svg-三阶贝塞尔曲线
介绍一款强大的svg操作库,能够通过简单的代码,实现svg绘制与操纵,实现拖拽等功能
本文将通过一个简单的示例,介绍如何在SVG中绘制一条可拖拽的三次贝塞尔曲线
代码仓库
代码仓库:github
代码仓库:gitee
实战项目:MyPrint
操作简单,组件丰富的一站式打印解决方案打印设计器
体验地址:前往
代码仓库:github
代码仓库:gitee
demo 效果
实战项目效果
正文
基础HTML结构
首先,我们需要在HTML中设置基本的SVG元素,以便绘制图形。
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>MyPrint|打印设计|SVG|三阶贝塞尔曲线</title>
<script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/d3@7"></script>
<style>
body {
width: 100vw;
height: 100vh;
margin: 0;
display: flex;
justify-content: center;
align-items: center;
}
.chart {
width: 100%;
height: 100%;
overflow: visible;
}
.chart_wrapper {
width: 700px;
height: 700px;
box-shadow: 2px 2px 10px rgba(10, 10, 10, 0.1);
border-radius: 10px;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<div class="chart_wrapper">
<svg id="chartRef" class="chart">
<path class="u-path"/>
<line class="u-line"/>
<line class="u-line"/>
</svg>
</div>
</body>
</html>
在这个HTML结构中,<svg>
元素用于承载我们即将绘制的二次贝塞尔曲线和相关的辅助线。id=“chartRef” 使我们能够在JavaScript中轻松获取到这个元素。
定义初始点和绘制曲线
接下来,我们通过 JavaScript 和 D3.js 来绘制贝塞尔曲线。首先定义起点、终点和两个控制点的坐标:
const chartElement = document.getElementById('chartRef')
const x0 = 100,
y0 = 300,
cpx1 = 250,
cpy1 = 400,
cpx2 = 400,
cpy2 = 100,
x = 600,
y = 300;
然后,我们使用 d3.path() 来定义路径,并绘制贝塞尔曲线:
function freshSvg() {
const path = d3.path();
path.moveTo(x0, y0);
path.bezierCurveTo(cpx1, cpy1, cpx2, cpy2, x, y);
const points = [[x0, y0], [cpx1, cpy1], [cpx2, cpy2], [x, y]],
labels = ["开始", "控制点1", "控制点2", "结束"],
lines = [[points[0], points[1]], [points[2], points[3]]],
draw = () => {
const path = d3.path();
path.moveTo(...points[0]);
path.bezierCurveTo(...points[1], ...points[2], ...points[3]);
return path;
};
draggable(chartElement, points, labels, lines, draw);
}
freshSvg();
可拖拽的实现
为了使这条曲线更加动态,我们通过 draggable 函数将曲线的控制点、起点和终点设置为可拖拽的。这意味着用户可以拖动这些点,实时改变贝塞尔曲线的形状。
function draggable(chartElement, points, labels, lines, draw) {
d3.select(chart)
.on("mousemove", event => dragSubject({sourceEvent: event}))
.call(
d3.drag()
.subject(dragSubject)
.on("start", event => {
if (subject) {
d3.select(chart).style("cursor", "grabbing");
dx = subject[0] - event.x;
dy = subject[1] - event.y;
}
})
.on("drag", event => {
if (subject) {
subject[0] = event.x + dx;
subject[1] = event.y + dy;
}
})
.on("end", () => {
d3.select(chart).style("cursor", "grab");
})
.on("start.render drag.render end.render", () =>
update(chart, points, labels, lines, draw)
)
);
}
draggable 函数的实现需要处理鼠标或触摸事件,在用户拖拽时动态更新曲线。这部分代码较为复杂,但其核心思想是监听并更新各个点的坐标,然后重新绘制曲线。
更新曲线和辅助线
每次用户拖拽控制点时,我们都需要更新曲线和辅助线。这是通过 update 函数完成的:
function update(chart, points, labels, lines, draw) {
d3.select(chart)
.select(".u-path")
.style("stroke", "orange")
.style("fill", "none")
.attr("d", draw());
d3.select(chart)
.selectAll(".u-point")
.style("stroke", "orange")
.style("fill", "orange")
.data(points)
.join(enter =>
enter
.append("g")
.classed("u-point", true)
.call(g => {
g.append("circle").attr("r", 3);
g.append("text")
.text((d, i) => labels[i])
.attr("dy", d => (d[1] > 100 ? 15 : -5));
})
)
.attr("transform", d => `translate(${d})`);
d3.select(chart)
.selectAll(".u-line")
.style("stroke", "#aaa")
.style("stroke-dasharray", "2 2")
.data(lines)
.join("line")
.attr("x1", d => d[0][0])
.attr("y1", d => d[0][1])
.attr("x2", d => d[1][0])
.attr("y2", d => d[1][1])
.classed("u-line", true);
}
完整实现
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>MyPrint|打印设计|SVG|三阶贝塞尔曲线</title>
<script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/d3@7"></script>
<script src="./d3-utils.js"></script>
<style>
body {
width: 100vw;
height: 100vh;
margin: 0;
display: flex;
justify-content: center;
align-items: center;
}
.chart {
width: 100%;
height: 100%;
overflow: visible;
}
.chart_wrapper {
width: 700px;
height: 700px;
box-shadow: 2px 2px 10px rgba(10, 10, 10, 0.1);
border-radius: 10px;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<div class="chart_wrapper">
<svg id="chartRef" class="chart">
<path class="u-path" :d="path"/>
<line class="u-line"/>
<line class="u-line"/>
</svg>
</div>
</body>
<script>
const chartElement = document.getElementById('chartRef')
const x0 = 100,
y0 = 300,
cpx1 = 250,
cpy1 = 400,
cpx2 = 400,
cpy2 = 100,
x = 600,
y = 300;
function freshSvg() {
const path = d3.path();
path.moveTo(x0, y0);
path.bezierCurveTo(cpx1, cpy1, cpx2, cpy2, x, y);
// 控制点
const points = [[x0, y0], [cpx1, cpy1], [cpx2, cpy2], [x, y]],
// 标题
labels = ["开始", "控制点1", "控制点2", "结束"],
// 辅助线
lines = [[points[0], points[1]], [points[2], points[3]]],
// 绘制方法
draw = () => {
const path = d3.path();
path.moveTo(...points[0]);
path.bezierCurveTo(...points[1], ...points[2], ...points[3]);
return path;
};
draggable(chartElement, points, labels, lines, draw);
}
freshSvg()
function update(chart, points, labels, lines, draw) {
d3.select(chart)
.select(".u-path")
.style("stroke", "orange")
.style("fill", "none")
.attr("d", draw());
d3.select(chart)
.selectAll(".u-point")
.style("stroke", "orange")
.style("fill", "orange")
.data(points)
.join(enter =>
enter
.append("g")
.classed("u-point", true)
.call(g => {
g.append("circle").attr("r", 3);
g.append("text")
.text((d, i) => labels[i])
.attr("dy", d => (d[1] > 100 ? 15 : -5));
})
)
.attr("transform", d => `translate(${d})`);
d3.select(chart)
.selectAll(".u-line")
.style("stroke", "#aaa")
.style("stroke-dasharray", "2 2")
.data(lines)
.join("line")
.attr("x1", d => d[0][0])
.attr("y1", d => d[0][1])
.attr("x2", d => d[1][0])
.attr("y2", d => d[1][1])
.classed("u-line", true);
}
function draggable(chart, points, labels, lines, draw) {
update(chart, points, labels, lines, draw);
const dist = (p, m) => {
return Math.sqrt((p[0] - m[0]) ** 2 + (p[1] - m[1]) ** 2);
};
var subject, dx, dy;
function dragSubject(event) {
const p = d3.pointer(event.sourceEvent, chart);
subject = d3.least(points, (a, b) => dist(p, a) - dist(p, b));
if (dist(p, subject) > 48) subject = null;
if (subject)
d3.select(chart)
.style("cursor", "hand")
.style("cursor", "grab");
else d3.select(chart).style("cursor", null);
return subject;
}
d3.select(chart)
.on("mousemove", event => dragSubject({sourceEvent: event}))
.call(
d3.drag()
.subject(dragSubject)
.on("start", event => {
if (subject) {
d3.select(chart).style("cursor", "grabbing");
dx = subject[0] - event.x;
dy = subject[1] - event.y;
}
})
.on("drag", event => {
if (subject) {
subject[0] = event.x + dx;
subject[1] = event.y + dy;
}
})
.on("end", () => {
d3.select(chart).style("cursor", "grab");
})
.on("start.render drag.render end.render", () =>
update(chart, points, labels, lines, draw)
)
);
}
</script>
</html>