该篇文章为转载的，其中torchvision的源码可以在这里获取：https://github.com/lwdoubles/vision/tree/master/torchvision/models
原文：https://blog.csdn.net/u014380165/article/details/79119664
PyTorch框架中有一个非常重要且好用的包：torchvision，该包主要由3个子包组成，分别是：torchvision.datasets、torchvision.models、torchvision.transforms。
这3个子包的具体介绍可以参考官网：http://pytorch.org/docs/master/torchvision/index.html。
具体代码可以参考github：https://github.com/pytorch/vision/tree/master/torchvision。
这篇博客介绍torchvision.models。torchvision.models这个包中包含alexnet、densenet、inception、resnet、squeezenet、vgg等常用的网络结构，并且提供了预训练模型，可以通过简单调用来读取网络结构和预训练模型。
使用例子：
import torchvision
model = torchvision.models.resnet50(pretrained=True)
这样就导入了resnet50的预训练模型了。如果只需要网络结构，不需要用预训练模型的参数来初始化，那么就是：
model = torchvision.models.resnet50(pretrained=False)
如果要导入densenet模型也是同样的道理，比如导入densenet169，且不需要是预训练的模型：
model = torchvision.models.densenet169(pretrained=False)
由于pretrained参数默认是False，所以等价于：
model = torchvision.models.densenet169()
不过为了代码清晰，最好还是加上参数赋值。
接下来以导入resnet50为例介绍具体导入模型时候的源码。运行model = torchvision.models.resnet50(pretrained=True)的时候，是通过models包下的resnet.py脚本进行的，源码如下：
首先是导入必要的库，其中model_zoo是和导入预训练模型相关的包，另外all变量定义了可以从外部import的函数名或类名。这也是前面为什么可以用torchvision.models.resnet50()来调用的原因。model_urls这个字典是预训练模型的下载地址。
import torch.nn as nn
import math
import torch.utils.model_zoo as model_zoo
__all__ = ['ResNet', 'resnet18', 'resnet34', 'resnet50', 'resnet101',
'resnet152']
model_urls = {
'resnet18': 'https://download.pytorch.org/models/resnet18-5c106cde.pth',
'resnet34': 'https://download.pytorch.org/models/resnet34-333f7ec4.pth',
'resnet50': 'https://download.pytorch.org/models/resnet50-19c8e357.pth',
'resnet101': 'https://download.pytorch.org/models/resnet101-5d3b4d8f.pth',
'resnet152': 'https://download.pytorch.org/models/resnet152-b121ed2d.pth',
}
接下来就是resnet50这个函数了，参数pretrained默认是False。首先model = ResNet(Bottleneck, [3, 4, 6, 3], **kwargs)是构建网络结构，Bottleneck是另外一个构建bottleneck的类，在ResNet网络结构的构建中有很多重复的子结构，这些子结构就是通过Bottleneck类来构建的，后面会介绍。然后如果参数pretrained是True，那么就会通过model_zoo.py中的load_url函数根据model_urls字典下载或导入相应的预训练模型。最后通过调用model的load_state_dict方法用预训练的模型参数来初始化你构建的网络结构，这个方法就是PyTorch中通用的用一个模型的参数初始化另一个模型的层的操作。load_state_dict方法还有一个重要的参数是strict，该参数默认是True，表示预训练模型的层和你的网络结构层严格对应相等（比如层名和维度）。
def resnet50(pretrained=False, **kwargs):
"""Constructs a ResNet-50 model.
Args:
pretrained (bool): If True, returns a model pre-trained on ImageNet
"""
model = ResNet(Bottleneck, [3, 4, 6, 3], **kwargs)
if pretrained:
model.load_state_dict(model_zoo.load_url(model_urls['resnet50']))
return model
其他resnet18、resnet101等函数和resnet50基本类似，差别主要是在：1、构建网络结构的时候block的参数不一样，比如resnet18中是[2, 2, 2, 2]，resnet101中是[3, 4, 23, 3]。2、调用的block类不一样，比如在resnet50、resnet101、resnet152中调用的是Bottleneck类，而在resnet18和resnet34中调用的是BasicBlock类，这两个类的区别主要是在residual结果中卷积层的数量不同，这个是和网络结构相关的，后面会详细介绍。3、如果下载预训练模型的话，model_urls字典的键不一样，对应不同的预训练模型。因此接下来分别看看如何构建网络结构和如何导入预训练模型。
def resnet18(pretrained=False, **kwargs):
"""Constructs a ResNet-18 model.
Args:
pretrained (bool): If True, returns a model pre-trained on ImageNet
"""
model = ResNet(BasicBlock, [2, 2, 2, 2], **kwargs)
if pretrained:
model.load_state_dict(model_zoo.load_url(model_urls['resnet18']))
return model
def resnet101(pretrained=False, **kwargs):
"""Constructs a ResNet-101 model.
Args:
pretrained (bool): If True, returns a model pre-trained on ImageNet
"""
model = ResNet(Bottleneck, [3, 4, 23, 3], **kwargs)
if pretrained:
model.load_state_dict(model_zoo.load_url(model_urls['resnet101']))
return model
构建ResNet网络是通过ResNet这个类进行的。首先还是继承PyTorch中网络的基类：torch.nn.Module，其次主要的是重写初始化__init__和forward方法。在初始化__init__中主要是定义一些层的参数。forward方法中主要是定义数据在层之间的流动顺序，也就是层的连接顺序。另外还可以在类中定义其他私有方法用来模块化一些操作，比如这里的_make_layer方法是用来构建ResNet网络中的4个blocks。_make_layer方法的第一个输入block是Bottleneck或BasicBlock类，第二个输入是该blocks的输出channel，第三个输入是每个blocks中包含多少个residual子结构，因此layers这个列表就是前面resnet50的[3, 4, 6, 3]。
_make_layer方法中比较重要的两行代码是：1、layers.append(block(self.inplanes, planes, stride, downsample))，该部分是将每个blocks的第一个residual结构保存在layers列表中。2、 for i in range(1, blocks): layers.append(block(self.inplanes, planes))，该部分是将每个blocks的剩下residual 结构保存在layers列表中，这样就完成了一个blocks的构造。这两行代码中都是通过Bottleneck这个类来完成每个residual的构建，接下来介绍Bottleneck类。
class ResNet(nn.Module):
def __init__(self, block, layers, num_classes=1000):
self.inplanes = 64
super(ResNet, self).__init__()
self.conv1 = nn.Conv2d(3, 64, kernel_size=7, stride=2, padding=3,
bias=False)
self.bn1 = nn.BatchNorm2d(64)
self.relu = nn.ReLU(inplace=True)
self.maxpool = nn.MaxPool2d(kernel_size=3, stride=2, padding=1)
self.layer1 = self._make_layer(block, 64, layers[0])
self.layer2 = self._make_layer(block, 128, layers[1], stride=2)
self.layer3 = self._make_layer(block, 256, layers[2], stride=2)
self.layer4 = self._make_layer(block, 512, layers[3], stride=2)
self.avgpool = nn.AvgPool2d(7, stride=1)
self.fc = nn.Linear(512 * block.expansion, num_classes)
for m in self.modules():
if isinstance(m, nn.Conv2d):
n = m.kernel_size[0] * m.kernel_size[1] * m.out_channels
m.weight.data.normal_(0, math.sqrt(2. / n))
elif isinstance(m, nn.BatchNorm2d):
m.weight.data.fill_(1)
m.bias.data.zero_()
def _make_layer(self, block, planes, blocks, stride=1):
downsample = None
if stride != 1 or self.inplanes != planes * block.expansion:
downsample = nn.Sequential(
nn.Conv2d(self.inplanes, planes * block.expansion,
kernel_size=1, stride=stride, bias=False),
nn.BatchNorm2d(planes * block.expansion),
)
layers = []
layers.append(block(self.inplanes, planes, stride, downsample))
self.inplanes = planes * block.expansion
for i in range(1, blocks):
layers.append(block(self.inplanes, planes))
return nn.Sequential(*layers)
def forward(self, x):
x = self.conv1(x)
x = self.bn1(x)
x = self.relu(x)
x = self.maxpool(x)
x = self.layer1(x)
x = self.layer2(x)
x = self.layer3(x)
x = self.layer4(x)
x = self.avgpool(x)
x = x.view(x.size(0), -1)
x = self.fc(x)
return x
从前面的ResNet类可以看出，在构造ResNet网络的时候，最重要的是Bottleneck这个类，因为ResNet是由residual结构组成的，而Bottleneck类就是完成residual结构的构建。同样Bottlenect还是继承了torch.nn.Module类，且重写了__init__和forward方法。从forward方法可以看出，bottleneck就是我们熟悉的3个主要的卷积层、BN层和激活层，最后的out += residual就是element-wise add的操作。
class Bottleneck(nn.Module):
expansion = 4
def __init__(self, inplanes, planes, stride=1, downsample=None):
super(Bottleneck, self).__init__()
self.conv1 = nn.Conv2d(inplanes, planes, kernel_size=1, bias=False)
self.bn1 = nn.BatchNorm2d(planes)
self.conv2 = nn.Conv2d(planes, planes, kernel_size=3, stride=stride,
padding=1, bias=False)
self.bn2 = nn.BatchNorm2d(planes)
self.conv3 = nn.Conv2d(planes, planes * 4, kernel_size=1, bias=False)
self.bn3 = nn.BatchNorm2d(planes * 4)
self.relu = nn.ReLU(inplace=True)
self.downsample = downsample
self.stride = stride
def forward(self, x):
residual = x
out = self.conv1(x)
out = self.bn1(out)
out = self.relu(out)
out = self.conv2(out)
out = self.bn2(out)
out = self.relu(out)
out = self.conv3(out)
out = self.bn3(out)
if self.downsample is not None:
residual = self.downsample(x)
out += residual
out = self.relu(out)
return out
BasicBlock类和Bottleneck类类似，前者主要是用来构建ResNet18和ResNet34网络，因为这两个网络的residual结构只包含两个卷积层，没有Bottleneck类中的bottleneck概念。因此在该类中，第一个卷积层采用的是kernel_size=3的卷积，如conv3x3函数所示。
def conv3x3(in_planes, out_planes, stride=1):
"""3x3 convolution with padding"""
return nn.Conv2d(in_planes, out_planes, kernel_size=3, stride=stride,
padding=1, bias=False)
class BasicBlock(nn.Module):
expansion = 1
def __init__(self, inplanes, planes, stride=1, downsample=None):
super(BasicBlock, self).__init__()
self.conv1 = conv3x3(inplanes, planes, stride)
self.bn1 = nn.BatchNorm2d(planes)
self.relu = nn.ReLU(inplace=True)
self.conv2 = conv3x3(planes, planes)
self.bn2 = nn.BatchNorm2d(planes)
self.downsample = downsample
self.stride = stride
def forward(self, x):
residual = x
out = self.conv1(x)
out = self.bn1(out)
out = self.relu(out)
out = self.conv2(out)
out = self.bn2(out)
if self.downsample is not None:
residual = self.downsample(x)
out += residual
out = self.relu(out)
return out
介绍完如何构建网络，接下来就是如何获取预训练模型。前面提到这一行代码：
if pretrained: model.load_state_dict(model_zoo.load_url(model_urls['resnet50']))，主要就是通过model_zoo.py中的load_url函数根据model_urls字典导入相应的预训练模型，
models_zoo.py脚本的github地址：https://github.com/pytorch/pytorch/blob/master/torch/utils/model_zoo.py。
load_url函数源码如下。首先model_dir是下载下来的模型的保存地址，如果没有指定的话就会保存在项目的.torch目录下，最好指定。cached_file是保存模型的路径加上模型名称。接下来的 if not os.path.exists(cached_file)语句用来判断是否指定目录下已经存在要下载模型，如果已经存在，就直接调用torch.load接口导入模型，如果不存在，则从网上下载，下载是通过_download_url_to_file(url, cached_file, hash_prefix, progress=progress)进行的，不再细讲。重点在于模型导入是通过torch.load()接口来进行的，不管你的模型是从网上下载的还是本地已有的。
def load_url(url, model_dir=None, map_location=None, progress=True):
if model_dir is None:
torch_home = os.path.expanduser(os.getenv('TORCH_HOME', '~/.torch'))
model_dir = os.getenv('TORCH_MODEL_ZOO', os.path.join(torch_home, 'models'))
if not os.path.exists(model_dir):
os.makedirs(model_dir)
parts = urlparse(url)
filename = os.path.basename(parts.path)
cached_file = os.path.join(model_dir, filename)
if not os.path.exists(cached_file):
sys.stderr.write('Downloading: "{}" to {}\n'.format(url, cached_file))
hash_prefix = HASH_REGEX.search(filename).group(1)
_download_url_to_file(url, cached_file, hash_prefix, progress=progress)
return torch.load(cached_file, map_location=map_location)
//Pytorch FPN实现，类似ResNet
//github地址：https://github.com/kuangliu/pytorch-fpn/blob/master/fpn.py
import torch.nn as nn
import torch.nn.functional as F
import math
__all__=['FPN']
class Bottleneck(nn.Module):
expansion = 4
def __init__(self, in_planes, planes, stride=1, downsample=None):
super(Bottleneck, self).__init__()
self.conv1 = nn.Conv2d(in_planes, planes, kernel_size=1, bias=False)
self.bn1 = nn.BatchNorm2d(planes)
self.conv2 = nn.Conv2d(planes, planes, kernel_size=3, stride=stride, padding=1, bias=False)
self.bn2 = nn.BatchNorm2d(planes)
self.conv3 = nn.Conv2d(planes, self.expansion * planes, kernel_size=1, bias=False)
self.bn3 = nn.BatchNorm2d(self.expansion * planes)
self.relu = nn.ReLU(inplace=True)
self.downsample = downsample
self.stride = stride
def forward(self, x):
residual = x
out = self.conv1(x)
out = self.bn1(out)
out = self.relu(out)
out = self.conv2(out)
out = self.bn2(out)
out = self.relu(out)
out = self.conv3(out)
out = self.bn3(out)
if self.downsample is not None:
residual = self.downsample(x)
out += residual
out = self.relu(out)
return out
class FPN(nn.Module):
def __init__(self, block, layers):
super(FPN, self).__init__()
self.inplanes = 64
self.conv1 = nn.Conv2d(3, 64, kernel_size=7, stride=2, padding=3, bias=False)
self.bn1 = nn.BatchNorm2d(64)
self.relu = nn.ReLU(inplace=True)
self.maxpool = nn.MaxPool2d(kernel_size=3, stride=2, padding=1)
# Bottom-up layers
self.layer1 = self._make_layer(block, 64, layers[0])
self.layer2 = self._make_layer(block, 128, layers[1], stride=2)
self.layer3 = self._make_layer(block, 256, layers[2], stride=2)
self.layer4 = self._make_layer(block, 512, layers[3], stride=2)
# Top layer
self.toplayer = nn.Conv2d(2048, 256, kernel_size=1, stride=1, padding=0) # Reduce channels
# Smooth layers
self.smooth1 = nn.Conv2d(256, 256, kernel_size=3, stride=1, padding=1)
self.smooth2 = nn.Conv2d(256, 256, kernel_size=3, stride=1, padding=1)
self.smooth3 = nn.Conv2d(256, 256, kernel_size=3, stride=1, padding=1)
# Lateral layers
self.latlayer1 = nn.Conv2d(1024, 256, kernel_size=1, stride=1, padding=0)
self.latlayer2 = nn.Conv2d( 512, 256, kernel_size=1, stride=1, padding=0)
self.latlayer3 = nn.Conv2d( 256, 256, kernel_size=1, stride=1, padding=0)
for m in self.modules():
if isinstance(m, nn.Conv2d):
n = m.kernel_size[0] * m.kernel_size[1] * m.out_channels
m.weight.data.normal_(0, math.sqrt(2. / n))
elif isinstance(m, nn.BatchNorm2d):
m.weight.data.fill_(1)
m.bias.data.zero_()
def _make_layer(self, block, planes, blocks, stride=1):
downsample = None
if stride != 1 or self.inplanes != block.expansion * planes:
downsample = nn.Sequential(
nn.Conv2d(self.inplanes, block.expansion * planes, kernel_size=1, stride=stride, bias=False),
nn.BatchNorm2d(block.expansion * planes)
)
layers = []
layers.append(block(self.inplanes, planes, stride, downsample))
self.inplanes = planes * block.expansion
for i in range(1, blocks):
layers.append(block(self.inplanes, planes))
return nn.Sequential(*layers)
def _upsample_add(self, x, y):
_,_,H,W = y.size()
return F.upsample(x, size=(H,W), mode='bilinear') + y
def forward(self, x):
# Bottom-up
x = self.conv1(x)
x = self.bn1(x)
x = self.relu(x)
c1 = self.maxpool(x)
c2 = self.layer1(c1)
c3 = self.layer2(c2)
c4 = self.layer3(c3)
c5 = self.layer4(c4)
# Top-down
p5 = self.toplayer(c5)
p4 = self._upsample_add(p5, self.latlayer1(c4))
p3 = self._upsample_add(p4, self.latlayer2(c3))
p2 = self._upsample_add(p3, self.latlayer3(c2))
# Smooth
p4 = self.smooth1(p4)
p3 = self.smooth2(p3)
p2 = self.smooth3(p2)
return p2, p3, p4, p5
def FPN101():
return FPN(Bottleneck, [2,2,2,2])
Pytorch ROI pooling 实现
原文：https://www.cnblogs.com/king-lps/p/9026798.html
方法1. 利用cffi进行C扩展实现,然后利用Pytorch调用：需要单独的 C 和 CUDA 源文件，还需要事先进行编译，不但过程比较繁琐，代码结构也稍显凌乱。对于一些简单的 CUDA 扩展（代码量不大，没有复杂的库依赖），显得不够友好。
方法2.利用Cupy实现在线编译，直接为 pytorch 提供 CUDA 扩展（当然，也可以是纯 C 的扩展）。Cupy实现了在cuda上兼容numpy格式的多维数组。GPU加速的矩阵运算，而Numpy并没有利用GPU。Cupy目前已脱离chainer成为一个独立的库。
利用chainer实现，相较其他深度学习框架来说，chainer知名度不够高，但是是一款非常优秀的深度学习框架，纯python实现，设计思想简洁，语法简单。chainer中的GPU加速也是通过Cupy实现的。此外，chainer还有其他附加包，例如ChainerCV，其中便有对Faster-RCNN、SSD等网络的实现。
方法4 直接在pytorch中利用：
- torch.nn.functional.adaptive_max_pool2d(input, output_size, return_indices=False)
-
torch.nn.AdaptiveMaxPool2d(output_size, return_indices=False)
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