Django2.2报错——AttributeError: ''str'' object has no attribute ''decode''

方法说明

Django2.2报错–AttributeError: ‘str’ object has no attribute 'decode’的解决方案，仅算是临时解决，所有更好的解决方案应该斟酌使用本方法

• 报错代码段

      # 位于/home/soul/anaconda3/lib/python3.6/site-packages/django/db/backends/mysql/operations.py 
      # 第140行
      def last_executed_query(self, cursor, sql, params):
          # With MySQLdb, cursor objects have an (undocumented) "_executed"
          # attribute where the exact query sent to the database is saved.
          # See MySQLdb/cursors.py in the source distribution.
          query = getattr(cursor, '_executed', None)
          # print("=========================>>>>>>>>", type(query))
          # 这句话是我自己加的
          if query is not None:
              query = query.decode(errors='replace')
          return query
  

• 报错信息
  同时可以看出 getattr 函数返回值类型为 str

  (base) [soul@listener one_orm]$ python manage.py makemigrations
  =========================>>>>>>>> <class 'str'>
  Traceback (most recent call last):
    File "manage.py", line 21, in <module>
      main()
    File "manage.py", line 17, in main
      execute_from_command_line(sys.argv)
    File "/home/soul/anaconda3/lib/python3.6/site-packages/django/core/management/__init__.py", line 381, in execute_from_command_line
      utility.execute()
    File "/home/soul/anaconda3/lib/python3.6/site-packages/django/core/management/__init__.py", line 375, in execute
      self.fetch_command(subcommand).run_from_argv(self.argv)
    File "/home/soul/anaconda3/lib/python3.6/site-packages/django/core/management/base.py", line 323, in run_from_argv
      self.execute(*args, **cmd_options)
    File "/home/soul/anaconda3/lib/python3.6/site-packages/django/core/management/base.py", line 364, in execute
      output = self.handle(*args, **options)
    File "/home/soul/anaconda3/lib/python3.6/site-packages/django/core/management/base.py", line 83, in wrapped
      res = handle_func(*args, **kwargs)
    File "/home/soul/anaconda3/lib/python3.6/site-packages/django/core/management/commands/makemigrations.py", line 101, in handle
      loader.check_consistent_history(connection)
    File "/home/soul/anaconda3/lib/python3.6/site-packages/django/db/migrations/loader.py", line 283, in check_consistent_history
      applied = recorder.applied_migrations()
    File "/home/soul/anaconda3/lib/python3.6/site-packages/django/db/migrations/recorder.py", line 73, in applied_migrations
      if self.has_table():
    File "/home/soul/anaconda3/lib/python3.6/site-packages/django/db/migrations/recorder.py", line 56, in has_table
      return self.Migration._meta.db_table in self.connection.introspection.table_names(self.connection.cursor())
    File "/home/soul/anaconda3/lib/python3.6/site-packages/django/db/backends/base/base.py", line 256, in cursor
      return self._cursor()
    File "/home/soul/anaconda3/lib/python3.6/site-packages/django/db/backends/base/base.py", line 233, in _cursor
      self.ensure_connection()
    File "/home/soul/anaconda3/lib/python3.6/site-packages/django/db/backends/base/base.py", line 217, in ensure_connection
      self.connect()
    File "/home/soul/anaconda3/lib/python3.6/site-packages/django/db/backends/base/base.py", line 197, in connect
      self.init_connection_state()
    File "/home/soul/anaconda3/lib/python3.6/site-packages/django/db/backends/mysql/base.py", line 231, in init_connection_state
      if self.features.is_sql_auto_is_null_enabled:
    File "/home/soul/anaconda3/lib/python3.6/site-packages/django/utils/functional.py", line 80, in __get__
      res = instance.__dict__[self.name] = self.func(instance)
    File "/home/soul/anaconda3/lib/python3.6/site-packages/django/db/backends/mysql/features.py", line 82, in is_sql_auto_is_null_enabled
      cursor.execute('SELECT @@SQL_AUTO_IS_NULL')
    File "/home/soul/anaconda3/lib/python3.6/site-packages/django/db/backends/utils.py", line 103, in execute
      sql = self.db.ops.last_executed_query(self.cursor, sql, params)
    File "/home/soul/anaconda3/lib/python3.6/site-packages/django/db/backends/mysql/operations.py", line 147, in last_executed_query
      query = query.decode(errors='replace')
  AttributeError: 'str' object has no attribute 'decode'
  

编码解码解释

内存的Unicode格式编码成为硬盘Utf-8格式，逆过程为解码

• 编码： 将文本转换成字节流的过程。即 Unicode，特定格式的编码方式，产生特定的字节流保存在硬盘中(一般为utf-8格式)
• 解码： 将硬盘中的字节流转换成文本的过程。即特定格式的字节流 Unicode
• 注意： 在内存中写的所有的字符，一视同仁，都是Unicode编码，但只有往硬盘保存或者基于网络传输时，才能确定你输入的字符是英文还好汉文，这就是Unicode转换成其他编码格式的过程。

• decode(“utf-8”, “ignore”) 忽略其中有异常的编码，仅显示有效的编码
• decode(“utf-8”, “replace”) 替换其中异常的编码，这个相对更容易找出错误字符编码

python3中字符串格式

• 文本字符串类型：
  即我们通常定义的str类型的对象。在Python3中，str类型的对象都是Unicode，因此对于str类型的对象只有encode（）方法，没有decode（）方法（若运行，会报错）
• 字节字符串类型：
  即byte类型的对象。对于该类对象，是由str类型对象使用encode()方法产生，byte对象可以进行解码过程，从而得到真正的内容

其实到这里我们已经知道报错原因了，继续往下看

python3中 getattr() 函数

• 描述：
  getattr()函数用于返回一个对象属性值

• 语法：

  getattr(object,name,default)
  

• 参数：

  • object–对象
  • name–字符串，对象属性
  • default–默认返回值，如果不提供该参数，在没有对于属性时，将触发AttributeError

• 返回值：
  返回对象属性值

  class People:
    country='China'
    def __init__(self,name):
      self.name=name
   
    def people_info(self):
      print('%s is xxx' %(self.name))
  obj=getattr(People,'country')
  print(obj)
  #返回值China
  #obj=getattr(People,'countryaaaaaa')
  #print(obj)
  #报错
  # File "/getattr()函数.py", line 32, in <module>
  #   obj=getattr(People,'countryaaaaaa')
  # AttributeError: type object 'People' has no attribute 'countryaaaaaa'
  obj=getattr(People,'countryaaaaaa',None)
  print(obj)
  #返回值None
  

修改方案

结合上面python3中字符串的相关知识与 getattr 函数返回值类型可以断定，这里的错误是由于 str 没有 decode（） 方法引起的

方案一

直接对这两句代码进行注释

# 位于/home/soul/anaconda3/lib/python3.6/site-packages/django/db/backends/mysql/operations.py 
# 第140行
def last_executed_query(self, cursor, sql, params):
    # With MySQLdb, cursor objects have an (undocumented) "_executed"
    # attribute where the exact query sent to the database is saved.
    # See MySQLdb/cursors.py in the source distribution.
    query = getattr(cursor, '_executed', None)
    # if query is not None:
    #     query = query.decode(errors='replace')
    return query

方案二

这个方案看起来有些多余，对比 django 1.11版本代码以及代码段注释，这段代码加入的具体意义有些莫名其妙

但是为了保险起见，可以加入 try 方法达到另一种注释的方法

def last_executed_query(self, cursor, sql, params):
    # With MySQLdb, cursor objects have an (undocumented) "_executed"
    # attribute where the exact query sent to the database is saved.
    # See MySQLdb/cursors.py in the source distribution.
    query = getattr(cursor, '_executed', None)
    try:
        if query is not None:
            query = query.decode(errors='replace')
        return query
    except:
        return query

还没结束！！！

众所周知，django 是个开源项目，那么为什么去不去github上看看呢？

我在 Pull requests 中并没有找到想要的答案，于是我在django项目里按照目录寻找 operations.py 文件

django/django/db/backends/mysql/operations.py

果然，开源社区最棒！！！

在最新的代码中， last_executed_query 函数被修改成如下

# 19年11月27日，位于157行
def last_executed_query(self, cursor, sql, params):
    # With MySQLdb, cursor objects have an (undocumented) "_executed"
    # attribute where the exact query sent to the database is saved.
    # See MySQLdb/cursors.py in the source distribution.
    # MySQLdb returns string, PyMySQL bytes.
    return force_str(getattr(cursor, '_executed', None), errors='replace')

force_str 方法定义在 django/django/utils/encoding.py 的48行，对比目前代码

本地的代码为：

...
class DjangoUnicodeDecodeError(UnicodeDecodeError):
    def __init__(self, obj, *args):
        self.obj = obj
        super().__init__(*args)

    def __str__(self):
        return '%s. You passed in %r (%s)' % (super().__str__(), self.obj, type(self.obj))

...
def is_protected_type(obj):
    """Determine if the object instance is of a protected type.

    Objects of protected types are preserved as-is when passed to
    force_text(strings_only=True).
    """
    return isinstance(obj, _PROTECTED_TYPES)

def force_text(s, encoding='utf-8', strings_only=False, errors='strict'):
    """
    Similar to smart_text, except that lazy instances are resolved to
    strings, rather than kept as lazy objects.

    If strings_only is True, don't convert (some) non-string-like objects.
    """
    # Handle the common case first for performance reasons.
    if issubclass(type(s), str):
        return s
    if strings_only and is_protected_type(s):
        return s
    try:
        if isinstance(s, bytes):
            s = str(s, encoding, errors)
        else:
            s = str(s)
    except UnicodeDecodeError as e:
        raise DjangoUnicodeDecodeError(s, *e.args)
    return s

...

force_str = force_text

对比发现，(本地环境为 django2.2.6 )，在我本地django源码中，force_str 方法和 force_text 相同，而其他部分与github目前代码相同，尝试修改operations.py 文件与github相同

from django.utils.encoding import force_text

...

def last_executed_query(self, cursor, sql, params):
    # With MySQLdb, cursor objects have an (undocumented) "_executed"
    # attribute where the exact query sent to the database is saved.
    # See MySQLdb/cursors.py in the source distribution.
    # MySQLdb returns string, PyMySQL bytes.
    return force_text(getattr(cursor, '_executed', None), errors='replace')

运行测试：

(base) [soul@listener one_orm]$ python manage.py makemigrations
No changes detected

奥利给！！！！！

到此，问题解决