
spring.mail.protocol=smtp # Protocol used by the SMTP server.
spring.mail.test-connection=false # Test that the mail server is available on startup.
spring.mail.username= # Login user of the SMTP server.
# APPLICATION SETTINGS (SpringApplication)
spring.main.banner-mode=console # Mode used to display the banner when the application runs.
spring.main.sources= # Sources (class name, package name or XML resource location) to include in the ApplicationContext.
spring.main.web-environment= # Run the application in a web environment (auto-detected by default).
# FILE ENCODING (FileEncodingApplicationListener)
spring.mandatory-file-encoding= # Expected character encoding the application must use.
# INTERNATIONALIZATION (MessageSourceAutoConfiguration)
spring.messages.always-use-message-format=false # Set whether to always apply the MessageFormat rules, parsing even messages without arguments.
spring.messages.basename=messages # Comma-separated list of basenames, each following the ResourceBundle convention.
spring.messages.cache-seconds=-1 # Loaded resource bundle files cache expiration, in seconds. When set to -1, bundles are cached forever.
spring.messages.encoding=UTF-8 # Message bundles encoding.
spring.messages.fallback-to-system-locale=true # Set whether to fall back to the system Locale if no files for a specific Locale have been found.
# OUTPUT
spring.output.ansi.enabled=detect # Configure the ANSI output.
# PID FILE (ApplicationPidFileWriter)
spring.pid.fail-on-write-error= # Fail if ApplicationPidFileWriter is used but it cannot write the PID file.
spring.pid.file= # Location of the PID file to write (if ApplicationPidFileWriter is used).
# PROFILES
spring.profiles.active= # Comma-separated list (or list if using YAML) of active profiles.
spring.pro