主流 ORM 框架 Object Relation Mapping 对象关系映射,将⾯向对象映射成⾯向关系。
如何使⽤
1、导⼊相关依赖
2、创建 Hibernate 配置⽂件
3、创建实体类
4、创建实体类-关系映射⽂件
5、调⽤ Hibernate API 完成操作
具体操作
1、创建 Maven ⼯程,pom.xml
<dependencies>
<dependency>
<groupId>mysql</groupId>
<artifactId>mysql-connector-java</artifactId>
<version>8.0.19</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.hibernate</groupId>
<artifactId>hibernate-core</artifactId>
<version>5.4.10.Final</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.projectlombok</groupId>
<artifactId>lombok</artifactId>
<version>1.18.10</version>
</dependency>
</dependencies>
2、hibernate.cfg.xml
核⼼配置:session-factory
SessionFactory:针对单个数据库映射经过编译的内存镜像⽂件,将数据库转换为⼀个 Java 可以识别的镜像⽂件。
构建 SessionFactory ⾮常耗费资源,所以通常⼀个⼯程只需要创建⼀个 SessionFactory。
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE hibernate-configuration PUBLIC
"-//Hibernate/Hibernate Configuration DTD 3.0//EN"
"http://hibernate.sourceforge.net/hibernate-configuration-3.0.dtd">
<hibernate-configuration>
<session-factory>
<!-- 数据源配置 -->
<property name="connection.username">root</property>
<property name="connection.password">root</property>
<property
name="connection.driver_class">com.mysql.cj.jdbc.Driver</property>
<property name="connection.url">jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/test?
useUnicode=true&characterEncoding=UTF-8</property>
<!-- C3P0 -->
<property name="hibernate.c3p0.acquire_increment">10</property>
<property name="hibernate.c3p0.idle_test_period">10000</property>
<property name="hibernate.c3p0.timeout">5000</property>
<property name="hibernate.c3p0.max_size">30</property>
<property name="hibernate.c3p0.min_size">5</property>
<property name="hibernate.c3p0.max_statements">10</property>
<!-- 数据库⽅⾔ -->
<property name="dialect">org.hibernate.dialect.MySQLDialect</property>
<!-- 打印SQL -->
<property name="show_sql">true</property>
<!-- 格式化SQL -->
<property name="format_sql">true</property>
<!-- 是否⾃动⽣成数据库 -->
<property name="hibernate.hbm2ddl.auto"></property>
</session-factory>
</hibernate-configuration>
3、创建实体类
package com.southwind.entity;
import lombok.Data;
import java.util.Set;
@Data
public class Customer {
private Integer id;
private String name;
private Set<Orders> orders;
}
package com.southwind.entity;
import lombok.Data;
@Data
public class Orders {
private Integer id;
private String name;
private Customer customer;
}
package c
4、创建实体关系映射⽂件
package com.southwind.entity;
import lombok.Data;
@Data
public class People {
private Integer id;
private String name;
private Double money;
}
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<!DOCTYPE hibernate-mapping PUBLIC "-//Hibernate/Hibernate Mapping DTD
3.0//EN"
"http://hibernate.sourceforge.net/hibernate-mapping-3.0.dtd">
<hibernate-mapping>
<class name="com.southwind.entity.People" table="people">
<id name="id" type="java.lang.Integer">
<column name="id"></column>
<generator class="identity"></generator>
</id>
<property name="name" type="java.lang.String">
<column name="name"></column>
</property>
<property name="money" type="java.lang.Double">
<column name="money"></column>
</property>
</class>
</hibernate-mapping>
5、实体关系映射⽂件注册到 Hibernate 的配置⽂件中。
<!-- 注册实体关系映射⽂件 -->
<mapping resource="com/southwind/entity/People.hbm.xml"></mapping>
6、使⽤ Hibernate API 完成数据操作
package com.southwind.test;
import com.southwind.entity.People;
import org.hibernate.Session;
import org.hibernate.SessionFactory;
import org.hibernate.cfg.Configuration;
public class Test {
public static void main(String[] args) {
//创建Configuration
Configuration configuration = new
Configuration().configure("hibernate.xml");
//获取SessionFactory
SessionFactory sessionFactory = configuration.buildSessionFactory();
//获取Session
Session session = sessionFactory.openSession();
People people = new People();
people.setName("张三");
people.setMoney(1000.0);
session.save(people);
session.beginTransaction().commit();
session.close();
}
}
7、pom.xml 中需要配置 resource。
<build>
<resources>
<resource>
<directory>src/main/java</directory>
<includes>
<include>**/*.xml</include>
</includes>
</resource>
</resources>
</build>
Hibernate 级联操作
1、⼀对多关系
客户和订单:每个客户可以购买多个产品,⽣成多个订单,但是⼀个订单只能属于⼀个客户,所以客户是⼀,订单是多。
数据库中⼀的⼀⽅是主表,多的⼀⽅时候从表,通过主外键关系来维护。
⾯向对象中:
package com.southwind.entity;
import lombok.Data;
import java.util.Set;
@Data
public class Customer {
private Integer id;
private String name;
private Set<Orders> orders;
}
package com.southwind.entity;
import lombok.Data;
@Data
public class Orders {
private Integer id;
private String name;
private Customer customer;
}
2、多对多关系
学⽣选课:⼀⻔课程可以被多个学⽣选择,⼀个学⽣可以选择多⻔课程,学⽣是多,课程也是多。
数据库中是通过两个⼀对多关系来维护的,学⽣和课程都是主表,额外增加⼀张中间表作为从表,两张
主表和中间表都是⼀对多关系。
面向对象中:
package com.southwind.entity;
import lombok.Data;
import java.util.Set;
@Data
public class Account {
private Integer id;
private String name;
private Set<Course> courses;
}
package com.southwind.entity;
import lombok.Data;
import java.util.Set;
@Data
public class Course {
private Integer id;
private String name;
private Set<Account> accounts;
}
Java 和数据库对于这两种关系的体现完全是两种不同的⽅式,Hibernate 框架的作⽤就是将这两种⽅式进⾏转换和映射。
Hibernate 实现⼀对多
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<!DOCTYPE hibernate-mapping PUBLIC "-//Hibernate/Hibernate Mapping DTD
3.0//EN"
"http://hibernate.sourceforge.net/hibernate-mapping-3.0.dtd">
<hibernate-mapping>
<class name="com.southwind.entity.Customer" table="customer">
<id name="id" type="java.lang.Integer">
<column name="id"></column>
<generator class="identity"></generator>
</id>
<property name="name" type="java.lang.String">
<column name="name"></column>
</property>
<set name="orders" table="orders">
<key column="cid"></key>
<one-to-many class="com.southwind.entity.Orders"></one-to-many>
</set>
</class>
</hibernate-mapping>
- set 标签来配置实体类中的集合属性 orsers
- name 实体类属性名
- table 表名
- key 外键
- one-to-many 与集合泛型的实体类对应
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<!DOCTYPE hibernate-mapping PUBLIC "-//Hibernate/Hibernate Mapping DTD
3.0//EN"
"http://hibernate.sourceforge.net/hibernate-mapping-3.0.dtd">
<hibernate-mapping>
<class name="com.southwind.entity.Orders" table="orders">
<id name="id" type="java.lang.Integer">
<column name="id"></column>
<generator class="identity"></generator>
</id>
<property name="name" type="java.lang.String">
<column name="name"></column>
</property>
<many-to-one name="customer" class="com.southwind.entity.Customer"
column="cid">
</many-to-one>
</class>
</hibernate-mapping>
- many-to-one 配置实体类对应的对象属性
- name 属性名
- class 属性对应的类
- column 外键
需要在 Hibernate 配置⽂件中进⾏注册:
<!-- 注册实体关系映射⽂件 -->
<mapping resource="com/southwind/entity/Customer.hbm.xml"></mapping>
<mapping resource="com/southwind/entity/Orders.hbm.xml"></mapping>
⼀对多
Hibernate API
package com.southwind.test;
import com.southwind.entity.Customer;
import com.southwind.entity.Orders;
import org.hibernate.Session;
import org.hibernate.SessionFactory;
import org.hibernate.cfg.Configuration;
public class Test2 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
//创建 Configuration
Configuration configuration = new
Configuration().configure("hibernate.xml");
//获取 SessionFactory
SessionFactory sessionFactory = configuration.buildSessionFactory();
//获取 Session
Session session = sessionFactory.openSession();
//创建 Customer
Customer customer = new Customer();
customer.setName("张三");
//创建 Orders
Orders orders = new Orders();
orders.setName("订单1");
//建⽴关联关系
orders.setCustomer(customer);
//保存
session.save(customer);
session.save(orders);
//提交事务
session.beginTransaction().commit();
//关闭session
session.close();
}
}
多对多:
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<!DOCTYPE hibernate-mapping PUBLIC "-//Hibernate/Hibernate Mapping DTD
3.0//EN"
"http://hibernate.sourceforge.net/hibernate-mapping-3.0.dtd">
<hibernate-mapping>
<class name="com.southwind.entity.Account" table="t_account">
<id name="id" type="java.lang.Integer">
<column name="id"></column>
<generator class="identity"></generator>
</id>
<property name="name" type="java.lang.String">
<column name="name"></column>
</property>
<set name="courses" table="account_course">
<key column="aid"></key>
<many-to-many class="com.southwind.entity.Course" column="cid">
</many-to-many>
</set>
</class>
</hibernate-mapping>
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<!DOCTYPE hibernate-mapping PUBLIC "-//Hibernate/Hibernate Mapping DTD
3.0//EN" "http://hibernate.sourceforge.net/hibernate-mapping-3.0.dtd">
<hibernate-mapping>
<class name="com.southwind.entity.Course" table="t_course">
<id name="id" type="java.lang.Integer">
<column name="id"></column>
<generator class="identity"></generator>
</id>
<property name="name" type="java.lang.String">
<column name="name"></column>
</property>
<set name="accounts" table="account_course">
<key column="cid"></key>
<many-to-many class="com.southwind.entity.Account" column="aid">
</many-to-many>
</set>
</class>
</hibernate-mapping>
- name 实体类对应的集合属性名
- table 中间表名
- key 外键
- many-to-many 与集合泛型的实体类对应
- column 属性与中间表的外键字段名对应
注册 Hibernate 配置⽂件中:
<mapping resource="com/southwind/entity/Account.hbm.xml"></mapping>
<mapping resource="com/southwind/entity/Course.hbm.xml"></mapping>
Hibernate API:
package com.southwind.test;
import com.southwind.entity.Account;
import com.southwind.entity.Course;
import org.hibernate.Session;
import org.hibernate.SessionFactory;
import org.hibernate.cfg.Configuration;
import java.util.HashSet;
import java.util.Set;
public class Test3 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
//创建 Configuration
Configuration configuration = new
Configuration().configure("hibernate.xml");
//获取 SessionFactory
SessionFactory sessionFactory = configuration.buildSessionFactory();
//获取 Session
Session session = sessionFactory.openSession();
Course course = new Course();
course.setName("Java");
Account account = new Account();
account.setName("张三");
Set<Course> courses = new HashSet<>();
courses.add(course);
account.setCourses(courses);
session.save(course);
session.save(account);
session.beginTransaction().commit();
session.close();
}
}
Hibernate 延迟加载
查询 Customer,对 orders 进⾏延迟加载设置
延迟加载、惰性加载、懒加载
使⽤延迟加载可以提⾼程序的运⾏效率,Java 程序与数据库交互的频次越低,程序运⾏的效率就越⾼,所以我们应该尽量减少 Java 程序与数据库的交互次数,Hibernate 延迟加载就很好的做到了这⼀点。
客户和订单,当我们查询客户对象时,因为有级联设置,所以会将对应的订单信息⼀并查询出来,这样就需要发送两条 SQL 语句,分别查询客户信息和订单信息。
延迟加载的思路是:当我们查询客户的时候,如果没有访问订单数据,只发送⼀条 SQL 语句查询客户信息,如果需要访问订单数据,则发送两条 SQL。
延迟加载可以看作是⼀种优化机制,根据具体的需求,⾃动选择要执⾏的 SQL 语句数量
⼀对多
1、查询 Customer,对 orders 进⾏延迟加载设置,在 customer.hbm.xml 进⾏设置,延迟加载默认开启。
<set name="orders" table="orders" lazy="true">
<key column="cid"></key>
<one-to-many class="com.southwind.entity.Orders"></one-to-many>
</set>
2、查询 Customer
package com.southwind.test;
import com.southwind.entity.Customer;
import org.hibernate.Session;
import org.hibernate.SessionFactory;
import org.hibernate.cfg.Configuration;
public class Test4 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
//创建 Configuration
Configuration configuration = new
Configuration().configure("hibernate.xml");
//获取 SessionFactory
SessionFactory sessionFactory = configuration.buildSessionFactory();
//获取 Session
Session session = sessionFactory.openSession();
Customer customer = session.get(Customer.class,15);
System.out.println(customer);
session.close();
}
}
package com.southwind.test;
import com.southwind.entity.Customer;
import org.hibernate.Session;
import org.hibernate.SessionFactory;
import org.hibernate.cfg.Configuration;
public class Test4 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
//创建 Configuration
Configuration configuration = new
Configuration().configure("hibernate.xml");
//获取 SessionFactory
SessionFactory sessionFactory = configuration.buildSessionFactory();
//获取 Session
Session session = sessionFactory.openSession();
Customer customer = session.get(Customer.class,15);
System.out.println(customer.getOrders());
session.close();
}
}
package com.southwind.test;
import com.southwind.entity.Customer;
import org.hibernate.Session;
import org.hibernate.SessionFactory;
import org.hibernate.cfg.Configuration;
public class Test4 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
//创建 Configuration
Configuration configuration = new
Configuration().configure("hibernate.xml");
//获取 SessionFactory
SessionFactory sessionFactory = configuration.buildSessionFactory();
//获取 Session
Session session = sessionFactory.openSession();
Customer customer = session.get(Customer.class,15);
System.out.println(customer);
session.close();
}
}
azy 除了可以设置 true 和 false 之外,还可以设置 extra,extra 是⽐ true 更加懒惰的⼀种加载⽅式,或者说是更加智能的⼀种加载⽅式,
通过例⼦看区别:查询 Customer 对象,打印该对象对应的 orders 集合的⻓度
package com.southwind.test;
import com.southwind.entity.Customer;
import org.hibernate.Session;
import org.hibernate.SessionFactory;
import org.hibernate.cfg.Configuration;
public class Test4 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
//创建 Configuration
Configuration configuration = new
Configuration().configure("hibernate.xml");
//获取 SessionFactory
SessionFactory sessionFactory = configuration.buildSessionFactory();
//获取 Session
Session session = sessionFactory.openSession();
Customer customer = session.get(Customer.class,15);
System.out.println(customer.getOrders().size());
session.close();
}
}
通过 Orders 来设置 Customer 的延迟加载
一对多
多对多
查询 Course,加载对应的 Account,默认延迟加载开启。
下面关掉延迟加载:
上图中只访问到了Course,但下图中可以看到执行了多条sql语句:
下面关掉延迟加载:
上图中只访问了Account,但下图中却执行了多条sql语句: