英语中的10种词性,名动幸福街,袋鼠练感官
- 名词(Noun):表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称,如 “book(书)”“city(城市)”“love(爱)”。
- 动词(Verb):表示动作或状态,如 “run(跑)”“eat(吃)”“be(是)”。
- 形容词(Adjective):用来描述或修饰名词,如 “beautiful(美丽的)”“big(大的)”“happy(快乐的)”。
- 副词(Adverb):用来修饰动词、形容词、其他副词或整个句子,如 “quickly(快速地)”“very(非常)”“fortunately(幸运地)”。
- 介词(Preposition):用于表示名词、代词等与其他词的关系,如 “in(在… 里)”“on(在… 上)”“at(在…)”。
- 代词(Pronoun):用来代替名词或名词短语,如 “he(他)”“she(她)”“it(它)”“this(这个)”。
- 数词(Numeral):表示数量或顺序,如 “one(一)”“first(第一)”。
- 冠词(Article):包括定冠词 “the” 和不定冠词 “a/an”,用于限定名词。定冠词 “the” 表示特定的、已知的人或事物,或者指上文已经提到过的人或事物。比如:“The book on the table is mine.”(桌子上的那本书是我的。这里特指在桌子上的那本书) ;“I saw a man. The man was tall.”(我看到一个男人。这个男人很高。第二次提到这个男人时用 “the”)
不定冠词 “a/an” 表示泛指的、不确定的一个人或事物。“a” 用于辅音音素开头的单词前,“an” 用于元音音素开头的单词前。例如:“This is a pen.”(这是一支笔。这里只是说一支笔,没有特指是哪一支) ;“She has an apple.”(她有一个苹果。)
- 连词(Conjunction):用于连接单词、短语或句子,如 “and(和)”“but(但是)”“or(或者)”。
- 感叹词(Interjection):表达情感或突然的感觉,如 “oh(哦)”“ah(啊)”“ouch(哎哟)”
名词
个体名词:
- pen (钢笔)
- dog (狗)
- chair (椅子)
- computer (电脑)
- apple (苹果)
- house (房子)
- flower (花)
- bike (自行车)
- cup (杯子)
- bag (书包)
集体名词:
- army (军队)
- crowd (人群)
- police (警察)
- staff (全体职员)
- audience (观众)
- crew (全体船员)
- government (政府)
- committee (委员会)
- family (家庭)
- team (团队)
物质名词:
- oil (油)
- sugar (糖)
- rice (大米)
- glass (玻璃)
- steel (钢)
- sand (沙子)
- meat (肉)
- coal (煤)
- paper (纸)
- gold (金子)
抽象名词:
- hope (希望)
- courage (勇气)
- friendship (友谊)
- love (爱)
- anger (愤怒)
- joy (欢乐)
- wisdom (智慧)
- patience (耐心)
- confidence (信心)
- kindness (善良)
专有名词:
- Tom (汤姆)
- Beijing (北京)
- The Great Wall (长城)
- The United States (美国)
- Mount Tai (泰山)
- The Thames (泰晤士河)
- Microsoft (微软)
- Google (谷歌)
- Shakespeare (莎士比亚)
- Nike (耐克)
可数名词:
- egg (鸡蛋)
- desk (书桌)
- bird (鸟)
- book (书)
- tree (树)
- cat (猫)
- shirt (衬衫)
- hat (帽子)
- room (房间)
- student (学生)
不可数名词:
- water (水)
- bread (面包)
- money (钱)
- information (信息)
- advice (建议)
- furniture (家具)
- luggage (行李)
- work (工作)
- music (音乐)
- weather (天气)
动词
实义动词(Notional Verb):又称为行为动词,是表示具体动作或状态的动词,如 “run(跑)”“eat(吃)”“sleep(睡)”“love(爱)” 等。
及物动词(Transitive Verb):后面需要接宾语才能表达完整的意思。
- see (看见,如:see a film 看电影)
- love (爱,如:love someone 爱某人)
- catch (抓住,如:catch a thief 抓小偷)
- buy (买,如:buy a gift 买礼物)
- eat (吃,如:eat an apple 吃一个苹果)
- drink (喝,如:drink water 喝水)
- write (写,如:write a letter 写信)
- read (读,如:read a book 读书)
- visit (拜访,如:visit a friend 拜访朋友)
- teach (教,如:teach English 教英语)
不及物动词(Intransitive Verb):本身意思完整,后面不需要接宾语,例如 “run fast”(跑得快)中的 “run”,“sleep well”(睡得好)中的 “sleep”。
- arrive (到达,如:arrive home 到家)
- come (来,如:come here 来这里)
- go (去,如:go abroad 出国)
- sleep (睡觉,如:sleep well 睡得好)
- laugh (笑,如:laugh loudly 大声笑)
- cry (哭,如:cry hard 哭得厉害)
- wait (等待,如:wait for a bus 等公交车)
- stay (停留,如:stay at home 待在家)
- rise (升起,如:The sun rises. 太阳升起。)
既可以作及物动词又可以作不及物动词:根据使用场景和语境的不同,有些动词既可以接宾语也可以不接宾语,比如 “open”,“The door opened.”(门开了。)这里是不及物用法;“Open the door.”(开门。)这里是及物用法。
- grow :作不及物动词,如 “The plants grow well.”(植物生长良好。);作及物动词,如 “He grows vegetables.”(他种植蔬菜。)
- move :不及物动词,“The car moved slowly.”(汽车缓慢移动。);及物动词,“Please move the chair.”(请移动椅子。)
- open :不及物动词,“The shop opens at 9 a.m.”(商店上午 9 点开门。);及物动词,“Open the window, please.”(请打开窗户。)
- change :不及物动词,“Her mood changed.”(她的心情改变了。);及物动词,“Change your clothes.”(换衣服。)
- turn :不及物动词,“The leaves turn yellow.”(树叶变黄了。);及物动词,“Turn the key.”(转动钥匙。)
- run :不及物动词,“He runs fast.”(他跑得很快。);及物动词,“Run the machine.”(操作这台机器。)
- fly :不及物动词,“The birds are flying.”(鸟儿在飞。);及物动词,“Fly a kite.”(放风筝。)
- stand :不及物动词,“He stands there.”(他站在那里。);及物动词,“Stand the bike against the wall.”(把自行车靠墙立着。)
- shine :不及物动词,“The sun shines brightly.”(阳光灿烂。);及物动词,“Shine your shoes.”(擦亮你的鞋。)
- fall :不及物动词,“Leaves fall in autumn.”(秋天树叶落下。);及物动词,“Fall the tree.”(砍倒这棵树。)
系动词(Linking Verb):用于连接主语和表语,表示主语的身份、性质、状态等。
Be 动词:包括 am、is、are、was、were 等。例如:I am a teacher. (我是一名老师。)
- I am a student. (我是一名学生。)
- She is a nurse. (她是一名护士。)
- They are my friends. (他们是我的朋友。)
- He was late for school yesterday. (他昨天上学迟到了。)
- We were at the park last weekend. (上周末我们在公园。)
- The book is on the table. (书在桌子上。)
- Those flowers are beautiful. (那些花很漂亮。)
- My sister was very happy. (我妹妹当时非常开心。)
- This pair of shoes is too small for me. (这双鞋对我来说太小了。)
- The children are playing in the garden. (孩子们正在花园里玩耍。)
- The weather was nice yesterday. (昨天天气很好。)
- You are so kind. (你真好。)
- These apples are fresh. (这些苹果很新鲜。)
- The dog was sleeping under the tree. (狗当时正在树下睡觉。)
- That man is my father. (那个男人是我父亲。)
感官系动词
- The silk feels soft. (这丝绸摸起来很柔软。)
- She looks happy today. (她今天看起来很高兴。)
- That piece of music sounds wonderful. (那首音乐听起来很棒。)
- The rose smells sweet. (这朵玫瑰闻起来很香。)
- The soup tastes delicious. (这汤尝起来很美味。)
- He seems tired. (他看起来很累。)
- The dish looks nice. (这道菜看起来不错。)
- This song sounds sad. (这首歌听起来很悲伤。)
- The ice cream tastes sweet. (这个冰淇淋尝起来很甜。)
- The room smells clean. (这个房间闻起来很干净。)
变化系动词:become(变成)、get(变得)、grow(渐渐变得)、turn(变得)、go(变得)。例如:She became angry. (她生气了。)
- become :He became a famous singer.(他成为了一位著名的歌手。)
- grow :The trees grow taller every year.(这些树每年都长得更高。)
- turn :The leaves turn yellow in autumn.(秋天树叶变黄了。)
- get :It’s getting colder and colder.(天气变得越来越冷。)
- go :The milk went bad.(牛奶变质了。)
- come :Her dream has finally come true.(她的梦想终于实现了。)
- fall :She fell ill after the trip.(旅行后她生病了。)
- run :The river ran dry in summer.(这条河在夏天干涸了。)
- prove :The theory proved correct.(这个理论被证明是正确的。)
- make :He will make a good leader.(他会成为一个好领导。)
形容词
性质形容词:表示事物的性质。
- beautiful (美丽的)
- ugly (丑陋的)
- strong (强壮的)
- weak (虚弱的)
- smart (聪明的)
- stupid (愚蠢的)
- brave (勇敢的)
- cowardly (胆小的)
- kind (善良的)
- cruel (残忍的)
- gentle (温和的)
- rude (粗鲁的)
- honest (诚实的)
- dishonest (不诚实的)
- friendly (友好的)
颜色形容词:表示颜色。
- yellow (黄色的)
- pink (粉色的)
- purple (紫色的)
- orange (橙色的)
- gray (灰色的)
- brown (棕色的)
- white (白色的)
- golden (金色的)
- silver (银色的)
- bronze (青铜色的)
- beige (米黄色的)
- navy (深蓝色的)
- scarlet (猩红的)
- lavender (淡紫色的)
- aquamarine (海蓝色的)
状态形容词:表示事物的状态。
- excited (兴奋的)
- bored (无聊的)
- frightened (害怕的)
- amazed (惊讶的)
- relaxed (放松的)
- stressed (紧张的)
- confused (困惑的)
- satisfied (满意的)
- disappointed (失望的)
- embarrassed (尴尬的)
- proud (骄傲的)
- ashamed (羞愧的)
- curious (好奇的)
- jealous (嫉妒的)
- passionate (热情的)
强调形容词:用来加强语气。
- absolute (绝对的)
- perfect (完美的)
- pure (纯粹的)
- entire (整个的)
- extreme (极端的)
- profound (深刻的)
- sheer (全然的)
- thorough (彻底的)
- definite (明确的)
- precise (精确的)
- clear (清晰的)
- plain (明显的)
- simple (简单的)
- total (总的)
- unique (独特的)
指示形容词:用来指示或标识特定的人或物。
- this (这个)
- that (那个)
- these (这些)
- those (那些)
- such (这样的)
- same (相同的)
- other (其他的)
- another (另一个)
- each (每个)
- every (每一个)
- either (两者中的任一个)
- neither (两者都不)
- both (两者都)
- all (全部)
- none (没有一个)
副词
时间:
- always [ˈɔːlweɪz] 总是
- often [ˈɒfn] 经常
- sometimes [ˈsʌmtaɪmz] 有时
- never [ˈnevə®] 从不
- today [təˈdeɪ] 今天
- yesterday [ˈjestədeɪ] 昨天
- tomorrow [təˈmɒrəʊ] 明天
- now [naʊ] 现在
- soon [suːn] 不久
- then [ðen] 那时
地点:
- here [hɪə®] 这里
- there [ðeə®] 那里
- everywhere [ˈevriweə®] 到处
- anywhere [ˈeniweə®] 任何地方
- somewhere [ˈsʌmweə®] 某处
- upstairs [ˌʌpˈsteəz] 在楼上
- downstairs [ˌdaʊnˈsteəz] 在楼下
- inside [ˌɪnˈsaɪd] 在里面
- outside [ˌaʊtˈsaɪd] 在外面
- abroad [əˈbrɔːd] 在国外
程度:
- very [ˈveri] 非常
- quite [kwaɪt] 相当
- too [tuː] 太
- enough [ɪˈnʌf] 足够
- almost [ˈɔːlməʊst] 几乎
- nearly [ˈnɪəli] 将近
- extremely [ɪkˈstriːmli] 极其
- completely [kəmˈpliːtli] 完全地
- partly [ˈpɑːtli] 部分地
- slightly [ˈslaɪtli] 轻微地
方式:
- slowly [ˈsləʊli] 慢慢地
- quickly [ˈkwɪkli] 迅速地
- carefully [ˈkeəfəli] 仔细地
- carelessly [ˈkeələsli] 粗心地
- bravely [ˈbreɪvli] 勇敢地
- quietly [ˈkwaɪətli] 安静地
- loudly [ˈlaʊdli] 大声地
- politely [pəˈlaɪtli] 有礼貌地
- rudely [ruːdli] 无礼地
- happily [ˈhæpɪli] 快乐地
介词
简单介词:
- at:at home(在家),at school(在学校)
- in:in the room(在房间里),in May(在五月)
- on:on the desk(在桌子上),on Monday(在星期一)
- to:go to school(去上学),give it to me(把它给我)
- from:come from China(来自中国),be different from(与… 不同)
- by:by bike(骑自行车),by the way(顺便说一下)
- for:for you(为你),wait for(等待)
- with:with a pen(用一支笔),play with(和… 一起玩)
- about:talk about(谈论),think about(思考)
- of:a cup of tea(一杯茶),a lot of(许多)
- off:take off(脱下),fall off(从… 掉下)
- up:get up(起床),look up(查阅)
- down:sit down(坐下),write down(写下)
- over:over there(在那边),fly over(飞过)
- under:under the table(在桌子下面)
合成介词:
- into:go into(进入)
- within:within an hour(在一小时内)
- throughout:throughout the year(全年)
- upon:look upon(看待)
- without:without water(没有水)
- inside:inside the box(在盒子里面)
- outside:outside the house(在房子外面)
- alongside:walk alongside(并肩走)
- amid:amid the crowd(在人群中)
- amongst:amongst the trees(在树中间)
- beyond:beyond the mountains(在山那边)
- within:within reach(够得着)
- onto:jump onto(跳到… 上)
- out of:out of danger(脱离危险)
- past:walk past(走过)
短语介词:
- because of:because of the rain(因为下雨)
- in front of:in front of the building(在大楼前面)
- instead of:instead of him(代替他)
- in addition to:in addition to English(除了英语)
- according to:according to the plan(按照计划)
- due to:due to the bad weather(由于坏天气)
- as for:as for me(至于我)
- in case of:in case of fire(万一失火)
- in the middle of:in the middle of the night(在半夜)
- in the form of:in the form of a letter(以一封信的形式)
- in spite of:in spite of difficulties(尽管有困难)
- apart from:apart from that(除此之外)
- along with:along with her friends(和她的朋友们一起)
- next to:next to the supermarket(紧挨着超市)
- thanks to:thanks to your help(多亏你的帮助)
分词介词:
- including:There are five people including me.(包括我有五个人。)
- considering:Considering his age, he did well.(考虑到他的年龄,他做得不错。)
- regarding:Regarding this matter, I have nothing to say.(关于这件事,我无话可说。)
- concerning:Concerning his proposal, we need to discuss it.(关于他的提议,我们需要讨论。)
- given:Given the circumstances, we have to change our plan.(鉴于这种情况,我们不得不改变计划。)
- barring:Barring unforeseen circumstances, we’ll arrive on time.(除非有不可预见的情况,我们会按时到达。)
- excluding:Excluding weekends, there are 20 working days in a month.(不算周末,一个月有 20 个工作日。)
- following:Following the meeting, we had a discussion.(会议之后,我们进行了讨论。)
- pending:Pending the result, we can’t make a decision.(在结果出来之前,我们不能做决定。)
- provided:Provided that you come on time, it’s fine.(只要你按时来,就行。)
- supposing:Supposing it rains, what will you do?(假如下雨,你会怎么做?)
- notwithstanding:Notwithstanding the difficulties, they continued.(尽管有困难,他们还是继续了。)
- touching:Touching his health, he is much better now.(关于他的健康,他现在好多了。)
- respecting:Respecting your question, I’ll answer it later.(关于你的问题,我稍后回答。)
- regarding:Regarding your request, I’ll consider it.(关于你的请求,我会考虑的。)
代词
- 人称代词:
- 主格:I(我)、you(你 / 你们)、he(他)、she(她)、it(它)、we(我们)、they(他们 / 她们 / 它们)
- 宾格:me(我)、you(你 / 你们)、him(他)、her(她)、it(它)、us(我们)、them(他们 / 她们 / 它们)
- 主格在句子中作主语,宾格在句子中作宾语。例如:“I love reading.”(我喜欢阅读。)“She gave him a book.”(她给了他一本书。)
- 物主代词:
- 形容词性物主代词:my(我的)、your(你的 / 你们的)、his(他的)、her(她的)、its(它的)、our(我们的)、their(他们的 / 她们的 / 它们的)
- 名词性物主代词:mine(我的)、yours(你的 / 你们的)、his(他的)、hers(她的)、its(它的)、ours(我们的)、theirs(他们的 / 她们的 / 它们的)
- 形容词性物主代词用于修饰名词,名词性物主代词单独使用,相当于 “形容词性物主代词 + 名词”。例如:“This is my book.”(这是我的书。)“The book is mine.”(这本书是我的。)
- 指示代词:this(这个)、that(那个)、these(这些)、those(那些)指示代词可以单独使用,也可以修饰名词。例如:“This is a pen.”(这是一支钢笔。)“Those books are mine.”(那些书是我的。)
- 反身代词:myself(我自己)、yourself(你自己)、himself(他自己)、herself(她自己)、itself(它自己)、ourselves(我们自己)、yourselves(你们自己)、themselves(他们自己 / 她们自己 / 它们自己)反身代词常作宾语、同位语等。例如:“I teach myself English.”(我自学英语。)“He himself did it.”(他自己做的。)
- 疑问代词:what(什么)、which(哪个 / 哪些)、who(谁)、whom(谁,宾格)、whose(谁的)疑问代词用于构成特殊疑问句。例如:“What do you want?”(你想要什么?)“Who is that man?”(那个男人是谁?)
- 不定代词:some(一些)、any(一些 / 任何)、many(许多)、much(许多)、few(很少)、a few(一些)、little(很少)、a little(一些)、all(全部)、both(两者都)、either(两者中的任何一个)、neither(两者都不)、each(每个)、every(每个)、other(其他的)、another(另一个)、one(一个)等不定代词的用法较为复杂,需要根据具体语境来确定。例如:“Some students are reading.”(一些学生在读书。)“I have little time.”(我几乎没有时间。)
数词
基数词表示数量,例如:
- one(1) :One apple is not enough.(一个苹果不够。)
- two(2) :I have two brothers.(我有两个兄弟。)
- three(3) :There are three books on the table.(桌子上有三本书。)
- four(4) :She has four cats.(她有四只猫。)
- five(5) :Five people are waiting for the bus.(五个人在等公交车。)
- six(6) :I get up at six every morning.(我每天早上六点起床。)
- seven(7) :There are seven days in a week.(一周有七天。)
- eight(8) :He is eight years old.(他八岁了。)
- nine(9) :I have nine pencils.(我有九支铅笔。)
- ten(10) :There are ten students in the classroom.(教室里有十个学生。)
序数词表示顺序,例如:
- first(第一) :He came first in the race.(他在比赛中得了第一名。)
- second(第二) :It’s my second time to visit here.(这是我第二次来这儿。)
- third(第三) :She is the third one to arrive.(她是第三个到达的。)
- fourth(第四) :This is the fourth book I have read this month.(这是我这个月读的第四本书。)
- fifth(第五) :My birthday is on the fifth of May.(我的生日在五月五日。)
- sixth(第六) :The sixth lesson is very difficult.(第六课很难。)
- seventh(第七) :It’s the seventh day since he left.(他离开已经第七天了。)
- eighth(第八) :The eighth month of the year is August.(一年中的第八个月是八月。)
- ninth(第九) :He is in the ninth grade.(他上九年级。)
- tenth(第十) :This is the tenth time I’ve told you.(这是我第十次告诉你了。)
连词
- 并列连词:
- 表示并列关系:and(和)、both…and…(既… 又…)、not only…but also…(不但… 而且…)、as well as(也;和… 一样)
例如:“I like apples and bananas.”(我喜欢苹果和香蕉。)
“Both Tom and Jerry are good students.”(汤姆和杰瑞都是好学生。) - 表示选择关系:or(或者;否则)、either…or…(要么… 要么…)
例如:“You can take the bus or the taxi.”(你可以坐公交车或者打车。)
“Either you or he is right.”(要么你对,要么他对。) - 表示转折关系:but(但是)、yet(然而)、while(然而)
例如:“She is beautiful but not friendly.”(她很漂亮但不友好。)
“He tried hard, yet he failed.”(他努力了,然而还是失败了。) - 表示因果关系:for(因为)、so(所以)
例如:“It was late, for he stayed up last night.”(很晚了,因为他昨晚熬夜了。)
“He was ill, so he didn’t go to school.”(他生病了,所以没去上学。)
- 表示并列关系:and(和)、both…and…(既… 又…)、not only…but also…(不但… 而且…)、as well as(也;和… 一样)
- 从属连词:
- 引导名词性从句:that、whether、if 等
例如:“I know that he is a good student.”(我知道他是个好学生。)
“I don’t know whether/if he will come.”(我不知道他是否会来。) - 引导状语从句:
- 时间状语从句:when(当… 时候)、while(在… 期间)、as(当… 时候;一边… 一边…)、before(在… 之前)、after(在… 之后)、since(自从…)、until/till(直到…) 等
例如:“When I came in, he was reading.”(当我进来时,他正在读书。) - 地点状语从句:where(在… 地方)、wherever(无论哪里)
例如:“Where there is a will, there is a way.”(有志者,事竟成。) - 原因状语从句:because(因为)、since(既然)、as(由于)
例如:“Because it was raining, we stayed at home.”(因为下雨,我们待在家里。) - 条件状语从句:if(如果)、unless(除非)、as/so long as(只要)
例如:“If it rains tomorrow, we won’t go hiking.”(如果明天下雨,我们就不去徒步了。) - 目的状语从句:so that(以便;为了)、in order that(为了)
例如:“He studies hard so that he can pass the exam.”(他努力学习以便能通过考试。) - 结果状语从句:so…that…(如此… 以至于…)、such…that…(如此… 以至于…)
例如:“He is so tired that he can’t walk any more.”(他如此累以至于再也走不动了。) - 让步状语从句:though/although(虽然)、even though/even if(即使)
例如:“Though he is young, he knows a lot.”(虽然他年轻,但他懂得很多。) - 比较状语从句:than(比)、as…as…(和… 一样…)、not as/so…as…(不如…)
例如:“He is taller than me.”(他比我高。)
- 时间状语从句:when(当… 时候)、while(在… 期间)、as(当… 时候;一边… 一边…)、before(在… 之前)、after(在… 之后)、since(自从…)、until/till(直到…) 等
- 引导名词性从句:that、whether、if 等
感叹词
冠词
冠词分为不定冠词(a、an)和定冠词(the)。
不定冠词的用法:
- 表示 “一个”,泛指某一类人或事物中的一个。例如:“A dog is playing in the garden.”(一只狗正在花园里玩。)
- 用在第一次提到的人或事物前。比如:“There is a book on the desk.”(桌子上有一本书。)
- 表示 “每一”,相当于 “per”。例如:“I go to the gym twice a week.”(我一周去两次健身房。)
“a” 用于以辅音音素开头的单词前,“an” 用于以元音音素开头的单词前。例如:“a pen”(一支钢笔),“an apple”(一个苹果)。
定冠词 “the” 的用法:
- 特指某些人或某些事物。例如:“The book on the table is mine.”(桌子上的那本书是我的。)
- 指双方都知道的人或事物。比如:“Open the door, please.”(请开门。)
- 指上文提到过的人或事物。例如:“I have a dog. The dog is very cute.”(我有一只狗。这只狗非常可爱。)
- 用在世界上独一无二的事物前。比如:“The sun is shining.”(太阳在照耀。)
- 用在序数词和形容词最高级前。例如:“The first lesson is very easy.”(第一课很简单。)“She is the best student in the class.”(她是班上最好的学生。)
- 用在某些形容词前,表示一类人。例如:“The old need our care.”(老年人需要我们的照顾。)
- 用在乐器名称前。比如:“She plays the piano very well.”(她钢琴弹得很好。)
- 用在姓氏复数前,表示 “一家人” 或 “夫妇俩”。例如:“The Browns are having dinner.”(布朗一家正在吃晚餐。)
量词
- a piece of (一张、一片、一块等) 例如:a piece of paper(一张纸) 、a piece of cake(一块蛋糕)
- a pair of (一双、一对) 例如:a pair of shoes(一双鞋) 、a pair of glasses(一副眼镜)
- a bunch of (一束、一串、一群) 例如:a bunch of flowers(一束花) 、a bunch of keys(一串钥匙) 、a bunch of children(一群孩子)
- a group of (一组、一群) 例如:a group of students(一群学生) 、a group of trees(一组树)
- a set of (一套、一组) 例如:a set of furniture(一套家具) 、a set of tools(一组工具)
- a flock of (一群,通常指鸟、羊等) 例如:a flock of birds(一群鸟) 、a flock of sheep(一群羊)
- a herd of (一群,通常指牛、鹿等) 例如:a herd of cows(一群牛) 、a herd of deer(一群鹿)
- a packet of (一包) 例如:a packet of cigarettes(一包香烟)
- a bottle of (一瓶) 例如:a bottle of water(一瓶水)
- a can of (一罐) 例如:a can of cola(一罐可乐)
实词与虚词
虚词是在句子中一般不能单独充当句子成分,没有实在意义的词。
虚词包括冠词、介词、连词和感叹词等。它们主要起到辅助和连接的作用,帮助实词构成句子,表达各种语法关系和语气等。
比如冠词 “a”“an”“the”,介词 “in”“on”“at”,连词 “and”“but”“or”,感叹词 “oh”“ah” 等。
与虚词相对的是实词,实词有实在的意义,能在句子中独立充当成分,比如名词、动词、形容词、副词、代词、数词等。
5种短语类型,名动幸福街
名词短语
名词短语:是以名词为中心词的短语,它可以包含修饰名词的形容词、限定词等。例如:“a tall man”(一个高个子男人),“the beautiful flowers”(那些美丽的花)。
- a cute cat(一只可爱的猫)
- the old house(那座旧房子)
- my new bike(我的新自行车)
- this big apple(这个大苹果)
- those lovely children(那些可爱的孩子)
- her long hair(她的长发)
- a famous actor(一位著名的演员)
- the blue sky(蓝色的天空)
- some fresh flowers(一些新鲜的花)
- that tall building(那座高楼)
动词短语
动词短语:由动词和小品词(如 up, down, in, out 等)构成,或者由动词和其他动词一起构成。比如:“give up”(放弃),“look forward to”(期待)。
- put on(穿上)
- take off(脱下)
- look for(寻找)
- give in(屈服)
- break out(爆发)
- come up(走近;发生)
- go away(走开)
- fall down(跌倒)
- make up(编造;组成)
- set off(出发)
形容词短语
形容词短语:以形容词为核心,通常包含副词来修饰形容词。像 “very beautiful”(非常美丽),“extremely happy”(极其快乐)。
- very nice(非常好)
- quite handsome(相当英俊)
- too difficult(太难)
- so beautiful(如此美丽)
- rather cold(相当冷)
- extremely tired(极度疲劳)
- a little angry(有点生气)
- much better(好多了)
- very funny(非常有趣)
- fairly easy(相当容易)
副词短语
副词短语:以副词为核心,可能包含其他修饰副词的词。比如 “quite slowly”(相当慢),“rather carefully”(相当仔细)。
- very quickly(非常快)
- quite slowly(相当慢)
- rather loudly(相当大声)
- too early(太早)
- so carefully(如此仔细)
- extremely well(极其好)
- a little nervously(有点紧张地)
- much happily(非常高兴地)
- very smoothly(非常顺利地)
- quite suddenly(相当突然地)
介词短语
介词短语是由介词加上一个名词或代词短语构成的。它在句子中通常作状语、定语或表语。
比如 “in the room”,“in” 是介词,“the room” 是名词短语,合起来构成介词短语。
- at home(在家)
- in the park(在公园)
- on the bus(在公交车上)
- under the tree(在树下)
- behind the door(在门后面)
- beside the river(在河边)
- near the school(在学校附近)
- between the two buildings(在两栋楼之间)
- above the clouds(在云层之上)
- out of the box(从盒子里出来)
6种句子成分,主谓宾定状补
主语是句子中表示动作的执行者或被描述的对象,一般是名词、代词或相当于名词的短语。比如:“He studies hard.” 中 “He” 就是主语。
谓语是表示主语的动作或状态,通常是动词。像上面这个例子中的 “studies” 就是谓语。
宾语是动作的承受者,常为名词、代词等。比如:“She likes apples.” 中 “apples” 是宾语。
定语用于修饰名词或代词,比如:“The beautiful girl” 中 “beautiful” 是定语。
状语用于修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子,表明时间、地点、方式、原因等。比如:“He runs fast.” 中 “fast” 是状语。
补语是用来补充说明主语或宾语的情况。
英语5种基本的句子类型
- 主谓结构:例如 “He smiles.” ,“He” 是主语,“smiles” 是谓语。
- 主谓宾结构:像 “I love you.” ,“I” 是主语,“love” 是谓语,“you” 是宾语。
- 主系表结构:比如 “She is beautiful.” ,“She” 是主语,“is” 是系动词,“beautiful” 是表语。
- 主谓宾宾结构:例如 “He gave me a book.” ,“He” 是主语,“gave” 是谓语,“me” 是间接宾语,“a book” 是直接宾语。
- 主谓宾补结构:比如 “They made the room clean.” ,“They” 是主语,“made” 是谓语,“the room” 是宾语,“clean” 是宾语补足语。
主谓结构
- The sun rises. (太阳升起。)
- The bird sings. (鸟儿唱歌。)
- He sleeps. (他睡觉。)
- She laughs. (她大笑。)
- The wind blows. (风吹。)
主谓宾结构
- We study English.
- You eat cakes.
- He writes stories.
- She drinks juice.
- They watch movies.
- My father fixes cars.
- Your sister loves music.
- The teacher teaches math.
- The boy catches the ball.
- The girl buys flowers.
- Tom plays basketball.
- Mary cooks dinner.
- Jack reads novels.
- Lisa sings songs.
- Peter draws pictures.
- Amy washes clothes.
- Mark builds houses.
- Helen rides bikes.
- George plants trees.
- Lucy catches fish.
- Dan studies history.
- Eve makes cakes.
- Sam plays the piano.
- Jill writes letters.
- Bill kicks the ball.
- Rose waters flowers.
- Frank mows the lawn.
- Kate sews clothes.
- Paul sells cars.
- Tina collects stamps.
主系表结构
在主系表结构中,常见的系动词有:
- be 动词(am/is/are/was/were) ,比如 “She is happy.” 中的 “is”。
- 感官动词:look(看起来) 、sound(听起来) 、smell(闻起来) 、taste(尝起来) 、feel(摸起来,感觉) 。例如 “The food smells delicious.” 中的 “smells” ,“The music sounds wonderful.” 中的 “sounds”。
- 表示 “变得”“保持” 的词:become、get、turn、grow、stay、remain 等。比如 “He got angry.” 中的 “got”。
分析例句
- She is happy.
- He looks tired.
- The food smells delicious.
- The music sounds wonderful.
- The flower feels soft.
- The soup tastes salty.
- I am a student.
- They are friends.
- This book is interesting.
- That dress is beautiful.
- You look beautiful.
- He seems sad.
- The grass turned yellow.
- The day grew hot.
- Her face went red.
- The sky remained blue.
- This story sounds funny.
- The cloth feels smooth.
- That idea sounds great.
- My sister became a doctor.
- The leaves have fallen.
- The room stayed quiet.
- The fruit tastes sweet.
- His dream came true.
- She appears calm.
- The cake smells good.
- The man remained silent.
- The water gets warm.
- The boy grew tall.
- The girl felt nervous.
主谓宾宾结构
主谓宾宾结构中,常有两个宾语,一个指人,一个指物,比如:“He gave me a book.” ,“me” 是间接宾语,“a book” 是直接宾语。再看这个句子:“She passed him the pen.” ,“him” 是间接宾语,“the pen” 是直接宾语。
分析例句
- She sent him a letter.
- My father bought me a bike.
- The boss gave her some work.
- Tom showed me his new toy.
- The doctor prescribed him some medicine.
- The teacher taught us some knowledge.
- My friend lent me his pen.
- The waitress brought them some drinks.
- He wrote her a poem.
- The company awarded him a medal.
- The chef cooked them a delicious meal.
- My sister made me a cake.
- The old man told us an interesting story.
- The salesman sold her a new dress.
- The coach taught him some skills.
- My aunt sent me some fruits.
- The musician played them a beautiful song.
- The clerk handed him the keys.
- The artist drew her a portrait.
- The farmer gave us some fresh vegetables.
- The tailor made him a suit.
- The librarian lent her some books.
- The singer sang them a love song.
- The photographer took them some photos.
- The manager promised him a promotion.
- The gardener showed me some flowers.
- The engineer designed them a new building.
- The actor gave them an autograph.
- The pilot informed them some flight information.
- The volunteer offered them some help.
主谓宾补结构
来看看 “主谓宾宾补” 结构。比如 “He made the room clean.” ,“the room” 是宾语,“clean” 是宾语补足语,用来补充说明房间的状态。再比如 “She painted the wall white.” ,“the wall” 是宾语,“white” 是宾语补足语,表明墙的颜色。
分析例句
- They found the book very interesting. (“the book” 是宾语,“very interesting” 是宾语补足语)
- We keep the classroom tidy. (“the classroom” 是宾语,“tidy” 是宾语补足语)
- The news made him sad. (“him” 是宾语,“sad” 是宾语补足语)
- I saw her dancing in the room. (“her” 是宾语,“dancing in the room” 是宾语补足语)
- They call him Tom. (“him” 是宾语,“Tom” 是宾语补足语)
- He painted the door black. (“the door” 是宾语,“black” 是宾语补足语)
- We elected him monitor. (“him” 是宾语,“monitor” 是宾语补足语)
- The teacher asked us to close the window. (“us” 是宾语,“to close the window” 是宾语补足语)
- The smell made me sick. (“me” 是宾语,“sick” 是宾语补足语)
- They consi
- der the answer correct. (“the answer” 是宾语,“correct” 是宾语补足语)
从句类型
常见的从句主要有以下几种:
- 定语从句:在句中作定语,修饰一个名词或代词,如 “The book that I bought yesterday is very interesting.” (“that I bought yesterday” 是定语从句)
- 状语从句:在句中作状语,表示时间、地点、原因、条件、目的、结果、让步、比较等,例如 “I will call you as soon as I arrive.” (“as soon as I arrive” 是时间状语从句)
- 名词性从句:包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。
- 主语从句:在句中作主语,如 “What he said is true.” (“What he said” 是主语从句)
- 宾语从句:在句中作宾语,像 “I don’t know where he is from.” (“where he is from” 是宾语从句)
- 表语从句:在句中作表语,比如 “The problem is whether we can get there on time.” (“whether we can get there on time” 是表语从句)
- 同位语从句:对一个名词进行解释说明,例如 “The news that he won the game is exciting.” (“that he won the game” 是同位语从句)