十二 特质
12.1 不允许多重集成
所有的面向对象的语言都不允许直接的多重继承,因为会出现“deadly diamond of death”问题。Scala提供了特质(trait),特质可以同时拥有抽象方法和具体方法,一个类可以实现多个特质。
12.2 当做接口使用的特质
特质中没有实现的方法就是抽象方法。类通过extends继承特质,通过with可以继承多个特质。
trait Logger { def log(msg: String) }
class ConsoleLogger extends Logger with Cloneable with Serializable { def log(msg: String) { println(msg) } } |
Logger with Cloneable with Serializable是一个整体,extends这个整体
所有的java接口都可以当做Scala特质使用。
12.3 带有具体实现的特质
特质中的方法并不一定是抽象的:
trait ConsoleLogger { def log(msg: String) { println(msg) } }
class Account { protected var balance = 0.0 }
class drawAccount extends Account with ConsoleLogger { def withdraw(amount: Double) { if (amount > balance) log("余额不足") else balance -= amount } } |
12.4 带有特质的对象,动态混入
在构建对象时混入某个具体的特质,覆盖掉抽象方法,提供具体实现:
trait Logger { def log(msg: String) }
trait ConsoleLogger extends Logger { def log(msg: String) { println(msg) } }
class Account { protected var balance = 0.0 }
abstract class SavingsAccount extends Account with Logger { def withdraw(amount: Double) { if (amount > balance) log("余额不足") else balance -= amount } }
object Main extends App { val account = new SavingsAccount with ConsoleLogger account.withdraw(100) } |
12.5 叠加在一起的特质
super并不是指继承关系,而是指的加载顺序。
继承多个相同父特质的类,会从右到左依次调用特质的方法。Super指的是继承特质左边的特质,从源码是无法判断super.method会执行哪里的方法,如果想要调用具体特质的方法,可以指定:super[ConsoleLogger].log(…).其中的泛型必须是该特质的直接超类类型
trait Logger { def log(msg: String); }
trait ConsoleLogger extends Logger { def log(msg: String) { println(msg) } }
trait TimestampLogger extends ConsoleLogger { override def log(msg: String) { super.log(new java.util.Date() + " " + msg) } }
trait ShortLogger extends ConsoleLogger { override def log(msg: String) { super.log(if (msg.length <= 15) msg else s"${msg.substring(0, 12)}...") } }
class Account { protected var balance = 0.0 }
abstract class SavingsAccount extends Account with Logger { def withdraw(amount: Double) { if (amount > balance) log("余额不足") else balance -= amount } }
object Main extends App { val acct1 = new SavingsAccount with TimestampLogger with ShortLogger val acct2 = new SavingsAccount with ShortLogger with TimestampLogger acct1.withdraw(100) acct2.withdraw(100) } |
12.6 在特质中重写抽象方法
trait Logger2 { def log(msg: String) }
//因为有super,Scala认为log还是一个抽象方法 trait TimestampLogger2 extends Logger2 { abstract override def log(msg: String) { super.log(new java.util.Date() + " " + msg) } }
trait ShortLogger2 extends Logger2 { abstract override def log(msg: String) { super.log(if (msg.length <= 15) msg else s"${msg.substring(0, 12)}...") } }
trait ConsoleLogger2 extends Logger2 { override def log(msg: String) { println(msg) } }
class Account2 { protected var balance = 0.0 }
abstract class SavingsAccount2 extends Account2 with Logger2 { def withdraw(amount: Double) { if (amount > balance) log("余额不足") else balance -= amount } }
object Main2 extends App { //这里可以根据12.5的知识点理解此处 val acct1 = new SavingsAccount2 with ConsoleLogger2 with TimestampLogger2 with ShortLogger2 acct1.withdraw(100) } |
12.7 当做富接口使用的特质
即该特质中既有抽象方法,又有非抽象方法
//富特质 trait Logger3 { def log(msg: String)
def info(msg: String) { log("INFO: " + msg) }
def warn(msg: String) { log("WARN: " + msg) }
def severe(msg: String) { log("SEVERE: " + msg) } }
trait ConsoleLogger3 extends Logger3 { def log(msg: String) { println(msg) } }
class Account3 { protected var balance = 0.0 }
abstract class SavingsAccount3 extends Account3 with Logger3 { def withdraw(amount: Double) { if (amount > balance) severe("余额不足") else balance -= amount } }
object Main3 extends App { val acct = new SavingsAccount3 with ConsoleLogger3 acct.withdraw(100) } |
12.8 特质中的具体字段
特质中可以定义具体字段,如果初始化了就是具体字段,如果不初始化就是抽象字段。
混入该特质的类就具有了该字段,字段不是继承,而是简单的加入类。是自己的字段。
trait Logger4 { def log(msg: String) }
trait ConsoleLogger4 extends Logger4 { def log(msg: String) { println(msg) } }
trait ShortLogger4 extends Logger4 { val maxLength = 15 abstract override def log(msg: String) { super.log(if (msg.length <= maxLength) msg else s"${msg.substring(0, maxLength - 3)}...") } }
class Account4 { protected var balance = 0.0 }
class SavingsAccount4 extends Account4 with ConsoleLogger4 with ShortLogger4 { var interest = 0.0 def withdraw(amount: Double) { if (amount > balance) log("余额不足") else balance -= amount } }
object Main4 extends App { val acct = new SavingsAccount4 acct.withdraw(100) println(acct.maxLength) } |
12.9 特质中的抽象字段
特质中未被初始化的字段在具体的子类中必须被重写。
//特质中的具体字段 trait Logger5 { def log(msg: String) }
trait ConsoleLogger5 extends Logger5 { def log(msg: String) { println(msg) } }
trait ShortLogger5 extends Logger5 { val maxLength: Int
abstract override def log(msg: String) { super.log(if (msg.length <= maxLength) msg else s"${msg.substring(0, maxLength - 3)}...") } }
class Account5 { protected var balance = 0.0 }
abstract class SavingsAccount5 extends Account5 with Logger5 { var interest = 0.0
def withdraw(amount: Double) { if (amount > balance) log("余额不足") else balance -= amount } }
object Main5 extends App { val acct = new SavingsAccount5 with ConsoleLogger5 with ShortLogger5 { val maxLength = 20 } acct.withdraw(100) println(acct.maxLength) } |
12.10 特质构造顺序
特质也是有构造器的,构造器中的内容由“字段的初始化”和一些其他语句构成
trait Logger6 { println("我在Logger6特质构造器中,嘿嘿嘿。。。") def log(msg: String) }
trait ConsoleLogger6 extends Logger6 { println("我在ConsoleLogger6特质构造器中,嘿嘿嘿。。。") def log(msg: String) { println(msg) } }
trait ShortLogger6 extends Logger6 { val maxLength: Int println("我在ShortLogger6特质构造器中,嘿嘿嘿。。。")
abstract override def log(msg: String) { super.log(if (msg.length <= maxLength) msg else s"${msg.substring(0, maxLength - 3)}...") } }
class Account6 { println("我在Account6构造器中,嘿嘿嘿。。。") protected var balance = 0.0 }
abstract class SavingsAccount6 extends Account6 with ConsoleLogger6 with ShortLogger6{ println("我再SavingsAccount6构造器中") var interest = 0.0 override val maxLength: Int = 20 def withdraw(amount: Double) { if (amount > balance) log("余额不足") else balance -= amount } }
object Main6 extends App { val acct = new SavingsAccount6 with ConsoleLogger6 with ShortLogger6 acct.withdraw(100) println(acct.maxLength) } |
步骤总结:
1、调用当前类的超类构造器
2、第一个特质的父特质构造器
3、第一个特质构造器
4、第二个特质构造器的父特质构造器由于已经执行完成,所以不再执行
5、第二个特质构造器
6、当前类构造器
12.11 初始化特质中的字段
特质不能有构造器参数,每个特质都有一个无参数的构造器。缺少构造器参数是特质与类之间唯一的技术差别。除此之外,特质可以具备类的所有特性,比如具体的和抽象的字段,以及超类。现在有如下情景:我们想通过特质来实现日志数据的输出,输出到某一个文件中
import java.io.PrintStream
trait Logger7{ def log(msg:String) }
trait FileLogger7 extends Logger7{ val fileName:String val out = new PrintStream(fileName)
override def log(msg: String): Unit = { out.print(msg) out.flush() } }
class SavingsAccount7{
}
object Main7 extends App { val acct = new SavingsAccount7 with FileLogger7 { override val fileName = "2017-11-24.log"//空指针异常 } } |
如果想修复如上错误,可以:
1) 使用“提前定义”
import java.io.PrintStream
trait Logger7 { def log(msg: String) }
trait FileLogger7 extends Logger7 { val fileName: String val out = new PrintStream(fileName)
override def log(msg: String): Unit = { out.print(msg) out.flush() } }
class SavingsAccount7 {
}
object Main7 extends App { //提前定义 val acct = new { override val fileName = "2017-11-24.log" } with SavingsAccount7 with FileLogger7 acct.log("heiheihei") } |
或这样提前定义:
import java.io.PrintStream
trait Logger7 { def log(msg: String) }
trait FileLogger7 extends Logger7 { val fileName: String val out = new PrintStream(fileName)
override def log(msg: String): Unit = { out.print(msg) out.flush() } }
//提前定义在这里 class SavingsAccount7 extends { override val fileName = "2017-11-24.log" } with FileLogger7
object Main7 extends App { val acct = new SavingsAccount7 with FileLogger7 acct.log("嘿嘿嘿") } |
2) 使用lazy
import java.io.PrintStream
trait Logger7 { def log(msg: String) }
trait FileLogger7 extends Logger7 { val fileName: String lazy val out = new PrintStream(fileName)
override def log(msg: String): Unit = { out.print(msg) out.flush() } }
class SavingsAccount7 {
}
object Main7 extends App { val acct = new SavingsAccount7 with FileLogger7 { override val fileName = "2017-11-24.log" } acct.log("哈哈哈") } |
12.12 扩展类的特质
总结:
1、特质可以继承自类,以用来拓展该类的一些功能
2、所有混入该特质的类,会自动成为那个特质所继承的超类的子类
3、如果混入该特质的类,已经继承了另一个类,不就矛盾了?注意,只要继承的那个类是特质超类的子类即可。
例如:
1) 特质可以继承自类,以用来拓展该类的一些功能
trait LoggedException extends Exception{ def log(): Unit ={ println(getMessage()) } } |
2) 所有混入该特质的类,会自动成为那个特质所继承的超类的子类
class UnhappyException extends LoggedException{ override def getMessage = "哦,我的上帝,我要踢爆他的屁股!" } |
3) 如果混入该特质的类,已经继承了另一个类,不就矛盾了?注意,只要继承的那个类是特质超类的子类即可。
正确:
class UnhappyException2 extends IndexOutOfBoundsException with LoggedException{ override def getMessage = "哦,我的上帝,我要踢爆他的屁股!" } |
错误:
class UnhappyException3 extends JFrame with LoggedException{ override def getMessage = "哦,我的上帝,我要踢爆他的屁股!" } |
12.13 自身类型
主要是为了解决特质的循环依赖问题,同时可以确保特质在不扩展某个类的情况下,依然可以做到限制混入该特质的类的类型。
比如:
//自身类型特质 trait Logger9{ this: Exception => def log(): Unit ={ println(getMessage) } } |
这样一来,在该特质中,可以随意调用“自身类型”中的各种方法。