python入门（5）—— 匿名函数，列表推导式、set、list、tuple三者的转换、高阶函数

1.匿名函数（lambda）

"""
def my_add(a, b):
    return a + b

my_add(10, 20)
"""

# lambda 形参1,形参2, ... : 单行表达式 或者 调用其它函数的代码
sum1 = lambda a, b:a+b
mysum = sum1(2,3)
print(mysum)

常用场景：

def my_function(func):
    a = 100
    b = 200
    res = func(a, b)
    print("result:" , res)

my_function(lambda a ,b: a + b)
my_function(lambda a ,b: a - b)
my_function(lambda a ,b: a * b)

2.递归函数

"""
递归函数:
		在函数里面自己调用自己.

	定义递归函数的条件:
		1.自己调用自己
		2.必须设置一个终止递归条件

使用递归函数求 1-3的阶乘.

"""

def factorial(n):
    # 条件2:设置终止递归的条件
    if n > 1:
        result = n * factorial(n - 1)
    else:
        # 条件1:自己调用自己
        result = 1
    return result

result = factorial(3)
print(result)

3. 列表推导式

list1 = []
list1.append(0)
list1.append(1)
list1.append(2)
list1.append(3)
list1.append(4)
print(list1) # [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]

"""
列表推导式的格式:
    列表名 = [x for x in range()函数]
    每次循环循环都得一个数字x,然后把x作为元素添加到列表中

在列表推导式中使用 if语句:
    列表名 = [x for x in range()函数 if 条件]
"""

list2 = [x for x in range(0,5)]
print(list2) # [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]

list3 = [x+2 for x in range(1,5)]
print(list3) # [3, 4, 5, 6]

list4 = [x for x in range(1, 5) if x % 2 == 0]
print(list4) # [2, 4]

a = [x for x in range(1, 101)]
print(list(range(0,len(a),3))) # [0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 27, 30, 33, 36, 39, 42, 45, 48, 51, 54, 57, 60, 63, 66, 69, 72, 75, 78, 81, 84, 87, 90, 93, 96, 99]
print(range(0,len(a),3)) # range(0, 100, 3)

print(a[0:3]) # [1, 2, 3]
print(a[3:6]) # [4, 5, 6]


f = [(x,y) for x in range(1,3) for y in range(1,4)]
print(f)  # [(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (2, 1), (2, 2), (2, 3)]

d = [x for x in range(1,101)]
e = [d[x:x + 3] for x in range(0,len(d),3)]
print(e) # [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9], [10, 11, 12], [13, 14, 15], [16, 17, 18], [19, 20, 21], [22, 23, 24], [25, 26, 27], [28, 29, 30], [31, 32, 33], [34, 35, 36], [37, 38, 39], [40, 41, 42], [43, 44, 45], [46, 47, 48], [49, 50, 51], [52, 53, 54], [55, 56, 57], [58, 59, 60], [61, 62, 63], [64, 65, 66], [67, 68, 69], [70, 71, 72], [73, 74, 75], [76, 77, 78], [79, 80, 81], [82, 83, 84], [85, 86, 87], [88, 89, 90], [91, 92, 93], [94, 95, 96], [97, 98, 99], [100]]

h = [x for x in range(1, 101)] # h -> 1,100
i = [h[x:x+3] for x in range(0, 100, 3)]
print(i) # [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9], [10, 11, 12], [13, 14, 15], [16, 17, 18], [19, 20, 21], [22, 23, 24], [25, 26, 27], [28, 29, 30], [31, 32, 33], [34, 35, 36], [37, 38, 39], [40, 41, 42], [43, 44, 45], [46, 47, 48], [49, 50, 51], [52, 53, 54], [55, 56, 57], [58, 59, 60], [61, 62, 63], [64, 65, 66], [67, 68, 69], [70, 71, 72], [73, 74, 75], [76, 77, 78], [79, 80, 81], [82, 83, 84], [85, 86, 87], [88, 89, 90], [91, 92, 93], [94, 95, 96], [97, 98, 99], [100]]
print(len(h)) # 100

4.set集合

"""
set集合:
    也是一个容器,可以存储多个元素,可以是任何类型的.
    没有索引.
    特点:
        set中不能存储重复的元素,自动去重,重复的元素只保留一个.
定义格式:
    set集合名 = {元素1,元素2,...}
    # 定义空的set集合
    set集合名 = set()
"""
set1 = {10, "hello", True}
print(set1) # {True, 10, 'hello'}
print(type(set1)) # <class 'set'>

# 自动去重
set2 = {10, "hello", True, 10, "hello"}
print(set2) # {True, 10, 'hello'}

set3 = {30, 50}
set2.update(set3)
print(set2) # {True, 50, 'hello', 10, 30}

set2.update("hello") # 遇到字符串会将字符串拆成一个个的字母
print(set2) # {True, 'hello', 10, 'h', 'o', 30, 50, 'e', 'l'} 增加了hello这个单词的每个字母

set4 = set("hello")
print(set4) # {'h', 'l', 'e', 'o'}

for s in set4:
    print(s)
    '''
        h
        l
        e
        o
    '''

5.list-set-tuple三者之间的转换

"""
数据类型转换的格式:
    目标数据类型(数据)
"""
# set->list
set1 = {10,20,30,20}
print(set1)
list1 = list(set1)
print(list1)

# list -> set
set2 = set(list1)
print(set2)

# list -> tuple
list3 = [10, 20, 30, 10, 20]
set3 = set(list3)
tuple1 = tuple(set3)
print(tuple1)

6.高阶函数

map函数

'''
    一种映射函数
'''

#使用映射函数可以方便地进行数组的一些操作，例如对每个元素进行乘方操作
aList = [1, 2, 3, 4]

def f(x):
    return x ** 2

result = map(f,aList)
print(result , list(result)) # <map object at 0x00F21070> [1, 4, 9, 16]

# 进行大小写的快速转换
bList = ["smith", "john", "jay", "welthson"]

def f1(x):
    return x[0].upper() + x[1:]

result2 = map(f1, bList)
print(result,list(result2))# <map object at 0x00F21070> ['Smith', 'John', 'Jay', 'Welthson']

示例解释：

reduce函数

import functools

my_list = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]


def f(x1, x2):
    return x1 * x2

result = functools.reduce(f, my_list) # 15
print(result)

示例解释：

filter函数

my_list = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]

def f(x):
    return x % 2 == 0

result = filter(f,my_list)
print(list(result)) # [2, 4, 6, 8]


my_list2 = ["obama", "Smith", "John", "Jack", "swiss"]
def f2(x):
    return x[0].isupper()

result2 = filter(f2,my_list2)
print(list(result2))