注解与反射

注解（Annotation)

​ 框架的底层！

1. 什么是注解

​ Annotation的作用：

• 不是程序本身，可以对程序做出解释；
• 可以被其他程序读取。

//什么是注解
public class Test01 extends Object{
    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return super.toString();
    }
}

​ 可以通过反射机制编程实现对这些元数据的访问；

2. 内置注解

@Override
public String toString() {
    return super.toString();
}

@Deprecated
public static void test01(){
    System.out.println("Deprecated");
}

@SuppressWarnings("all")
public static void test02(){
    System.out.println("SuppressWarnings");
}

3. 元注解

元注解的作用就是负责注解其他注解；

@Target 描述注解的使用范围

@Retention 表示需要在什么级别保存该注释信息

@Documented 该注解将被包含在javadoc中

@Inherited 说明子类可以继承父类中的该注解

//测试元注解
@MyAnnotation1
public class Test02 {
    @MyAnnotation1
    public void test(){

    }
}

//定义一个注解@MyAnnotation1
//Target表示可以注解在什么地方
@Target(value = {ElementType.METHOD,ElementType.TYPE})
//Retention表示我们的注解在什么地方有效
@Retention(value = RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
//Documented表示是否将我们的注解生成在javadoc中
@Documented
//Inherited子类可以继承父类的注解
@Inherited
@interface  MyAnnotation1{
    
}


//自定义注解
public class Test03 {
    @MyAnnoatation2(name = "zhangsan",age = 18)
    public void test(){
    }
    @MyAnnoatation3("zhangsan")
    public void test3(){
    }

}
//定义的注解可以使用在类和方法上，在运行时有效
@Target({ElementType.TYPE,ElementType.METHOD})
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@interface MyAnnoatation2{
    //注解的参数：参数类型+参数名();
    String name() default "";       //设置默认值为空
    int age() default 0;            //设置默认值为0
    int id() default -1;            //如果默认值为-1，代表不存在
    String[] schools() default {"清华","北大"};
}
//只有一个参数的时候，尽量使用value
@Target({ElementType.TYPE,ElementType.METHOD})
@interface MyAnnoatation3{
    String value();
}

反射（Reflection)

反射是java被视为动态语言的关键，反射机制允许程序在执行期借助于Reflection API取得任何类的内部信息，并能直接操作任意对象的内部属性及方法。

getClass()方法：返回一个类对象

public final Class getClass()

此方法返回值的类型是一个Class类，此类是java反射的源头，实际上所谓反射从程序的运行结构来看也很好理解，即：可以通过对象反射求出类的名称。

类的主动引用（一定会发生类的初始化）

//通过反射获取类的Class对象
        Class c1 = Class.forName("com.zkx.reflection.User");
        System.out.println(c1);
        System.out.println(c1.hashCode());

Class类的创建方式：

public class Test02 {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws ClassNotFoundException {
        Person person = new Student();
        System.out.println("这个人是："+person.name);
        //方式一：通过对象获得
        Class c1 = person.getClass();
        System.out.println(c1.hashCode());

        //方式二：forName获得
        Class c2 = Class.forName("com.zkx.reflection.Student");
        System.out.println(c2.hashCode());

        //方式三：通过类名.class获得
        Class c3 = Student.class;
        System.out.println(c3.hashCode());

        //方式四：基本内置类型的包装类都有一个TYPE属性
        Class c4= Integer.TYPE;
        System.out.println(c4.hashCode());

        //获得父类类型
        Class c5 = c1.getSuperclass();
        System.out.println(c5);
    }

}
class Person{
    public String name;

    public Person(String name) {
        this.name = name;
    }

    public Person() {
    }

    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return "Person{" +
                "name='" + name + '\'' +
                '}';
    }
}

class Student extends Person{
    public Student() {
        this.name ="学生";
    }
}

class Teacher extends Person{
    public Teacher() {
        this.name ="老师";
    }
}

获得系统类的加载器

public class Test06 {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws ClassNotFoundException {
        //获得系统类的加载器
        ClassLoader classLoader = ClassLoader.getSystemClassLoader();
        System.out.println(classLoader);

        //获取系统类加载器的父类加载器-->扩展类加载器
        ClassLoader parent = classLoader.getParent();
        System.out.println(parent);

        //获取扩展类加载器的父类加载器-->根加载器(c/c++)
        ClassLoader parent1 = parent.getParent();
        System.out.println(parent1);

        //测试当前类是哪个加载器加载的
        ClassLoader classLoader1 = Class.forName("com.zkx.reflection.Test06").getClassLoader();
        System.out.println(classLoader1);
    }
}

public class Test07 {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws ClassNotFoundException, IllegalAccessException, InstantiationException, NoSuchMethodException, InvocationTargetException, NoSuchFieldException {
        //获取Class对象
        Class c1 = Class.forName("com.zkx.reflection.User");

        //构造一个对象
        User user =(User) c1.newInstance();
        System.out.println(user);

        //通过构造器创建对象
        Constructor constructor = c1.getDeclaredConstructor(String.class, int.class, int.class);
        User user2 =(User) constructor.newInstance("张三", 001, 18);
        System.out.println(user2);

        //通过反射调用方法
        User user3 = (User)c1.newInstance();
        //通过反射获取一个方法
        Method setName = c1.getDeclaredMethod("setName", String.class);
        setName.invoke(user3,"123");
        System.out.println(user3.getName());
        
        //通过反射操作属性
        //不能直接操作私有属性，我们需要关闭程序的安全检测，属性或者方法的setAccessible(true)
        User user4 = (User)c1.newInstance();
        Field name = c1.getDeclaredField("name");
        name.setAccessible(true);
        name.set(user4,"456");
        System.out.println(user4.getName());
    }
}

//获得类的信息
public class Test08 {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws ClassNotFoundException, NoSuchFieldException, NoSuchMethodException {
       Class c1 =  Class.forName("com.zkx.reflection.User");
       
        //获得类的名字
        System.out.println(c1.getName());
        System.out.println(c1.getSimpleName());
        
        System.out.println("====================");
        //获得类的属性
        Field[] fields = c1.getDeclaredFields();
        for (Field field : fields) {
            System.out.println(field);
        }

        //获得指定属性的值
        System.out.println();
        Field name = c1.getDeclaredField("name");
        System.out.println(name);

        //获得类的方法
        System.out.println("====================");
        Method[] methods = c1.getMethods();
        for (Method method : methods) {
            System.out.println(method);
        }
        System.out.println();
        methods = c1.getDeclaredMethods();
        for (Method method : methods) {
            System.out.println(method);
        }

        //获得指定方法
        System.out.println();
        System.out.println();

        Method getName = c1.getMethod("getName", null);
        Method setName = c1.getMethod("setName", String.class);
        System.out.println(getName);
        System.out.println(setName);

        //获得指定的构造器
        System.out.println("====================");
        Constructor[] constructors = c1.getConstructors();
        for (Constructor constructor : constructors) {
            System.out.println(constructor);
       }
}

分析性能问题

public class Test09 {

    //普通方式调用
    public static void test01(){
        User user = new User();

        long startTime = System.currentTimeMillis();

        for (int i = 0; i < 1000000000; i++) {
            user.getName();
        }
        long endTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
        System.out.println("普通方式执行10亿次："+(endTime-startTime)+"ms");

    }

    //反射方式调用
    public static void test02() throws NoSuchMethodException, InvocationTargetException, IllegalAccessException {
        User user = new User();

        Class c1 = user.getClass();

        Method setName = c1.getDeclaredMethod("setName", String.class);

        long startTime = System.currentTimeMillis();

        for (int i = 0; i < 1000000000; i++) {

            setName.invoke(user,"zhangsan");
        }
        long endTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
        System.out.println("反射方式执行10亿次："+(endTime-startTime)+"ms");

    }

    //反射方式调用，关闭检测
    public static void test03() throws NoSuchMethodException, InvocationTargetException, IllegalAccessException {
        User user = new User();
        Class c1 = user.getClass();

        Method getName = c1.getDeclaredMethod("getName", null);
        getName.setAccessible(true);

        long startTime = System.currentTimeMillis();

        for (int i = 0; i < 1000000000; i++) {

            getName.invoke(user,null);
        }
        long endTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
        System.out.println("关闭检测方式执行10亿次："+(endTime-startTime)+"ms");

    }

    public static void main(String[] args) throws NoSuchMethodException, IllegalAccessException, InvocationTargetException {
        test01();
        test02();
        test03();
    }
}

通过反射获取泛型

public class Test10 {
    public void test01(Map<String,User> map, List<User> list){
        System.out.println("test01");
    }

    public Map<String,User> test02(){
        System.out.println("test02");
        return null;
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) throws NoSuchMethodException {

        Method method = Test10.class.getMethod("test01", Map.class, List.class);

        Type[] genericParameterTypes = method.getGenericParameterTypes();//获得方法的参数类型

        for (Type genericParameterType : genericParameterTypes) {
            System.out.println("#"+genericParameterType);
            if(genericParameterType instanceof ParameterizedType){
                Type[] actualTypeArguments = ((ParameterizedType) genericParameterType).getActualTypeArguments();
                for (Type actualTypeArgument : actualTypeArguments) {
                    System.out.println(actualTypeArgument);
                }
            }
        }
        System.out.println("=====================");
        method = Test10.class.getMethod("test02",null);
        Type genericReturnType = method.getGenericReturnType();

        if(genericReturnType instanceof ParameterizedType){
            Type[] actualTypeArguments = ((ParameterizedType) genericReturnType).getActualTypeArguments();
            for (Type actualTypeArgument : actualTypeArguments) {
                System.out.println(actualTypeArgument);
            }
        }
    }
}

反射操作注解

public class Test11 {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws ClassNotFoundException, NoSuchFieldException {

        Class c1 = Class.forName("com.zkx.reflection.Student2");

        //通过反射获得注解
        Annotation[] annotations = c1.getAnnotations();
        for (Annotation annotation : annotations) {
            System.out.println(annotation);
        }

        //获得注解value的值
        Tablek tablek =(Tablek) c1.getAnnotation(Tablek.class);
        String value = tablek.value();
        System.out.println(value);

        //获得类指定的注解
        Field f = c1.getDeclaredField("name");
        Fielda annotation = f.getAnnotation(Fielda.class);
        System.out.println(annotation.columName());
        System.out.println(annotation.type());
        System.out.println(annotation.length());
    }
}

@Tablek("db_student")
class Student2{
    @Fielda(columName = "db_id",type = "int",length = 10)
    private int id;
    @Fielda(columName = "db_age",type = "int",length = 10)
    private int age;
    @Fielda(columName = "db_name",type = "int",length = 3)
    private String name;

    public Student2() {
    }

    public int getId() {
        return id;
    }

    public void setId(int id) {
        this.id = id;
    }

    public int getAge() {
        return age;
    }

    public void setAge(int age) {
        this.age = age;
    }

    public String getName() {
        return name;
    }

    public void setName(String name) {
        this.name = name;
    }

    public Student2(int id, int age, String name) {
        this.id = id;
        this.age = age;
        this.name = name;
    }

    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return "Student2{" +
                "id=" + id +
                ", age=" + age +
                ", name='" + name + '\'' +
                '}';
    }
}

//类名的注解
@Target(ElementType.TYPE)
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@interface Tablek{
    String value();
}

//属性的注解
@Target(ElementType.FIELD)
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@interface Fielda{
    String columName();
    String type();
    int length();
}