前端学习笔记之——文档分节

文档分节

1、添加基本的标题

h1 元素表示标题。HTML 定义了一套标题元素体系,从 h1 一直到 h6,h1 级别最高。

元素h1~h6
元素类型
允许具备的父元素hgroup 元素或其他任何可以包含流元素的元素。这些元素不能说 address 元素的后代元素
局部属性
内容流内容
标签用法开始标签和结束标签
<!DOCTYPE HTML>
<html>
    <head>
        <title>Example</title>
        <meta name="author" content="Adam Freeman"/>
        <meta name="description" content="A simple example"/>
        <link rel="shortcut icon" href="favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" />
    </head>
    <body>
        
        I like apples and oranges.

        I also like bananas, mangoes, cherries, apricots, plums, peaches and grapes.
        You can see other fruits I like <a href="fruitlist.html">here</a>.
        
        <strong>Warning:</strong> Eating too many oranges can give you heart burn.
        
        My favorite kind of orange is the mandarin, properly known 
            as <i>citrus reticulata</i>.
        Oranges at my local store cost <s>$1 each</s> $2 for 3.        
            
        The <abbr title="Florida Department of Citrus">FDOC</abbr> regulates the Florida
            citrus industry.
            
        I still remember the best apple I ever tasted.
        I bought it at <time datetime="15:00">3 o'clock</time>
            on <time datetime="1984-12-7">December 7th</time>. 
    </body>
</html>

2、hgroup 元素

hgroup 元素可用来将几个标题元素作为一个整体处理,以免搅乱 HTML 文档的大纲。

元素hgroup
元素类型
允许具备的父元素任何可以包含流元素的元素
局部属性
内容一个或多个标题元素(h1~h6)
标签用法开始标签和结束标签
习惯样式hgroup { display: block; }

hgroup 主要用来解决子标题的问题。假设文档中有一段内容,其标题为 “Fruits I Like”,还有一个子标题 “How I Learned to Love Citrus”。为此需要用到 h1 到 h2 元素。

<!DOCTYPE HTML>
<html>
    <head>
        <title>Example</title>
        <meta name="author" content="Adam Freeman"/>
        <meta name="description" content="A simple example"/>
        <link rel="shortcut icon" href="favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" />
    </head>
    <body>
            <h1>Fruits I Like</h1>
            <h2>How I Learned to Love Citrus</h2>
            I like apples and oranges.
            <h2>Additional fruits</h2>
            I also like bananas, mangoes, cherries, apricots, plums, peaches and grapes.
            <h3>More information</h3>
            You can see other fruits I like <a href="fruitlist.html">here</a>.
            
            <h1>Activities I Like</h1>
            <p>I like to swim, cycle and run. I am in training for my first triathlon,
            but it is hard work.</p>
            <h2>Kinds of Triathlon</h2>
            There are different kinds of triathlon - sprint, Olympic and so on.
            <h3>The kind of triathlon I am aiming for</h3>
            I am aiming for Olympic, which consists of the following:
            <ol>
                <li>1.5km swim</li>
                <li>40km cycle</li>
                <li>10km run</li>
            </ol>
    </body>
</html>

这里遇到的问题是无法区分表示子标题的 h2 元素和表示下一级标题的 h2 元素。类似于如下的大纲:

Fruits I Like
	How I Learned to Love Citrus
	Additional fruits
		More information
Activities I Like
	Kinds of Triathlon
		The kind of triathlon I am aiming for

使用 hgroup:

<!DOCTYPE HTML>
<html>
    <head>
        <title>Example</title>
        <meta name="author" content="Adam Freeman"/>
        <meta name="description" content="A simple example"/>
        <link rel="shortcut icon" href="favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" />
        <style>
            h1, h2, h3 { background: grey; color: white; }
        
            hgroup > h1 { margin-bottom: 0px;}
        
            hgroup > h2 { background: grey; color: white; font-size: 1em; 
                          margin-top: 0px; }
        </style>
    </head>
    <body>
            <hgroup>
                <h1>Fruits I Like</h1>
                <h2>How I Learned to Love Citrus</h2>
            </hgroup>
            I like apples and oranges.
            <h2>Additional fruits</h2>
            I also like bananas, mangoes, cherries, apricots, plums, peaches and grapes.
            <h3>More information</h3>
            You can see other fruits I like <a href="fruitlist.html">here</a>.
            
            <h1>Activities I like</h1>
            <p>I like to swim, cycle and run. I am in training for my first triathlon,
            but it is hard work.</p>
            <h2>Kinds of Triathlon</h2>
            There are different kinds of triathlon - sprint, Olympic and so on.
            <h3>The kind of triathlon I am aiming for</h3>
            I am aiming for Olympic, which consists of the following:
            <ol>
                <li>1.5km swim</li>
                <li>40km cycle</li>
                <li>10km run</li>
            </ol>
    </body>
</html>

大纲如下:

Fruits I Like
	Additional fruits
		More information
Activities I Like
	Kinds of Triathlon
		The kind of triathlon I am aiming for

3、生成节

section 是 HTML5 中新增的。它表示的是文档中的一节。使用标题元素的时候实际上也生成了隐含的节。用 section 元素则可以明确地生成节并且将其与标题分开。section 元素用来包含的是那种应该列入文档大纲或目录中的内容。section 元素通常包含一个或多个段落及一个标题,不过标题并不是必须的。

元素section
元素类型
允许具有的父元素任何可以包含流元素的元素,但 section 元素不能是 address 元素的后代元素
局部属性
内容style 元素和流元素
标签用法开始标签和结束标签
习惯样式section { display: block; }
<!DOCTYPE HTML>
<html>
    <head>
        <title>Example</title>
        <meta name="author" content="Adam Freeman"/>
        <meta name="description" content="A simple example"/>
        <link rel="shortcut icon" href="favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" />
        <style>
            h1, h2, h3 { background: grey; color: white; }
            hgroup > h1 { margin-bottom: 0px; }
            hgroup > h2 { background: grey; color: white; font-size: 1em; 
                         margin-top: 0px;}
        </style>
    </head>
    <body>
        <section>
            <hgroup>
                <h1>Fruits I Like</h1>
                <h2>How I Learned to Love Citrus</h2>
            </hgroup>
            I like apples and oranges.
            <section>
                <h1>Additional fruits</h1>
                I also like bananas, mangoes, cherries, apricots, plums,
                peaches and grapes.
                <section>            
                    <h1>More information</h1>
                    You can see other fruits I like <a href="fruitlist.html">here</a>.
                </section>
            </section>
        </section>

        <h1>Activities I like</h1>
        <p>I like to swim, cycle and run. I am in training for my first triathlon,
                    but it is hard work.</p>
        <h2>Kinds of Triathlon</h2>
        There are different kinds of triathlon - sprint, Olympic and so on.
        <h3>The kind of triathlon I am aiming for</h3>
        I am aiming for Olympic, which consists of the following:
        <ol>
            <li>1.5km swim</li>
            <li>40km cycle</li>
            <li>10km run</li>
        </ol>
    </body>
</html>

4、添加首部和尾部

header 元素表示一节的首部。里边可以包含各种适合出现在首部的东西,包括刊头或徽标。在内嵌的元素方面,header 元素通常包含一个标题元素或一个 hgroup 元素,还可以包含该节的导航元素

元素header
元素类型
允许具备的父元素任何可以包含流元素的元素。header 元素不能是 address、footer 元素和其他 header 元素的后代元素
局部属性
内容流内容
标签用法开始标签和结束标签
习惯样式header { display: block; }

footer 元素是 header 元素的配套元素,表示一节的尾部。footer 通常包含着该节的总结信息,还可以包含作者介绍、版权信息、到相关内容的连接、徽标及免责声明等。

元素footer
元素类型
允许具备的父元素任何可以包含流元素的元素。footer 元素不能是 address、footer 元素和其他 header 元素的后代元素
局部属性
内容流内容
标签用法开始标签和结束标签
习惯样式footer { display: block; }
<!DOCTYPE HTML>
<html>
    <head>
        <title>Example</title>
        <meta name="author" content="Adam Freeman"/>
        <meta name="description" content="A simple example"/>
        <link rel="shortcut icon" href="favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" />
        <style>
            h1, h2, h3 { background: grey; color: white; }
            hgroup > h1 { margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0}
            hgroup > h2 { background: grey; color: white; font-size: 1em;
                        margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 2px}
                        
            body > header  *, footer > * { background:transparent; color:black;}
            body > section, body > section > section,
            body > section > section > section {margin-left: 10px;}
            
            body > header, body > footer {
                border: medium solid black; padding-left: 5px; margin: 10px 0 10px 0;
            }
        </style>
    </head>
    <body>
        <header>
            <hgroup>
                <h1>Things I like</h1>
                <h2>by Adam Freeman</h2>
            </hgroup>
        </header>
        <section>
            <header>
                <hgroup>
                    <h1>Fruits I Like</h1>
                    <h2>How I Learned to Love Citrus</h2>
                </hgroup>
            </header>
            I like apples and oranges.
            <section>
                <h1>Additional fruits</h1>
                I also like bananas, mangoes, cherries, apricots, plums,
                peaches and grapes.
                <section>            
                    <h1>More information</h1>
                    You can see other fruits I like <a href="fruitlist.html">here</a>.
                </section>
            </section>
        </section>
        
        <section>
            <header>
                <h1>Activities I like</h1>
            </header>
            <section>
                <p>I like to swim, cycle and run. I am in training for my first
                triathlon, but it is hard work.</p>
                <h1>Kinds of Triathlon</h1>
                There are different kinds of triathlon - sprint, Olympic and so on.
                <section>
                    <h1>The kind of triathlon I am aiming for</h1>
                    I am aiming for Olympic, which consists of the following:
                    <ol>
                        <li>1.5km swim</li>
                        <li>40km cycle</li>
                        <li>10km run</li>
                    </ol>
                </section>
            </section>
        </section>
        <footer id="mainFooter">
            &#169;2011, Adam Freeman. <a href="http://apress.com">Visit Apress</a>
        </footer>
    </body>
</html>

5、添加导航区域

nav 元素表示文档中的一个区域,它包含着到其他页面或同一页面的其他部分的链接。该元素的目的是规划出文档的主要导航区域。

元素nav
元素类型
允许具备的父元素任何可以包含流元素的元素。但是该元素不能是 address 元素的后代元素
局部属性
内容流内容
标签用法开始标签和结束标签
习惯样式nav { display: block; }
<!DOCTYPE HTML>
<html>
    <head>
        <title>Example</title>
        <meta name="author" content="Adam Freeman"/>
        <meta name="description" content="A simple example"/>
        <link rel="shortcut icon" href="favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" />
        <style>
            h1, h2, h3 { background: grey; color: white; }
            hgroup > h1 { margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0}
            hgroup > h2 { background: grey; color: white; font-size: 1em;
                        margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 2px}
                        
            body > header  *, body > footer * { background:transparent; color:black;}
            body > section, body > section > section,
            body > section > section > section {margin-left: 10px;}
            
            body > header, body > footer {
                border: medium solid black; padding-left: 5px; margin: 10px 0 10px 0;
            }
            
            body > nav { text-align: center; padding: 2px; border : dashed thin black;}
            body > nav > a {padding: 2px; color: black}
        </style>
    </head>
    <body>
        <header>
            <hgroup>
                <h1>Things I like</h1>
                <h2>by Adam Freeman</h2>
            </hgroup>
            <nav>
                <h1>Contents</h1>
                <ul>
                    <li><a href="#fruitsilike">Fruits I Like</a></li>
                    <ul>
                        <li><a href="#morefruit">Additional Fruits</a></li>
                    </ul>
                    <li><a href="#activitiesilike">Activities I Like</a></li>
                    <ul>
                        <li><a href="#tritypes">Kinds of Triathlon</a></li>
                        <li><a href="#mytri">The kind of triathlon I am
                            aiming for</a></li>
                    </ul>
                </ul>
            </nav>
        </header>
        <section>
            <header>
                <hgroup>
                    <h1 id="fruitsilike">Fruits I Like</h1>
                    <h2>How I Learned to Love Citrus</h2>
                </hgroup>
            </header>
            I like apples and oranges.
            <section>
                <h1 id="morefruit">Additional fruits</h1>
                I also like bananas, mangoes, cherries, apricots, plums,
                peaches and grapes.
                <section>            
                    <h1>More information</h1>
                    You can see other fruits I like <a href="fruitlist.html">here</a>.
                </section>
            </section>
        </section>
        
        <section>
            <header>
                <h1 id="activitiesilike">Activities I like</h1>
            </header>
            <section>
                <p>I like to swim, cycle and run. I am in training for my first
                triathlon, but it is hard work.</p>
                <h1 id="tritypes">Kinds of Triathlon</h1>
                There are different kinds of triathlon - sprint, Olympic and so on.
                <section>
                    <h1 id="mytri">The kind of triathlon I am aiming for</h1>
                    I am aiming for Olympic, which consists of the following:
                    <ol>
                        <li>1.5km swim</li>
                        <li>40km cycle</li>
                        <li>10km run</li>
                    </ol>
                </section>
            </section>
        </section>
        <nav>
            More Information:
            <a href="http://fruit.org">Learn More About Fruit</a>
            <a href="http://triathlon.org">Learn More About Triathlons</a>
        </nav>
        <footer id="mainFooter">
            &#169;2011, Adam Freeman. <a href="http://apress.com">Visit Apress</a>
        </footer>
    </body>
</html>

6、使用 article

article 元素代表 HTML 文档中一段独立成篇的内容,从理论上讲,可以独立于页面其余内容发布或使用(例如通过 RSS)。这不是说作者必须单独发布它,而是说判断是否使用该元素时要以独立性为依据。一篇新文章和博文条目都是这方面的典型例子。

元素article
元素类型
允许具备的父元素任何可以包含的流元素的元素,但该元素不能是 address 元素的后代元素
局部属性
内容style 元素和流内容
标签用法开始标签和结束标签
习惯样式article { display: block; }
<!DOCTYPE HTML>
<html>
    <head>
        <title>Example</title>
        <meta name="author" content="Adam Freeman"/>
        <meta name="description" content="A simple example"/>
        <link rel="shortcut icon" href="favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" />
        <style>
            h1, h2, h3, article > footer { background: grey; color: white; }
            hgroup > h1 { margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0}
            hgroup > h2 { background: grey; color: white; font-size: 1em;
                        margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 2px}
                        
            body > header  *, body > footer * { background:transparent; color:black;}
            
            article {border: thin black solid; padding: 10px; margin-bottom: 5px}
            article > footer {padding:5px; margin: 5px; text-align: center}
            article > footer > nav > a {color: white}
            
            body > article > section,
            body > article > section > section {margin-left: 10px;}
            
            body > header, body > footer {
                border: medium solid black; padding-left: 5px; margin: 10px 0 10px 0;
            }
            body > nav { text-align: center; padding: 2px; border : dashed thin black;}
            body > nav > a {padding: 2px; color: black}
        </style>
    </head>
    <body>
        <header>
            <hgroup>
                <h1>Things I like</h1>
                <h2>by Adam Freeman</h2>
            </hgroup>
            <nav>
                <h1>Contents</h1>
                <ul>
                    <li><a href="#fruitsilike">Fruits I Like</a></li>
                    <li><a href="#activitiesilike">Activities I Like</a></li>
                </ul>
            </nav>
        </header>
        
        <article>
            <header>
                <hgroup>
                    <h1 id="fruitsilike">Fruits I Like</h1>
                    <h2>How I Learned to Love Citrus</h2>
                </hgroup>
            </header>
            I like apples and oranges.
            <section>
                <h1 id="morefruit">Additional fruits</h1>
                I also like bananas, mangoes, cherries, apricots, plums,
                peaches and grapes.
                <section>            
                    <h1>More information</h1>
                    You can see other fruits I like <a href="fruitlist.html">here</a>
                </section>
            </section>
            <footer>
                <nav>
                    More Information:
                    <a href="http://fruit.org">Learn More About Fruit</a>
                </nav>
            </footer>
        </article>
        
        <article>
            <header>
                <hgroup>
                    <h1 id="activitiesilike">Activities I like</h1>
                    <h2>It hurts, but I keep doing it</h2>
                </hgroup>
            </header>
            <section>
                <p>I like to swim, cycle and run. I am in training for my first
                triathlon, but it is hard work.</p>
                <h1 id="tritypes">Kinds of Triathlon</h1>
                There are different kinds of triathlon - sprint, Olympic and so on.
                <section>
                    <h1 id="mytri">The kind of triathlon I am aiming for</h1>
                    I am aiming for Olympic, which consists of the following:
                    <ol>
                        <li>1.5km swim</li>
                        <li>40km cycle</li>
                        <li>10km run</li>
                    </ol>
                </section>
            </section>
            <footer>
                <nav>
                    More Information:
                    <a href="http://triathlon.org">Learn More About Triathlons</a>
                </nav>
            </footer>
        </article>

        <footer id="mainFooter">
            &#169;2011, Adam Freeman. <a href="http://apress.com">Visit Apress</a>
        </footer>
    </body>
</html>

此例调整了文档的结构以向博客通常采用的格局看齐,不过这恐怕不能说是最精彩的博客。文档的主体分作三大部分。第一部分是一个 header 元素,它汇总了各条博文信息,为文档其他部分提供了一个锚点。第二部分是末尾那个 footer 元素,它与 header 相照应,提供了适合其余内容的基本信息。新增加的东西在第三部分:article 元素。


7、生成附注栏

aside 元素用来表示跟周边内容稍沾一点边的内容,类似于书籍或杂志中的侧栏。它可以是背景信息、到相关文章的链接。

元素aside
元素类型
允许具备的父元素任何可以包含流元素的元素,但该元素不能是 address 元素的后代元素
局部属性
内容style 元素和流内容
标签用法开始标签和结束标签
习惯样式aside { display: block; }
<!DOCTYPE HTML>
<html>
    <head>
        <title>Example</title>
        <meta name="author" content="Adam Freeman"/>
        <meta name="description" content="A simple example"/>
        <link rel="shortcut icon" href="favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" />
        <style>
            h1, h2, h3, article > footer { background: grey; color: white; }
            hgroup > h1 { margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0}
            hgroup > h2 { background: grey; color: white; font-size: 1em;
                        margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 2px}
                        
            body > header  *, body > footer * { background:transparent; color:black;}
            
            article {border: thin black solid; padding: 10px; margin-bottom: 5px}
            article > footer {padding:5px; margin: 5px; text-align: center}
            article > footer > nav > a {color: white}
            
            body > article > section,
            body > article > section > section {margin-left: 10px;}
            
            body > header, body > footer {
                border: medium solid black; padding-left: 5px; margin: 10px 0 10px 0;
            }
            body > nav { text-align: center; padding: 2px; border : dashed thin black;}
            body > nav > a {padding: 2px; color: black}
            
            aside { width:40%; background:white; float:right; border: thick solid black;
                margin-left: 5px;}
            aside > section { padding: 5px;}
            aside > h1 {background: white; color: black; text-align:center}
        </style>
    </head>
    <body>
        <header>
            <hgroup>
                <h1>Things I like</h1>
                <h2>by Adam Freeman</h2>
            </hgroup>
            <nav>
                <h1>Contents</h1>
                <ul>
                    <li><a href="#fruitsilike">Fruits I Like</a></li>
                    <li><a href="#activitiesilike">Activities I Like</a></li>
                </ul>
            </nav>
        </header>
        
        <article>
            <header>
                <hgroup>
                    <h1 id="fruitsilike">Fruits I Like</h1>
                    <h2>How I Learned to Love Citrus</h2>
                </hgroup>
            </header>
            <aside>
                <h1>Why Fruit is Healthy</h1>
                    <section>
                    Here are three reasons why everyone should eat more fruit:
                    <ol>
                        <li>Fruit contains lots of vitamins</li>
                        <li>Fruit is a source of fibre</li>
                        <li>Fruit contains few calories</li>
                    </ol>
                </section>
            </aside>
            I like apples and oranges.            
            <section>
                <h1 id="morefruit">Additional fruits</h1>
                I also like bananas, mangoes, cherries, apricots, plums,
                peaches and grapes.
                <section>            
                    <h1>More information</h1>
                    You can see other fruits I like <a href="fruitlist.html">here</a>
                </section>
            </section>
            <footer>
                <nav>
                    More Information:
                    <a href="http://fruit.org">Learn More About Fruit</a>
                </nav>
            </footer>
        </article>
        <article>
            <header>
                <hgroup>
                    <h1 id="activitiesilike">Activities I like</h1>
                    <h2>It hurts, but I keep doing it</h2>
                </hgroup>
            </header>
            <section>
                <p>I like to swim, cycle and run. I am in training for my first
                triathlon, but it is hard work.</p>
                <h1 id="tritypes">Kinds of Triathlon</h1>
                There are different kinds of triathlon - sprint, Olympic and so on.
                <section>
                    <h1 id="mytri">The kind of triathlon I am aiming for</h1>
                    I am aiming for Olympic, which consists of the following:
                    <ol>
                        <li>1.5km swim</li>
                        <li>40km cycle</li>
                        <li>10km run</li>
                    </ol>
                </section>
            </section>
            <footer>
                <nav>
                    More Information:
                    <a href="http://triathlon.org">Learn More About Triathlons</a>
                </nav>
            </footer>
        </article>
        <footer id="mainFooter">
            &#169;2011, Adam Freeman. <a href="http://apress.com">Visit Apress</a>
        </footer>
    </body>
</html>

8、提供联系信息

address 元素用来表示文档或 article 元素的联系信息。

元素address
元素类型
允许具备的父元素任何可以包含流元素的元素
局部属性
内容流内容。但是标题元素 h1~h6、section、footer、nav、article 和 aside 元素不能用做该元素的后代元素
标签用法开始标签和结束标签
习惯样式address { display: block; font-style: italic; }

9、生成详情区域

details 元素在文档中生成一个区域,用户可以展开它以了解关于某主题的更多信息。

元素details
元素类型
允许具备的父元素任何可以包含流元素的元素
局部属性open
内容流内容及一个可有可无的 summary 元素
标签用法开始标签和结束标签
习惯样式details { display: block; }
<!DOCTYPE HTML>
<html>
    <head>
        <title>Example</title>
        <meta name="author" content="Adam Freeman"/>
        <meta name="description" content="A simple example"/>
        <link rel="shortcut icon" href="favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" />
        <style>
            h1, h2, h3, article > footer { background: grey; color: white; }
            hgroup > h1 { margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0}
            hgroup > h2 { background: grey; color: white; font-size: 1em;
                        margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 2px}
            body > header  *, body > footer * { background:transparent; color:black;}
            body > article > section,
            body > article > section > section {margin-left: 10px;}
            body > header {
                border: medium solid black; padding-left: 5px; margin: 10px 0 10px 0;
            }
            article {border: thin black solid; padding: 10px; margin-bottom: 5px}            
            details {border: solid thin black; padding: 5px}
            details > summary { font-weight: bold}
        </style>
    </head>
    <body>
        <header>
            <hgroup>
                <h1>Things I like</h1>
                <h2>by Adam Freeman</h2>
            </hgroup>
        </header>
        <article>
            <header>
                <hgroup>
                    <h1 id="activitiesilike">Activities I like</h1>
                    <h2>It hurts, but I keep doing it</h2>
                </hgroup>
            </header>
            <section>
                <p>I like to swim, cycle and run. I am in training for my first
                triathlon, but it is hard work.</p>
                <details>
                    <summary>Kinds of Triathlon</summary>
                    There are different kinds of triathlon - sprint, Olympic and so on.
                    I am aiming for Olympic, which consists of the following:
                    <ol>
                        <li>1.5km swim</li>
                        <li>40km cycle</li>
                        <li>10km run</li>
                    </ol>
                </details>
            </section>
        </article>
    </body>
</html>

浏览器会提供一个界面控件,它被激活时展开并显示 details 元素的内容。details 元素折拢时,只有其 summary 元素的内容可见。要让页面一显示 details 元素就呈展开状态,需要使用它的 open 属性。

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