python 自然语言处理 词性标注

一、词性标注简介

import nltk
text1=nltk.word_tokenize("It is a pleasant day today")
print(nltk.pos_tag(text1))

Number	Tag	Description
1.	CC	Coordinating conjunction
2.	CD	Cardinal number
3.	DT	Determiner
4.	EX	Existential there
5.	FW	Foreign word
6.	IN	Preposition or subordinating conjunction
7.	JJ	Adjective
8.	JJR	Adjective, comparative
9.	JJS	Adjective, superlative
10.	LS	List item marker
11.	MD	Modal
12.	NN	Noun, singular or mass
13.	NNS	Noun, plural
14.	NNP	Proper noun, singular
15.	NNPS	Proper noun, plural
16.	PDT	Predeterminer
17.	POS	Possessive ending
18.	PRP	Personal pronoun
19.	PRP$	Possessive pronoun
20.	RB	Adverb
21.	RBR	Adverb, comparative
22.	RBS	Adverb, superlative
23.	RP	Particle
24.	SYM	Symbol
25.	TO	to
26.	UH	Interjection
27.	VB	Verb, base form
28.	VBD	Verb, past tense
29.	VBG	Verb, gerund or present participle
30.	VBN	Verb, past participle
31.	VBP	Verb, non-3rd person singular present
32.	VBZ	Verb, 3rd person singular present
33.	WDT	Wh-determiner
34.	WP	Wh-pronoun
35.	WP$	Possessive wh-pronoun
36.	WRB	Wh-adverb

构建（标识符，标记）组成的元组

import nltk
taggedword=nltk.tag.str2tuple('bear/NN')
print(taggedword)
print(taggedword[0])
print(taggedword[1])

import nltk
sentence='''The/DT sacred/VBN Ganga/NNP flows/VBZ in/IN this/DT region/NN ./. This/DT is/VBZ a/DT pilgrimage/NN ./. People/NNP from/IN all/DT over/IN the/DT country/NN visit/NN this/DT place/NN ./. '''
print([nltk.tag.str2tuple(t) for t in sentence.split()])

将元组返回成字符串

import nltk
taggedtok = ('bear', 'NN')
from nltk.tag.util import tuple2str
print(tuple2str(taggedtok))

统计标记出现的频率

import nltk
from nltk.corpus import treebank
treebank_tagged = treebank.tagged_words(tagset='universal')
tag = nltk.FreqDist(tag for (word, tag) in treebank_tagged)
print(tag.most_common())

设置默认标记和去除标记

import nltk
from nltk.tag import DefaultTagger
tag = DefaultTagger('NN')
print(tag.tag(['Beautiful', 'morning']))

import nltk
from nltk.tag import untag
print(untag([('beautiful', 'NN'), ('morning', 'NN')]))

用NLTK库实现标注任务的方式主要有两种

1、使用NLTK库或者其他库中的预置标注器，并将其运用到测试数据上（足够英文和不特殊的任务）

2、基于测试数据来创建或训练适用的标注器，这意味着要处理一个非常特殊的用例

一个典型的标准器需要大量的训练数据，他主要被用于标注出句子的各个单词，人们已经花了大量力气去标注一些内容，如果需要训练处自己的POS标准器，应该也算的上高手了....我们下面了解一些标注器的性能

• 顺序标注器 
• 让我们的标注器的tag都是 ‘NN’ 这样一个标记.....

import nltk
from nltk.corpus import brown

brown_tagged_sents=brown.tagged_sents(categories='news')
default_tagger=nltk.DefaultTagger('NN')
print( default_tagger.evaluate(brown_tagged_sents))  #0.13 效率低下说明这样的标注器是个shi...

• 使用我们前几章说的N-grams的标注器

我们使用N-gram前面90%作为训练集，训练他的规则，然后拿剩下10%作为测试集，看这样的标注器效果如何

import nltk
from nltk.corpus import brown
from nltk.tag import UnigramTagger
from nltk.tag import DefaultTagger
from nltk.tag import BigramTagger
from nltk.tag import TrigramTagger
brown_tagged_sents=brown.tagged_sents(categories='news')
default_tagger=nltk.DefaultTagger('NN')
train_data=brown_tagged_sents[:int(len(brown_tagged_sents)*0.9)]
test_data=brown_tagged_sents[int(len(brown_tagged_sents)*0.9):]
unigram_tagger=UnigramTagger(train_data,backoff=default_tagger)
print( unigram_tagger.evaluate(test_data) )

bigram_tagger=BigramTagger(train_data,backoff=unigram_tagger)
print( bigram_tagger.evaluate(test_data) )

trigram_tagger=TrigramTagger(train_data,backoff=bigram_tagger)
print( trigram_tagger.evaluate(test_data) )

为了更加清楚训练和测试的过程，下面给出下面的代码

import nltk
from nltk.corpus import treebank
from nltk.tag import UnigramTagger
unitag = UnigramTagger(model={'Vinken': 'NN'})   # 只标记一个tag，让这样一个数据进行训练
print(unitag.tag(treebank.sents()[0]))

import nltk
from nltk.corpus import treebank
from nltk.tag import UnigramTagger
training= treebank.tagged_sents()[:7000]
unitagger=UnigramTagger(training)    #使用数据集训练 
testing = treebank.tagged_sents()[2000:]
print(unitagger.evaluate(testing))

谈谈回退机制backoff的作用

这是顺序标记的一个主要特征吧，如果这有限的训练集中，你无法得到这次数据的Tag，可以使用下一个标注器来标注这个单词；

当然还有很多标准器，可以读一下源码......

import nltk
from nltk.tag import AffixTagger
from nltk.corpus import treebank
testing = treebank.tagged_sents()[2000:]
training= treebank.tagged_sents()[:7000]
prefixtag = AffixTagger(training, affix_length=4)   #使用四个前缀...
print(prefixtag.evaluate(testing))

import nltk
from nltk.tag import AffixTagger
from nltk.corpus import treebank
testing = treebank.tagged_sents()[2000:]
training= treebank.tagged_sents()[:7000]
suffixtag = AffixTagger(training, affix_length=-3)    #使用三个后缀...
print(suffixtag.evaluate(testing))

基于机器学习的训练模型...后面再继续学习