常用HQL语句

最近学习Hibernate，因此总结了一些常用HQL语句

 特点：
 >> 1，与SQL相似，SQL中的语法基本上都可以直接使用。
 >> 2，SQL查询的是表和表中的列；HQL查询的是对象与对象中的属性。
 >> 3，HQL的关键字不区分大小写，类名与属性名是区分大小写的。
 >> 4，SELECT可以省略.       

 1，简单的查询，Employee为实体名而不是数据库中的表名(面向对象特性)
hql = "FROM Employee";
hql = "FROM Employee AS e";  //使用别名
hql = "FROM Employee e";  //使用别名，as关键字可省略

 2，带上过滤条件的（可以使用别名）：Where
hql = "FROM Employee WHERE id<10";
hql = "FROM Employee e WHERE e.id<10";
hql = "FROM Employee e WHERE e.id<10 AND e.id>5";

 3，带上排序条件的：Order By
hql = "FROM Employee e WHERE e.id<10 ORDER BY e.name";
hql = "FROM Employee e WHERE e.id<10 ORDER BY e.name DESC";
hql = "FROM Employee e WHERE e.id<10 ORDER BY e.name DESC, id ASC";

 4，指定select子句（不可以使用select *）
hql = "SELECT e FROM Employee e";  //相当于"FROM Employee e"
hql = "SELECT e.name FROM Employee e";  //只查询一个列，返回的集合的元素类型就是这个属性的类型
hql = "SELECT e.id,e.name FROM Employee e"; // 查询多个列，返回的集合的元素类型是Object数组
hql = "SELECT new Employee(e.id,e.name) FROM Employee e";  //可以使用new语法，指定把查询出的部分属性封装到对象中

 5，执行查询，获得结果（list、uniqueResult、分页 ）
Query query = session.createQuery("FROM Employee e WHERE id<3");
query.setFirstResult(0);
query.setMaxResults(10);  //等同于 limit 0,10两种查询结果list、uniqueResult
 List list = query.list();  //查询的结果是一个List集合
 Employee employee = (Employee) query.uniqueResult(); //查询的结果是唯一的一个结果，当结果有多个，就会抛异常

 6，方法链
List list = session.createQuery(
        "FROM Employee e")
        .setFirstResult(0)
        .setMaxResults(10)
        .list();

 7，聚集函数：count(), max(), min(), avg(), sum()
hql = "SELECT COUNT(*) FROM Employee";  //返回的结果是Long型的
hql = "SELECT min(id) FROM Employee";  //返回的结果是id属性的类型

8，分组: Group By ... Having
hql = "SELECT e.name,COUNT(e.id) FROM Employee e GROUP BY e.name";
hql = "SELECT e.name,COUNT(e.id) FROM Employee e GROUP BY e.name HAVING count(e.id)>1";
hql = "SELECT e.name,COUNT(e.id) FROM Employee e WHERE id<9 GROUP BY e.name HAVING count(e.id)>1";
hql = "SELECT e.name,COUNT(e.id) " + 
     "FROM Employee e " + 
     "WHERE id<9 " + 
     "GROUP BY e.name " + 
     "HAVING count(e.id)>1 " + 
     "ORDER BY count(e.id) ASC";
hql = "SELECT e.name,COUNT(e.id) AS c " + 
     "FROM Employee e " + 
     "WHERE id<9 " + 
     "GROUP BY e.name " + 
     "HAVING count(e.id)>1 " + // 在having子句中不能使用列别名
     "ORDER BY c ASC";  //在orderby子句中可以使用列别名

 9，连接查询 / HQL是面向对象的查询
 >> 内连接（inner关键字可以省略）
 hql = "SELECT e.id,e.name,d.name FROM Employee e JOIN e.department d";
 hql = "SELECT e.id,e.name,d.name FROM Employee e INNER JOIN e.department d";
 >> 左外连接（outer关键字可以省略）
 hql = "SELECT e.id,e.name,d.name FROM Employee e LEFT OUTER JOIN e.department d";
 >> 右外连接（outer关键字可以省略）
 hql = "SELECT e.id,e.name,d.name FROM Employee e RIGHT JOIN e.department d";
 可以使用更方便的方法
 hql = "SELECT e.id,e.name,e.department.name FROM Employee e";

 10，查询时使用参数
 >> 方式一：使用'?'占位
 hql = "FROM Employee e WHERE id BETWEEN ? AND ?";
 List list2 = session.createQuery(hql)
     .setParameter(0, 5) 设置参数，第1个参数的索引为0。
     .setParameter(1, 15)
     .list();

 >> 方式二：使用变量名
 hql = "FROM Employee e WHERE id BETWEEN :idMin AND :idMax";
 List list3 = session.createQuery(hql)
     .setParameter("idMax", 15)
     .setParameter("idMin", 5)
     .list();

 //当参数是集合时，一定要使用setParameterList()设置参数值
 hql = "FROM Employee e WHERE id IN (:ids)";
 List list4 = session.createQuery(hql)
     .setParameterList("ids", new Object[] { 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 100 })
     .list();

 11，update与delete，不会通知Session缓存
 >> Update
int result = session.createQuery(
        "UPDATE Employee e SET e.name=? WHERE id>15")
        .setParameter(0, "无名氏")
        .executeUpdate();   //返回int型的结果，表示影响了多少行
 >> Delete
int result1 = session.createQuery(
        "DELETE FROM Employee e WHERE id>15")
        .executeUpdate();   // 返回int型的结果，表示影响了多少行。