Java CompletableFuture

先上一段示例代码，业务上是并行访问多个不同服务的查询，并汇总查询结果。这里简单写个样例：

public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
    // 通过线程安全的CopyOnWriteArrayList来汇总各线程执行方法的返回值
    CopyOnWriteArrayList result = new CopyOnWriteArrayList();
    List<CompletableFuture> futureList = new ArrayList<>();
    // 模拟用时不同的服务调用
    futureList.add(CompletableFuture.runAsync(() -> {
        result.add(doSomething("Task A", 5));
    }));
    futureList.add(CompletableFuture.runAsync(() -> {
        result.add(doSomething("Task B", 2));
    }));
    futureList.add(CompletableFuture.runAsync(() -> {
        result.add(doSomething("Task C", 1));
    }));
    Long startTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
    // 调用allof(CompletableFuture[])，等待所有线程直接完成
    // 让当前线程阻塞，直到allof完成
    CompletableFuture.allOf(futureList.toArray(new CompletableFuture[0])).join();
    System.out.println("用时" + (System.currentTimeMillis() - startTime));
}


private static String doSomething(String taskName, Integer waitSecond) {
    // 模拟运行速度不同的方法
    try {
        TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(waitSecond);
    } catch (InterruptedException e) {
        e.printStackTrace();
    }
    return taskName + " 完成！";
}

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从Java 8开始引入了CompletableFuture，它针对Future做了改进，可以传入回调对象，当异步任务完成或者发生异常时，自动调用回调对象的回调方法，不需要再阻塞等待。以下是CompletableFuture方法介绍

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1.runAsync和supplyAsync方法
runAsync方法不支持返回值。
supplyAsync可以支持返回值。
两个方法都可以指定线程池，默认使用ForkJoinPool.commonPool()指向异步代码

public static CompletableFuture<Void> runAsync(Runnable runnable)
public static CompletableFuture<Void> runAsync(Runnable runnable, Executor executor)
public static <U> CompletableFuture<U> supplyAsync(Supplier<U> supplier)
public static <U> CompletableFuture<U> supplyAsync(Supplier<U> supplier, Executor executor)

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2.计算结果完成时的回调方法
三种方法：whenComplete、whenCompleteAsync、exceptionally
whenComplete：是执行当前任务的线程执行继续执行 whenComplete 的任务。
whenCompleteAsync：是执行把 whenCompleteAsync 这个任务继续提交给线程池来进行执行。
exceptionally：抛异常

public CompletableFuture<T> whenComplete(BiConsumer<? super T,? super Throwable> action)
public CompletableFuture<T> whenCompleteAsync(BiConsumer<? super T,? super Throwable> action)
public CompletableFuture<T> whenCompleteAsync(BiConsumer<? super T,? super Throwable> action, Executor executor)
public CompletableFuture<T> exceptionally(Function<Throwable,? extends T> fn)

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3.thenApply方法
当一个线程依赖另一个线程时，可以使用 thenApply 方法来把这两个线程串行化。

public <U> CompletableFuture<U> thenApply(Function<? super T,? extends U> fn)
public <U> CompletableFuture<U> thenApplyAsync(Function<? super T,? extends U> fn)
public <U> CompletableFuture<U> thenApplyAsync(Function<? super T,? extends U> fn, Executor executor)

Function<? super T,? extends U>
T：上一个任务返回结果的类型
U：当前任务的返回值类型

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4.handle方法
handle是执行任务完成时对结果的处理。
与thenApply方法相似。handle方法在前一个任务出现异常时仍可执行，而thenApply方法会在上一个任务异常后终止。

public <U> CompletionStage<U> handle(BiFunction<? super T, Throwable, ? extends U> fn);
public <U> CompletionStage<U> handleAsync(BiFunction<? super T, Throwable, ? extends U> fn);
public <U> CompletionStage<U> handleAsync(BiFunction<? super T, Throwable, ? extends U> fn,Executor executor);

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5.thenAccept消费处理结果
接收任务的处理结果，并消费处理，无返回结果。

public CompletionStage<Void> thenAccept(Consumer<? super T> action);
public CompletionStage<Void> thenAcceptAsync(Consumer<? super T> action);
public CompletionStage<Void> thenAcceptAsync(Consumer<? super T> action,Executor executor);

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6.thenRun方法
该方法同 thenAccept 方法类似。不同的是上个任务处理完成后，并不会把计算的结果传给 thenRun 方法。只是处理玩任务后，执行 thenAccept 的后续操作。

public CompletionStage<Void> thenRun(Runnable action);
public CompletionStage<Void> thenRunAsync(Runnable action);
public CompletionStage<Void> thenRunAsync(Runnable action,Executor executor);

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7.thenCombine合并任务
把第一个和第二个任务结果一起操作

future1.thenCombine(future2,回调方法)

public <U,V> CompletionStage<V> thenCombine(CompletionStage<? extends U> other,BiFunction<? super T,? super U,? extends V> fn);
public <U,V> CompletionStage<V> thenCombineAsync(CompletionStage<? extends U> other,BiFunction<? super T,? super U,? extends V> fn);
public <U,V> CompletionStage<V> thenCombineAsync(CompletionStage<? extends U> other,BiFunction<? super T,? super U,? extends V> fn,Executor executor);

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8.thenAcceptBoth方法
当两个CompletionStage都执行完成后，把结果一块交给thenAcceptBoth来进行消耗

public <U> CompletionStage<Void> thenAcceptBoth(CompletionStage<? extends U> other,BiConsumer<? super T, ? super U> action);
public <U> CompletionStage<Void> thenAcceptBothAsync(CompletionStage<? extends U> other,BiConsumer<? super T, ? super U> action);
public <U> CompletionStage<Void> thenAcceptBothAsync(CompletionStage<? extends U> other,BiConsumer<? super T, ? super U> action,     Executor executor);

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9.applyToEither方法
两个CompletionStage，谁执行返回的结果快，我就用那个CompletionStage的结果进行下一步的转化操作。

public <U> CompletionStage<U> applyToEither(CompletionStage<? extends T> other,Function<? super T, U> fn);
public <U> CompletionStage<U> applyToEitherAsync(CompletionStage<? extends T> other,Function<? super T, U> fn);
public <U> CompletionStage<U> applyToEitherAsync(CompletionStage<? extends T> other,Function<? super T, U> fn,Executor executor);

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10.acceptEither方法
void版的applyToEither

public CompletionStage<Void> acceptEither(CompletionStage<? extends T> other,Consumer<? super T> action);
public CompletionStage<Void> acceptEitherAsync(CompletionStage<? extends T> other,Consumer<? super T> action);
public CompletionStage<Void> acceptEitherAsync(CompletionStage<? extends T> other,Consumer<? super T> action,Executor executor);

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11.runAfterEither方法
两个CompletionStage，任何一个完成了都会执行下一步的操作（Runnable）

public CompletionStage<Void> runAfterEither(CompletionStage<?> other,Runnable action);
public CompletionStage<Void> runAfterEitherAsync(CompletionStage<?> other,Runnable action);
public CompletionStage<Void> runAfterEitherAsync(CompletionStage<?> other,Runnable action,Executor executor);

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12.runAfterBoth方法
两个CompletionStage，都完成了计算才会执行下一步的操作（Runnable）

public CompletionStage<Void> runAfterBoth(CompletionStage<?> other,Runnable action);
public CompletionStage<Void> runAfterBothAsync(CompletionStage<?> other,Runnable action);
public CompletionStage<Void> runAfterBothAsync(CompletionStage<?> other,Runnable action,Executor executor);

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13.thenCompose方法
thenCompose 方法允许你对两个 CompletionStage 进行流水线操作，第一个操作完成时，将其结果作为参数传递给第二个操作。

public <U> CompletableFuture<U> thenCompose(Function<? super T, ? extends CompletionStage<U>> fn);
public <U> CompletableFuture<U> thenComposeAsync(Function<? super T, ? extends CompletionStage<U>> fn) ;
public <U> CompletableFuture<U> thenComposeAsync(Function<? super T, ? extends CompletionStage<U>> fn, Executor executor) ;