创建ext4文件系统，并自动挂载

实验环境如下：

[root@Centos7 ~]# uname -r
3.10.0-693.el7.x86_64
[root@Centos7 ~]# cat /etc/redhat-release 
CentOS Linux release 7.4.1708 (Core)

[root@Centos7 ~]# lsblk
NAME            MAJ:MIN RM  SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda               8:0    0   50G  0 disk 
├─sda1            8:1    0  476M  0 part /boot
└─sda2            8:2    0 49.5G  0 part 
  ├─centos-root 253:0    0 47.5G  0 lvm  /
  └─centos-swap 253:1    0    2G  0 lvm  [SWAP]
sr0              11:0    1  8.1G  0 rom  /mnt

新增一块20G的硬盘备用


不重启，扫描硬盘文件即可生效

[root@Centos7 ~]# lsblk
NAME            MAJ:MIN RM  SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda               8:0    0   50G  0 disk 
├─sda1            8:1    0  476M  0 part /boot
└─sda2            8:2    0 49.5G  0 part 
  ├─centos-root 253:0    0 47.5G  0 lvm  /
  └─centos-swap 253:1    0    2G  0 lvm  [SWAP]
sr0              11:0    1  8.1G  0 rom  /mnt

[root@Centos7 ~]# echo "- - -" > /sys/class/scsi_host/host0/scan 
[root@Centos7 ~]# echo "- - -" > /sys/class/scsi_host/host2/scan 

#sdb已能呈现
[root@Centos7 ~]# lsblk
NAME            MAJ:MIN RM  SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda               8:0    0   50G  0 disk 
├─sda1            8:1    0  476M  0 part /boot
└─sda2            8:2    0 49.5G  0 part 
  ├─centos-root 253:0    0 47.5G  0 lvm  /
  └─centos-swap 253:1    0    2G  0 lvm  [SWAP]
sdb               8:16   0   20G  0 disk 
sr0              11:0    1  8.1G  0 rom  /mnt

创建一个2G ext4的文件系统，block为2048byte，预留1%可用空间，卷标为TEST

[root@Centos7 ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).

Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.

Command (m for help): n
Partition type:
   p   primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free)
   e   extended
Select (default p): p
Partition number (1-4, default 1): 
First sector (2048-41943039, default 2048): 
Using default value 2048
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (2048-41943039, default 41943039): +2G
Partition 1 of type Linux and of size 2 GiB is set

Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/sdb: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes, 41943040 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x8e780df3

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sdb1            2048     4196351     2097152   83  Linux

Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered!

Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.
[root@Centos7 ~]# partprobe /dev/sdb
[root@Centos7 ~]# lsblk
NAME            MAJ:MIN RM  SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda               8:0    0   50G  0 disk 
├─sda1            8:1    0  476M  0 part /boot
└─sda2            8:2    0 49.5G  0 part 
  ├─centos-root 253:0    0 47.5G  0 lvm  /
  └─centos-swap 253:1    0    2G  0 lvm  [SWAP]
sdb               8:16   0   20G  0 disk 
└─sdb1            8:17   0    2G  0 part 
sr0              11:0    1  8.1G  0 rom  /mnt

#上面分区已划分完毕，接下来就是创建文件系统；centos7上默认的文件系统是xfs，要使用ext4的文件系统需要使用mkfs.ext4命令
[root@Centos7 ~]# mkfs.ext4 --help
mkfs.ext4: invalid option -- '-'
Usage: mkfs.ext4 [-c|-l filename] [-b block-size] [-C cluster-size]
    [-i bytes-per-inode] [-I inode-size] [-J journal-options]
    [-G flex-group-size] [-N number-of-inodes]
    [-m reserved-blocks-percentage] [-o creator-os]
    [-g blocks-per-group] [-L volume-label] [-M last-mounted-directory]
    [-O feature[,...]] [-r fs-revision] [-E extended-option[,...]]
    [-t fs-type] [-T usage-type ] [-U UUID] [-jnqvDFKSV] device [blocks-count]

#创建block为2048byte，预留1%的可用空间，卷标为TEST
[root@Centos7 ~]# mkfs.ext4 -b 2048 -m 1 -L TEST /dev/sdb1
mke2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013)
Filesystem label=TEST
OS type: Linux
Block size=2048 (log=1)
Fragment size=2048 (log=1)
Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks
131072 inodes, 1048576 blocks
10485 blocks (1.00%) reserved for the super user
First data block=0
Maximum filesystem blocks=269484032
64 block groups
16384 blocks per group, 16384 fragments per group
2048 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks: 
    16384, 49152, 81920, 114688, 147456, 409600, 442368, 802816

Allocating group tables: done                            
Writing inode tables: done                            
Creating journal (32768 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done

[root@Centos7 ~]# dumpe2fs -h /dev/sdb1
dumpe2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013)
Filesystem volume name:   TEST
Last mounted on:          <not available>
Filesystem UUID:          377ab43e-76bc-40fe-ac59-2c03d44ce581
Filesystem magic number:  0xEF53
Filesystem revision #:    1 (dynamic)
Filesystem features:      has_journal ext_attr resize_inode dir_index filetype extent 64bit flex_bg sparse_super huge_file uninit_bg dir_nlink extra_isize
Filesystem flags:         signed_directory_hash 
Default mount options:    user_xattr acl
Filesystem state:         clean
Errors behavior:          Continue
Filesystem OS type:       Linux
Inode count:              131072
Block count:              1048576
Reserved block count:     10485
Free blocks:              994651
Free inodes:              131061
First block:              0
Block size:               2048
Fragment size:            2048
Group descriptor size:    64
Reserved GDT blocks:      512
Blocks per group:         16384
Fragments per group:      16384
Inodes per group:         2048
Inode blocks per group:   256
Flex block group size:    16
Filesystem created:       Thu Jul 16 22:57:42 2020
Last mount time:          n/a
Last write time:          Thu Jul 16 22:57:42 2020
Mount count:              0
Maximum mount count:      -1
Last checked:             Thu Jul 16 22:57:42 2020
Check interval:           0 (<none>)
Lifetime writes:          65 MB
Reserved blocks uid:      0 (user root)
Reserved blocks gid:      0 (group root)
First inode:              11
Inode size:           256
Required extra isize:     28
Desired extra isize:      28
Journal inode:            8
Default directory hash:   half_md4
Directory Hash Seed:      c5943ee0-1151-41a1-963f-82903f4e8c92
Journal backup:           inode blocks
Journal features:         (none)
Journal size:             64M
Journal length:           32768
Journal sequence:         0x00000001
Journal start:            0

[root@Centos7 ~]# blkid | grep /dev/sdb1
/dev/sdb1: LABEL="TEST" UUID="377ab43e-76bc-40fe-ac59-2c03d44ce581" TYPE="ext4"

创建挂载目录/test，并设定开机自动挂载，且默认有acl挂载选项

#创建挂载点
[root@Centos7 ~]# mkdir /test

#查看/dev/sdb1的UUID，严谨的开机自动挂载，需要写入的是UUID，而非设备名
[root@Centos7 ~]# blkid | grep /dev/sdb1
/dev/sdb1: LABEL="TEST" UUID="377ab43e-76bc-40fe-ac59-2c03d44ce581" TYPE="ext4" 

#写入/etc/fstab，挂载选项直接写defaults即可，里面就包含有acl的功能，之后会有验证
[root@Centos7 ~]# vim /etc/fstab 
[root@Centos7 ~]# tail -1 /etc/fstab
UUID=377ab43e-76bc-40fe-ac59-2c03d44ce581 /test ext4 defaults 0 0

[root@Centos7 ~]# df -Th /test
Filesystem     Type  Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/sdb1      ext4  2.0G  9.1M  1.9G   1% /test

#验证defaluts挂载选项是否具有acl功能

#在挂载目录里/test里创建一个目录，使其只有root用户能够访问（700权限）
[root@Centos7 ~]# cd /test
[root@Centos7 test]# mkdir acldir
[root@Centos7 test]# chmod 700 acldir/
[root@Centos7 test]# echo hello > acldir/file
[root@Centos7 test]# cat acldir/file
hello

#切换本机用户kyle，验证是否能访问/test/acldir
[root@Centos7 test]# getent passwd kyle
kyle:x:1000:1000:kyle:/home/kyle:/bin/bash
[root@Centos7 test]# su - kyle
Last login: Tue May 12 22:12:11 CST 2020 on :0
[kyle@Centos7 ~]$ cd /test/acldir/
-bash: cd: /test/acldir/: Permission denied
[kyle@Centos7 ~]$ exit
logout

#kyle本机普通用户是无法访问/test/acldir目录，所以得设置acl，使其能够访问
[root@Centos7 test]# setfacl -m u:kyle:rwx /test/acldir/
[root@Centos7 test]# getfacl /test/acldir/
getfacl: Removing leading '/' from absolute path names
# file: test/acldir/
# owner: root
# group: root
user::rwx
user:kyle:rwx
group::---
mask::rwx
other::---

#验证kyle能否访问/test/acldir
[root@Centos7 test]# su - kyle
Last login: Thu Jul 16 23:20:27 CST 2020 on pts/1
[kyle@Centos7 ~]$ cd /test/acldir/
[kyle@Centos7 acldir]$ ls
file
[kyle@Centos7 acldir]$ rm file 
rm: remove write-protected regular file ‘file’? y
[kyle@Centos7 acldir]$ ls
[kyle@Centos7 acldir]$ exit
logout

#实验证明defaluts选项具有acl功能

验证预留1%的空间

[root@Centos7 test]# rm -rf *
[root@Centos7 test]# cd
[root@Centos7 ~]# df -Th /test
Filesystem     Type  Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/sdb1      ext4  2.0G  9.1M  1.9G   1% /test

#20G的空间，99%就是2027.52M，所以通过dd命令创建一个2030M的大文件，那么磁盘就会显示100%
[root@Centos7 ~]# dd if=/dev/zero of=/test/bigfile bs=1M count=2030
dd: error writing ‘/test/bigfile’: No space left on device
1935+0 records in
1934+0 records out
2028670976 bytes (2.0 GB) copied, 3.15534 s, 643 MB/s
[root@Centos7 ~]# df -Th /test
Filesystem     Type  Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/sdb1      ext4  2.0G  1.9G     0 100% /test

#显示被使用100%，已使用1.9G，总共大小2G，至此，是否还能写入数据了？再创建一个20M的bigfile1文件
[root@Centos7 ~]# dd if=/dev/zero of=/test/bigfile1 bs=1M count=20
dd: error writing ‘/test/bigfile1’: No space left on device
1+0 records in
0+0 records out
0 bytes (0 B) copied, 0.000528249 s, 0.0 kB/s

#上述显示已满，无法写入