rust笔记5结构体

结构体基础

结构体的基本定义方式和使用方式：

struct User {
    username: String,
    email: String,
    sign_in_count: u64,
    active: bool,
}

fn main() {
    // 注意这里必须制定所有的作用域，否则会报错！！
    let user1 = User {
        username: String::from("foo"),
        email: String::from("foo@mail.com"),
        sign_in_count: 100,
        active: true,
    };
}

上述的结构体是不可变的，如果想要在运行的时候改变结构体的值，需要声明为可变的结构体：

struct User {
    username: String,
    email: String,
    sign_in_count: u64,
    active: bool,
}

fn main() {
    // 注意这里必须制定所有的作用域，否则会报错！！
    let mut user2 = User {
        username: String::from("foo"),
        email: String::from("foo@mail.com"),
        sign_in_count: 100,
        active: true,
    };
	
	user2.username = String::from("foo1");
}

如果我们想用默认值的方式制定结构，可以利用函数expression的方式执行，代码如下：

struct User {
    username: String,
    email: String,
    sign_in_count: u64,
    active: bool,
}

fn build_user(name_: String, email_: String) -> User {
    User {
        username: name_,
        email: email_,
        sign_in_count: 0,
        active: false,
    }
}

fn main() {
    // 不可变的结构
    let name1 = String::from("foo1");
    let email1 = String::from("foo1@Eemail.com");
    let user1 = build_user(name1, email1);
    println!("user1: {}, {}, {}, {}", user1.username, user1.email, user1.sign_in_count, user1.active);
    // 可变的结构
    let name2 = String::from("foo2");
    let email2 = String::from("foo2@Eemail.com");
    let mut user2 = build_user(name2, email2);
    user2.email = String::from("foo22.email.com");
    println!("user1: {}, {}, {}, {}", user2.username, user2.email, user2.sign_in_count, user2.active);
}

如果上述函数中，传入的参数和结构提内部结构的名字一样，则可以省略对应的名称，代码实例：

struct User {
    name: String,
    email: String,
    age: u8,
}

fn build_user(name: String, email: String) -> User {
    User {
        name,  // 同名直接省略
        email,  // 同名直接省略
        age: 0,
    }
}

fn main() {
    let name = String::from("foo");
    let email = String::from("foo@mail.com");
    let user1 = build_user(name, email);
    println!("user: {} {} {}", user1.name, user1.email, user1.age);
}

如果一个结构体实例想要使用之前实例的一些值，可以使用下面的方式：

fn build_user(name: String, email: String) -> User {
    User {
        name,
        email,
        age: 0,
    }
}

fn main() {
    let name = String::from("foo");
    let email = String::from("foo@mail.com");
    let user1 = build_user(name, email);
    println!("user1: {} {} {}", user1.name, user1.email, user1.age);

    let user2 = User {
        name: String::from("foo2"),
        ..user1  // 注意没有其他符号
    };
    println!("user2: {} {} {}", user2.name, user2.email, user2.age);
}

结构体的作用域可以是无名的，类似于tuple；不过，和tuple不同，使用=的时候，ownership会转移的，代码实例：

struct Color(i32, i32, i32);

fn main() {
    let black = Color(0, 0, 0);
    let black1 = black;  // black已经是空的了
    println!("RGB: {} {} {}", black1.0, black1.1, black1.2);
}

结构体的方法

直接给出代码实例：

struct Rect {
    width: u32,
    height: u32,
}

impl Rect {  // 声明这是实现Rect结构的方法
    fn area(&self) -> u32 {  // self类比python的即可
        self.width * self.height
    }

    fn can_hole(&self, other: Rect) -> bool {  // other是正常的参数
        self.width > other.width && self.height > other.height
    }
}

fn main() {
    let rect1 = Rect{width: 10, height: 20};
    let rect2 = Rect{width:20, height: 15};

    println!("rect1 area = {}", rect1.area());
    println!("rect2 can hod rect1 ? {}", rect2.can_hole(rect1));
}

上述的impl可以有多个块。rust中，方法统一使用.方式。这区别于在C++中使用->的方式。