漂亮的JavaScript：如何提高代码的可读性、复用性、扩展性

如何提高代码的可读性、复用性、扩展性。我们将从以下四个方面讨论：

1. 变量
2. 函数
3. 类
4. 异步

一、变量

01. 用有意义且常用的单词命名

02. 对同一类型的变量使用相同的命名保持统一

03. 每个常量都该命名(全大写)

04. 避免无意义的命名

05. 传参使用默认值

 

二、函数

01. 函数参数( 最好 2 个或更少 )

如果参数超过两个，建议使用 ES6 的解构语法，不用考虑参数的顺序。

// Bad:
function createMenu( title, body, buttonText, cancellable ) {
    // ...
}



// Good:
function createMenu( { title, body, buttonText, cancellable } ) {
    // ...
}
createMenu({
    title: 'Foo',
    body: 'Bar',
    buttonText: 'Baz',
    cancellable: true
});

02. 一个方法只做一件事情

03. 函数名上体现它的作用

04. 删除重复代码，合并相似函数

05. 使用 Object.assign 设置默认属性

// Bad:
const menuConfig = {
  title: null,
  body: 'Bar',
  buttonText: null,
  cancellable: true
};
function createMenu(config) {
  config.title = config.title || 'Foo';
  config.body = config.body || 'Bar';
  config.buttonText = config.buttonText || 'Baz';
  config.cancellable = config.cancellable !== undefined ? config.cancellable : true;
}
createMenu(menuConfig);



// Good:
const menuConfig = {
  title: 'Order',
  // 不包含 body
  buttonText: 'Send',
  cancellable: true
};
function createMenu(config) {
  config = Object.assign({
    title: 'Foo',
    body: 'Bar',
    buttonText: 'Baz',
    cancellable: true
  }, config);
  // config : {title: "Order", body: "Bar", buttonText: "Send", cancellable: true}
  // ...
}
createMenu(menuConfig);

06.  尽量不要写全局方法

// Bad:
Array.prototype.diff = function diff(comparisonArray) {
  const hash = new Set(comparisonArray);
  return this.filter(elem => !hash.has(elem));
};

// Good:
class SuperArray extends Array {
  diff(comparisonArray) {
    const hash = new Set(comparisonArray);
    return this.filter(elem => !hash.has(elem));        
  }
}

07. 尽量别用“非”条件句

08. 不要过度优化

09. 删除弃用代码

 

三、类

1.  使用 ES6 的 class

在 ES6 之前，没有类的语法，只能用构造函数的方式模拟类，可读性非常差。

// Good:
// 动物
class Animal {
  constructor(age) {
    this.age = age
  };
  move() {};
}
// 哺乳动物
class Mammal extends Animal{
  constructor(age, furColor) {
    super(age);
    this.furColor = furColor;
  };
  liveBirth() {};
}
// 人类
class Human extends Mammal{
  constructor(age, furColor, languageSpoken) {
    super(age, furColor);
    this.languageSpoken = languageSpoken;
  };
  speak() {};
}

02. 使用链式调用

// Bad:

class Car {
  constructor(make, model, color) {
    this.make = make;
    this.model = model;
    this.color = color;
  }

  setMake(make) {
    this.make = make;
  }

  setModel(model) {
    this.model = model;
  }

  setColor(color) {
    this.color = color;
  }

  save() {
    console.log(this.make, this.model, this.color);
  }
}

const car = new Car('Ford','F-150','red');
car.setColor('pink');
car.save();

// Good: 
class Car {
  constructor(make, model, color) {
    this.make = make;
    this.model = model;
    this.color = color;
  }

  setMake(make) {
    this.make = make;
    // NOTE: Returning this for chaining
    return this;
  }

  setModel(model) {
    this.model = model;
    // NOTE: Returning this for chaining
    return this;
  }

  setColor(color) {
    this.color = color;
    // NOTE: Returning this for chaining
    return this;
  }

  save() {
    console.log(this.make, this.model, this.color);
    // NOTE: Returning this for chaining
    return this;
  }
}

const car = new Car("Ford", "F-150", "red").setColor("pink").save();

四、异步

1. 使用 promise 或者 Async/Await 代替回调

// Bad:
get('https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Cecil_Martin', (requestErr, response) => {
  if (requestErr) {
    console.error(requestErr);
  } else {
    writeFile('article.html', response.body, (writeErr) => {
      if (writeErr) {
        console.error(writeErr);
      } else {
        console.log('File written');
      }
    });
  }
});

// Good:
get('https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Cecil_Martin')
  .then((response) => {
    return writeFile('article.html', response);
  })
  .then(() => {
    console.log('File written');
  })
  .catch((err) => {
    console.error(err);
  });

// perfect:
async function getCleanCodeArticle() {
  try {
    const response = await get('https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Cecil_Martin');
    await writeFile('article.html', response);
    console.log('File written');
  } catch(err) {
    console.error(err);
  }
}