Android日常笔记

最新推荐文章于 2024-05-02 20:40:27 发布
最新推荐文章于 2024-05-02 20:40:27 发布
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1、语言时区
android\build\make\tools\buildinfo.sh

echo "persist.sys.timezone=America/New_York"
echo "ro.product.locale=en-US"

注意中间是中横线，不是下划线，不然不生效的

2、Model
android\build\make\tools\buildinfo_common.sh

echo "ro.product.${partition}.model=product_model"

PRODUCT_BRAND 产品品牌
PRODUCT_DEVICE 产品设备
PRODUCT_MANUFACTURER 产品制造商
PRODUCT_MODEL 产品模型
PRODUCT_NAME 产品名称

3.开机动画
android\device\softwinner\ceres\ceres-b6\system\bootanimation.zip

4.蓝牙
android\device\generic\common\bluetooth\bdroid_buildcfg.h

#define BTM_DEF_LOCAL_NAME   "product_model"

5.开机logo

  • android\longan\device\config\chips\a133\configs\b6\bootlogo.bmp
  • android\longan\device\config\chips\a133\configs\b6\dragonboard\bootlogo.bmp
  • android\longan\device\config\chips\a133\configs\b6\android\bootlogo.bmp需删除此处logo

6.默认壁纸
待选图片放入此三处

  1. android\device\softwinner\ceres\common\overlay\overlay\frameworks\base\core\res\res\drawable-nodpi\default_wallpaper.png
  2. android\device\softwinner\ceres\common\overlay\overlay\frameworks\base\core\res\res\drawable-sw600dp-nodpi\default_wallpaper.png
  3. android\device\softwinner\ceres\common\overlay\overlay\frameworks\base\core\res\res\drawable-sw720dp-nodpi\default_wallpaper.png

此处删除已生成文件

  1. android\out\target\product\ceres-b6\obj\APPS\framework-res__auto_generated_rro_vendor_intermediates
  2. android\out\target\product\ceres-b6\obj\APPS\framework-res_intermediates
  3. android\out\target\common\obj\APPS\framework-res__auto_generated_rro_vendor_intermediates
  4. android\out\target\common\obj\APPS\framework-res_intermediates
  5. android\out\target\product\ceres-b6\vendor\overlay

7/预置壁纸
android\device\softwinner\ceres\C70W\overlay\overlay\packages\apps\WallpaperPicker2\res\drawable-nodpi

Settings的位置
android\frameworks\base\core\java\android\provider\Settings.java
8/Settings – Privacy – show password这个选项要关掉
android\packages\apps\Settings\src\com\android\settings\security\ShowPasswordPreferenceController.java

@Override
    public boolean isChecked() {
        return Settings.System.getInt(mContext.getContentResolver(),
                Settings.System.TEXT_SHOW_PASSWORD, 1) != 0;
}
=>
 @Override
    public boolean isChecked() {
        return Settings.System.getInt(mContext.getContentResolver(),
                Settings.System.TEXT_SHOW_PASSWORD, 0) != 0;
}

jgrep "animation"查找包含animation的文件位置
find -name "battery_scale.png"查找名为battery_scale.png的文件

9、充电动画

  1. android\longan\device\product\boot-resource\boot-resource\bat
    15张图文件可能过大
    分区改大android\device\softwinner\ceres\ceres-b6\system\sys_partition.fex
    name = bootloader_a
    size = 128M

  2. android\device\softwinner\common\health\images\ 替换battery_scale.png

    彩色256 位深度8；11张图

  3. android\system\core\healthd\healthd_mode_charger.cpp

{
  .disp_time = 750,
  .min_level = 0,
  .max_level = 9,
  .surface = NULL,
},
  1. android\device\softwinner\common\health\animation.txt
frame: 750 0 9
  1. 字体路径：

bootable/recovery/minui/graphics.cpp
bootable/recovery/minui/font_10x18.h

  1. 去除充电百分比数字

删掉android\device\softwinner\common\health\images\battery_percent.png

9、
public static String getDeviceBrand() {
FutureTask msvSuffixTask = new FutureTask<>(() -> DeviceInfoUtils.getMsvSuffix());

    msvSuffixTask.run();
    try {
        // Wait for msv suffix value.
        final String msvSuffix = msvSuffixTask.get();
        return Build.BRAND + msvSuffix;
    } catch (ExecutionException e) {
        Log.e(TAG, "Execution error, so we only show brand name");
    } catch (InterruptedException e) {
        Log.e(TAG, "Interruption error, so we only show brand name");
    }
    // If we can't get an msv suffix value successfully,
    // it's better to return brand name.
    return Build.BRAND;
}

10、更改Device name
android\packages\apps\Settings\src\com\android\settings\deviceinfo\DeviceNamePreferenceController.java

  private void initializeDeviceName() {
    //  mDeviceName = Settings.Global.getString(mContext.getContentResolver(),
    //          Settings.Global.DEVICE_NAME);
		mDeviceName = "LINSAY_F10XIPSQ";
        if (mDeviceName == null) {
            mDeviceName = Build.MODEL;
        }
    }

11.修改指纹
android\build\core\Makefile

define generate-common-build-props-with-product-vars-set
	BUILD_FINGERPRINT="$(BUILD_FINGERPRINT_FROM_FILE)" \
	BUILD_ID="$(BUILD_ID)" \
	BUILD_NUMBER="1812785103" \
	BUILD_VERSION_TAGS="$(BUILD_VERSION_TAGS)" \
	DATE="$(DATE_FROM_FILE)" \
	PLATFORM_SDK_VERSION="$(PLATFORM_SDK_VERSION)" \
	PLATFORM_VERSION_LAST_STABLE="$(PLATFORM_VERSION_LAST_STABLE)" \
	PLATFORM_VERSION="$(PLATFORM_VERSION)" \
	TARGET_BUILD_TYPE="$(TARGET_BUILD_VARIANT)" \
	bash $(BUILDINFO_COMMON_SH) "$(1)" >> $(2)
Endef

12、Build number版本号

build\make\tools\buildinfo.sh

echo "ro.build.display.id=$BUILD_DISPLAY_ID"

13、预置apk
device/softwinner/ceres/ceres_b6.mk
vendor/aw/public/prebuild/apk/MDM-30/
Android.mk

LOCAL_CERTIFICATE := platform

14、预置视频
android\packages\services\Mtp\src\com\android\mtp\CopyService.java

copyFile(new File("/system/video/Take Me To Your Heart.mp3"), new File("sdcard/Movies/Take Me To Your Heart.mp3"));

File f1 = new File("/data/data/copy_movie_flag");
Intent scanIntent = new Intent(Intent.ACTION_MEDIA_SCANNER_SCAN_FILE);
scanIntent.setData(Uri.fromFile(new File("mnt/sdcard/Movies/Take Me To Your Heart.mp3")));

android\device\softwinner\ceres\ceres_b6.mk

# video
PRODUCT_COPY_FILES += $(PRODUCT_DEVICE_PATH)/system/Take Me To Your Heart.mp3:system/video/Take Me To Your Heart.mp3

15、WiFi名称
frameworks/base/packages/SettingsProvider/res/values/defaults.xml

<string name="def_wifi_direct_name" translatable="false">product_name</string>

16、客户要求默认亮度为80%

92 =》 80%

frameworks\base\core\res\res\values\config.xml

<integer name="config_screenBrightnessSettingDefault">92</integer>

device/rockchip/common/overlay/frameworks/base/packages/SettingsProvider/res/values/defaults.xml

   <integer name="def_screen_brightness">92</integer>

17、横屏状态下，桌面的APK图标的名称packages/apps/Launcher3/src/com/android/launcher3/DeviceProfile.java

-            adjustToHideWorkspaceLabels();
+            //adjustToHideWorkspaceLabels();

18、音量加减互换
frameworks/base/data/keyboards/qwerty.kl
frameworks/base/data/keyboards/Generic.kl

key 114   VOLUME_UP
key 115   VOLUME_DOWN

19、热点默认名称
frameworks/opt/net/wifi/service/java/com/android/server/wifi/WifiApConfigStore.java

private SoftApConfiguration getDefaultApConfiguration() {
SoftApConfiguration.Builder configBuilder = new SoftApConfiguration.Builder();
configBuilder.setBand(SoftApConfiguration.BAND_2GHZ);
configBuilder.setSsid(mContext.getResources().getString(R.string.wifi_tether_configure_ssid_default) + "_" + getRandomIntForDefaultSsid());

以上注释掉+ “_” + getRandomIntForDefaultSsid()
frameworks/base/core/res/res/values/config.xml

<string name="wifi_tether_configure_ssid_default" translatable="false">新热点名</string>

20、wifi直连名称
android\frameworks\opt\net\wifi\service\java\com\android\server\wifi\p2p\WifiP2pServiceImpl.java

private String getPersistedDeviceName() {
            String deviceName = mSettingsConfigStore.get(WIFI_P2P_DEVICE_NAME);
            if (deviceName == null) {
                // We use the 4 digits of the ANDROID_ID to have a friendly
                // default that has low likelihood of collision with a peer
                String id = mFrameworkFacade.getSecureStringSetting(mContext,
                        Settings.Secure.ANDROID_ID);
                return "KidsTAB7";//+ id.substring(0, 4);
            }
            return deviceName;
        }

21、导航栏7列变4列
android\device\softwinner\ceres\common\overlay\overlay_go_2gb\packages\apps\Launcher3\go\res\xml

 <grid-option
        launcher:name="5_by_6"
        launcher:numRows="5"
        launcher:numColumns="6"
        launcher:numFolderRows="4"
        launcher:numFolderColumns="5"
        launcher:numHotseatIcons="4"
        launcher:dbFile="launcher_5_by_6.db"
        launcher:defaultLayoutId="@xml/default_workspace_5x6" >

22、取消谷歌包对apk的影响
android\vendor\aw\public\package\apk\Update
Android.mk文件改名（此处改为Android1.mk），让系统读取不到谷歌包中的该文件
android\device\softwinner\ceres\common\gms\config.mk
23、去掉通话apk信息apk
android\vendor\partner_gms\products\google_go_comms_suite.mk
android\vendor\partner_gms\apps_go\

24、修改Launcher3的Hotseat的位置到右侧的方法
把文件android/packages/apps/Launcher3/res/values-sw720dp/config.xml中的hotseat_transpose_layout_with_orientation由false改为true

/25、壁纸居中
Z:\disk04\zjh_work\MZ\A133_r0\android\frameworks\base\core\java\android\app\WallpaperManager.java

26、Fail修改地址
Z:\disk04\zjh_work\MZ\A133_r0\android\frameworks\base\cmds\am\src\com\android\commands\am\Instrument.java

27、丽色模式对比度最小值
android\packages\apps\Settings\src\com\android\settings\display\AwEnhanceModePreferenceController.java

mContrast.setMin(10);

28、指纹
android\build\make\core\Makefile

29、查看指纹
android\out\target\product\ceres-b6\debug_ramdisk\prop.default
30、OTA差分包
在这里插入图片描述

android\build\tools\releasetools\ota_from_target_files

androidgroup06@androidgroup06:~android$ ota_from_target_files -i ota/smr/ceres_b6-signed_target_files-eng.androidgroup06.zip ota/gms/ceres_b6-signed_target_files-eng.androidgroup06.zip update.zip
需要先把out目录下的lib和framework放到build/tools目录下才能编译

ota_from_target_files -i [target_file_v1.zip] [target_file_v1.zip] ota_inc.zip
[target_file_v1.zip] 表示经过签名的版本V1的TargetFile
[target_file_v1.zip] 表示经过签名的版本V1的TargetFile
[ota_inc.zip] 表示命令输出得到的OTA差分包

Z:\disk04\zjh_work\MZ\A133_r0\android\longan\device\config\chips\a133\configs\b6\sys_config.fex
[dram_para2]
;lpddr4 单200ball 特别注意：使用LPDDR4颗粒的时候，1080P方案的DRAM频率要792M
dram_clk = 768

31、去掉紧急呼叫
在这里插入图片描述

android\frameworks\base\core\res\res\values\config.xml

<!--<item>emergency</item>-->

android\frameworks\base\packages\SystemUI\src\com\android\systemui\globalactions\GlobalActionsDialog.java

//addIfShouldShowAction(tempActions, new EmergencyDialerAction());

//return new EmergencyDialerAction();

在这里插入图片描述

33、编译报错

FAILED: build/make/core/Makefile:49: error: overriding commands for
target `out/target/product/ceres-b6/product/etc/sysconfig/google.xml’,
previously defined at build/make/core/base_rules.mk:492 14:30:03 ckati
failed with: exit status 1

android\vendor\partner_gms\products\gms_go.mk

# Workaround for b/138542583
PRODUCT_COPY_FILES += $(ANDROID_PARTNER_GMS_HOME)/etc/sysconfig/google_go.xml:$(TARGET_COPY_OUT_PRODUCT)/etc/sysconfig/google_go.xml

根据需求表里的GMS Express+来看，如果GMS Express+是则为gms-express.xml，如果如果GMS Express+空则为google_go.xml

34、oem锁灰色
android\vendor\partner_gms\products\gms_go.mk
加上OobConfig

PRODUCT_PACKAGES := \
    AndroidPlatformServices \
    ConfigUpdater \
    GoogleExtShared \
    GoogleFeedback \
    GoogleLocationHistory \
    GoogleOneTimeInitializer \
    GooglePackageInstaller \
    GooglePartnerSetup \
    GooglePrintRecommendationService \
    GoogleRestore \
    GoogleServicesFramework \
    GoogleSpeechServices \
    GoogleCalendarSyncAdapter \
    GoogleContactsSyncAdapter \
    GoogleTTS \
    GmsCoreGo \
    Phonesky \
    SetupWizard \
    WebViewGoogle \
    Wellbeing \
	OobConfig

加上OobConfig
35、定义2GB
android\device\softwinner\ceres\ceres_b6.mk

diff --git a/android/device/softwinner/ceres/ceres_b6.mk 
b/android/device/softwinner/ceres/ceres_b6.mk
index a0c7613be0..9d2136c6c0 100644
--- a/android/device/softwinner/ceres/ceres_b6.mk
+++ b/android/device/softwinner/ceres/ceres_b6.mk
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ PRODUCT_DEVICE_PATH := $(PRODUCT_PLATFORM_PATH)/$(PRODUCT_DEVICE)
 CONFIG_LOW_RAM_DEVICE := true
 CONFIG_SUPPORT_GMS := true
 CONFIG_OTA_FROM_10 := false
+CONFIG_LOW_RAM_2GB_DEVICE := true
 
 
 PRODUCT_COPY_FILES += $(PRODUCT_PREBUILT_PATH)/bImage:kernel

36、Client-id(在这里插入图片描述) 不能为空
Z:\disk04\zjh_work\JH\android\vendor\partner_gms\products\gms_go_2gb.mk
setupwizard.theme=glif_v3_light
ro.com.google.clientidbase=android-along
ro.opa.eligible_device=true \

37、修改电池曲线3000mA
Z:\disk01\A100R\ChengFeng_V2.2\android\longan\device\product\configs\c70w\board.dts

pmu_battery_rdc= <120>;
			pmu_battery_cap = <3000>;
			pmu_runtime_chgcur = <1200>;
			pmu_suspend_chgcur = <1650>;
			pmu_shutdown_chgcur = <1650>;

38、修改分辨率
Z:\disk04\zjh_work\MZ\A133_r0\android\device\softwinner\ceres\ceres-b6\camera\camera.cfg
在这里插入图片描述

39、常见fail

"android.media.cts.MediaPlayerTest#testRecordedVideoPlayback0",
"android.media.cts.MediaPlayerTest#testRecordedVideoPlayback180",
"android.media.cts.MediaPlayerTest#testRecordedVideoPlayback270",
"android.media.cts.MediaPlayerTest#testRecordedVideoPlayback90",

40、安全补丁日期
Z:\disk01\A100R\ChengFeng_V2.2\android\build\make\core\version_defaults.mk

 PLATFORM_SECURITY_PATCH := 2021-12-05

41、制作patch
./makepatch.sh 序列号1 序列号2
42、过SMR需要的OS
android\build\make\tools\buildinfo.sh

echo "ro.build.version.base_os=$PLATFORM_BASE_OS"
功是标量
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pro_apache_third_edition..pdf
08-16
Contents About the Author...............................................................................................xix About the Technical Reviewer and Contributing Author.................xxi Chapter1 Apache and the Internet..............................................1 Apache: The Anatomy of a Web Server.........................................................1 The Apache Source .............................................................................................1 The Apache License............................................................................................1 Support for Apache.............................................................................................2 How Apache Works..............................................................................................3 The Hypertext Transfer Protocol..................................................................7 HTTP Requests and Responses..........................................................................7 HTTP Headers...................................................................................................12 Networking and TCP/IP......................................................................................13 Definitions.........................................................................................................13 Packets and Encapsulation...............................................................................14 ACKs, NAKs, and Other Messages....................................................................15 The TCP/IP Network Model.............................................................................16 Non-IP Protocols...............................................................................................19 IP Addresses and Network Classes...................................................................19 Special IP Addresses..........................................................................................20 Netmasks and Routing......................................................................................21 Web Services: Well-Known Ports......................................................................23 Internet Daemon: The Networking Super Server...........................................24 The Future: IPv6................................................................................................25 Networking Tools...............................................................................................26 Server Hardware...................................................................................................29 Supported Platforms.........................................................................................29 Basic Server Requirements...............................................................................30 Memory..............................................................................................................31 Network Interface..............................................................................................32 Internet Connection.........................................................................................32 Hard Disk and Controller.................................................................................33 Operating System Checklist.............................................................................33 Redundancy and Backup..................................................................................34 Specific Hardware Solutions............................................................................35 Get Someone Else to Do It.............................................................................36 Summary....................................................................................................................36 v 3006_Ch00_CMP2 12/14/03 8:56 AM Page v Chapter 2 Getting Started with Apache.................................37 Installing Apache..............................................................................................38 Getting Apache..................................................................................................38 Installing Apache from Binary Distribution....................................................39 Installing Apache from Source.........................................................................41 Installing Apache from Prebuilt Packages.......................................................41 Installing Apache by Hand...............................................................................45 Upgrading Apache.............................................................................................47 Other Issues.......................................................................................................49 Basic Configuration..........................................................................................50 Decisions............................................................................................................50 Introducing the Master Configuration File.....................................................55 Other Basic Configuration Directives..............................................................56 Starting, Stopping, and Restarting the Server.................................57 Starting Apache on Unix...................................................................................58 Starting Apache on Windows...........................................................................59 Invocation Options...........................................................................................60 Restarting the Server.........................................................................................73 Stopping the Server...........................................................................................75 Starting the Server Automatically....................................................................76 Testing the Server............................................................................................81 Testing with a Browser......................................................................................82 Testing from the Command Line or a Terminal Program..............................82 Testing the Server Configuration Without Starting It.....................................85 Getting the Server Status from the Command Line.......................................86 Using Graphical Configuration Tools.......................................................86 Comanche..........................................................................................................87 TkApache...........................................................................................................91 LinuxConf..........................................................................................................91 Webmin..............................................................................................................91 ApacheConf.......................................................................................................97 Other Configuration Tools................................................................................99 Summary..................................................................................................................100 Chapter 3 Building Apache the Way You Want It...........101 Why Build Apache Yourself?.........................................................................101 Verifying the Apache Source Archive.............................................................103 Building Apache from Source......................................................................105 Configuring and Building Apache.................................................................106 Determining Which Modules to Include.......................................................111 Building Apache As a Dynamic Server..........................................................116 Contents vi 3006_Ch00_CMP2 12/14/03 8:56 AM Page vi Changing the Module Order (Apache 1.3)....................................................118 Checking the Generated Configuration........................................................120 Building Apache from Source As an RPM (Apache 2)..................................122 Advanced Configuration.................................................................................124 Configuring Apache’s Layout..........................................................................124 Choosing a Layout Scheme............................................................................124 Choosing a Multiprocessing Module (Apache 2)..........................................132 Rules (Apache 1.3)...........................................................................................135 Building Apache with suExec support...........................................................137 Configuring Apache’s Supporting Files and Scripts.....................................139 Configuring Apache 2 for Cross-Platform Builds.........................................140 Configuring Apache for Production or Debug Builds..................................142 Configuring Apache for Binary Distribution.................................................143 Configuring Apache’s Library and Include Paths..........................................143 Configuring the Build Environment.........................................................144 Building Modules with configure and apxs..........................................146 Adding Third-Party Modules with configure................................................146 Building Modules with apxs...........................................................................148 Installing Modules with apxs..........................................................................150 Generating Module Templates with apxs......................................................151 Overriding apxs Defaults and Using apxs in makefiles................................152 Summary..................................................................................................................153 Chapter 4 Configuring Apache the Way You Want It...155 Where Apache Looks for Its Configuration..........................................155 Configuration File Syntax...............................................................................156 Configuration for Virtual Hosts......................................................................156 Including Multiple Configuration Files.........................................................157 Per-Directory Configuration..........................................................................159 Conditional Configuration.............................................................................160 How Apache Structures Its Configuration............................................163 Apache’s Container Directives........................................................................164 Directive Types and Locations.......................................................................168 Where Directives Can Go................................................................................171 Container Scope and Nesting.........................................................................172 How Apache Combines Containers and Their Contents.............................174 Legality of Directives in Containers...............................................................175 Options and Overrides....................................................................................176 Enabling and Disabling Features with Options............................................176 Overriding Directives with Per-Directory Configuration.............................179 Contents vii 3006_Ch00_CMP2 12/14/03 8:56 AM Page vii Restricting Access with allow and deny..............................................182 Controlling Access by Name...........................................................................183 Controlling Access by IP Address...................................................................184 Controlling Subnet Access by Network and Netmask..................................185 Controlling Access by HTTP Header.............................................................186 Combining Host-Based Access with User Authentication...........................187 Overriding Host-Based Access.......................................................................188 Directory Listings..........................................................................................188 Enabling and Disabling Directory Indices....................................................189 How mod_autoindex Generates the HTML Page.........................................190 Controlling Which Files Are Seen with IndexIgnore.....................................196 Controlling the Sort Order..............................................................................197 Assigning Icons................................................................................................199 Assigning Descriptions...................................................................................202 Apache’s Environment......................................................................................203 Setting, Unsetting, and Passing Variables from the Shell.............................204 Setting Variables Conditionally......................................................................205 Special Browser Variables...............................................................................207 Detecting Robots with BrowserMatch...........................................................209 Passing Variables to CGI.................................................................................209 Conditional Access Control............................................................................210 Caveats with SetEnvIf vs. SetEnv....................................................................210 Setting Variables with mod_rewrite...............................................................211 Controlling Request and Response Headers..........................................211 Setting Custom Response Headers................................................................213 Setting Custom Request Headers...................................................................215 Inserting Dynamic Values into Headers........................................................216 Setting Custom Headers Conditionally.........................................................217 Retrieving Response Headers from Metadata Files......................................217 Setting Expiry Times.......................................................................................219 Sending Content As-Is....................................................................................222 Controlling the Server Identification Header.................................223 Sending a Content Digest.............................................................................224 Handling the Neighbors.................................................................................225 Controlling Robots with robots.txt................................................................226 Controlling Robots in HTML..........................................................................227 Controlling Robots with Access Control........................................................227 Attracting Robots.............................................................................................228 Making Sure Robots Index the Right Information........................................228 Known Robots, Bad Robots, and Further Reading.......................................229 Summary..................................................................................................................229 Contents viii 3006_Ch00_CMP2 12/14/03 8:56 AM Page viii Chapter 5 Deciding What the Client Needs........................231 Content Handling and Negotiation...........................................................231 File Types.........................................................................................................232 File Encoding...................................................................................................236 File Languages.................................................................................................243 File Character Sets...........................................................................................245 Handling URLs with Extra Path Information................................................247 Content Negotiation.......................................................................................248 Content Negotiation with MultiViews...........................................................250 File Permutations and Valid URLs with MultiViews.....................................256 Magic MIME Types..........................................................................................260 Error and Response Handling......................................................................264 How Apache Handles Errors...........................................................................265 Error and Response Codes.............................................................................265 The ErrorDocument Directive.......................................................................266 Limitations of ErrorDocument......................................................................270 Aliases and Redirection...............................................................................271 Aliases and Script Aliases................................................................................271 Redirections.....................................................................................................273 Rewriting URLs with mod_rewrite.................................................................277 Server-Side Image Maps.................................................................................300 Matching Misspelled URLS............................................................................305 Summary..................................................................................................................306 Chapter 6 Delivering Dynamic Content..................................307 Server-Side Includes......................................................................................308 Enabling SSI.....................................................................................................309 Format of SSI Commands...............................................................................311 The SSI Command Set....................................................................................312 SSI Variables.....................................................................................................312 Passing Trailing Path Information to SSIs (and Other Dynamic Documents).................................................................315 Setting the Date and Error Format.................................................................316 Templating with SSIs.......................................................................................317 Caching Server-Parsed Documents...............................................................319 Identifying Server-Parsed Documents by Execute Permission...................320 CGI: The Common Gateway Interface.........................................................321 CGI and the Environment..............................................................................321 Configuring Apache to Recognize CGI Scripts.............................................323 Setting Up a CGI Directory with ExecCGI: A Simple Way............................327 Triggering CGI Scripts on Events...................................................................330 Contents ix 3006_Ch00_CMP2 12/14/03 8:56 AM Page ix ISINDEX-Style CGI Scripts and Command Line Arguments................332 Writing and Debugging CGI Scripts.........................................................333 A Minimal CGI Script......................................................................................333 Interactive Scripts: A Simple Form................................................................337 Adding Headers...............................................................................................338 Debugging CGI Scripts....................................................................................339 Setting the CGI Daemon Socket.....................................................................345 Limiting CGI Resource Usage.........................................................................346 Actions, Handlers, and Filters................................................................347 Handlers...........................................................................................................348 Filters................................................................................................................354 Dynamic Content and Security....................................................................363 CGI Security Issues..........................................................................................363 Security Advice on the Web............................................................................364 Security Issues with Apache CGI Configuration...........................................364 An Example of an Insecure CGI Script..........................................................365 Known Insecure CGI Scripts...........................................................................370 CGI Wrappers...................................................................................................370 Security Checklist............................................................................................380 Inventing a Better CGI Script with FastCGI......................................381 Summary..................................................................................................................403 Chapter 7 Hosting More Than One Web Site........................405 Implementing User Directories with UserDir......................................406 Enabling and Disabling Specific Users..........................................................407 Redirecting Users to Other Servers................................................................408 Alternative Ways to Implement User Directories.........................................409 Separate Servers..............................................................................................410 Restricting Apache’s Field of View..................................................................411 Specifying Different Configurations and Server Roots................................412 Starting Separate Servers from the Same Configuration.............................412 Sharing External Configuration Files.............................................................413 IP-Based Virtual Hosting.............................................................................414 Multiple IPs, Separate Networks, and Virtual Interfaces..............................415 Configuring What Apache Listens To.............................................................416 Defining IP-Based Virtual Hosts.....................................................................418 Virtual Hosts and the Server-Level Configuration........................................421 Specifying Virtual Host User Privileges..........................................................422 Excluded Directives.........................................................................................426 Default Virtual Hosts....................................................................................427 Contents x 3006_Ch00_CMP2 12/14/03 8:56 AM Page x Name-Based Virtual Hosting.........................................................................428 Defining Named Virtual Hosts.......................................................................428 Server Names and Aliases...............................................................................430 Defining a Default Host for Name-Based Virtual Hosting...........................430 Mixing IP-Based and Name-Based Hosting..................................................431 Issues Affecting Virtual Hosting...........................................................434 Log Files and File Handles..............................................................................434 Virtual Hosts and Server Security..................................................................436 Secure HTTP and Virtual Hosts......................................................................437 Handling HTTP/1.0 Clients with Name-Based Virtual Hosts......................439 Dynamic Virtual Hosting...............................................................................441 Mass Hosting with Virtual-Host Aliases........................................................441 Mapping Hostnames Dynamically with mod_rewrite.................................448 Generating On the Fly and Included Configuration Files with mod_perl..449 Summary..................................................................................................................455 Chapter 8 Improving Apache’s Performance........................457 Apache’s Performance Directives..............................................................458 Configuring MPMs: Processes and Threads..................................................459 Network and IP-Related Performance Directives.........................................470 HTTP-Related Performance Directives.........................................................472 HTTP Limit Directives....................................................................................475 Configuring Apache for Better Performance........................................477 Directives That Affect Performance...............................................................477 Additional Directives for Tuning Performance.............................................482 Benchmarking Apache’s Performance.........................................................490 Benchmarking Apache with ab......................................................................490 Benchmarking Apache with gprof.................................................................495 External Benchmarking Tools........................................................................496 Benchmarking Strategy and Pitfalls...............................................................496 A Performance Checklist...............................................................................497 Proxying................................................................................................................498 Installing and Enabling Proxy Services..........................................................498 Normal Proxy Operation.................................................................................499 Configuring Apache As a Proxy......................................................................500 URL Matching with Directory Containers....................................................502 Blocking Sites via the Proxy............................................................................504 Localizing Remote URLs and Hiding Servers from View.............................504 Relaying Requests to Remote Proxies............................................................508 Proxy Chains and the Via Header...................................................................509 Proxies and Intranets......................................................................................512 Handling Errors...............................................................................................512 Contents xi 3006_Ch00_CMP2 12/14/03 8:56 AM Page xi Timing Out Proxy Requests............................................................................514 Tunneling Other Protocols.............................................................................514 Tuning Proxy Operations................................................................................515 Squid: A High-Performance Proxy Alternative.............................................516 Caching..................................................................................................................516 Enabling Caching............................................................................................516 File-Based Caching.........................................................................................517 In-Memory Caching (Apache 2 Only)............................................................520 Coordinating Memory-Based and Disk-Based Caches................................522 General Cache Configuration.........................................................................522 Maintaining Good Relations with External Caches......................................527 Fault Tolerance and Clustering................................................................529 Backup Server via Redirected Secondary DNS.............................................530 Load Sharing with Round-Robin DNS...........................................................531 Backup Server via Floating IP Address..........................................................531 Hardware Load Balancing..............................................................................532 Clustering with Apache...................................................................................533 Other Clustering Solutions.............................................................................536 Summary..................................................................................................................537 Chapter 9 Monitoring Apache.........................................................539 Logs and Logging..............................................................................................539 Log Files and Security.....................................................................................540 The Error Log...................................................................................................540 Setting the Log Level.......................................................................................541 Logging Errors to the System Log..................................................................542 Transfer Logs...................................................................................................544 Driving Applications Through Logs...............................................................554 Log Rotation....................................................................................................556 Lies, Logs, and Statistics.........................................................................560 What You Can’t Find Out from Logs...............................................................560 Analog: A Log Analyzer...................................................................................561 Server Information..........................................................................................577 Server Status....................................................................................................578 Server Info........................................................................................................581 Securing Access to Server Information.........................................................582 User Tracking.....................................................................................................583 Alternatives to User Tracking.........................................................................584 Cookie Tracking with mod_usertrack............................................................584 URL Tracking with mod_session....................................................................589 Other Session Tracking Options.....................................................................594 Summary..................................................................................................................595 Contents xii 3006_Ch00_CMP2 12/14/03 8:56 AM Page xii Chapter 10Securing Apache..............................................................597 User Authentication........................................................................................597 Apache Authentication Modules...................................................................598 Authentication Configuration Requirements...............................................599 Using Authentication Directives in .htaccess...............................................601 Basic Authentication.......................................................................................601 Digest Authentication.....................................................................................603 Anonymous Authentication...........................................................................606 Setting Up User Information..........................................................................606 Specifying User Requirements.......................................................................614 LDAP Authentication......................................................................................617 Using Multiple Authentication Schemes.......................................................624 Combining User- and Host-Based Authentication......................................626 Securing Basic Authentication with SSL.......................................................627 SSL and Apache...................................................................................................627 Downloading OpenSSL and ModSSL............................................................628 Building and Installing the OpenSSL Library...............................................629 Building and Installing mod_ssl for Apache 2..............................................633 Building and Installing mod_ssl for Apache 1.3...........................................633 Basic SSL Configuration.................................................................................637 Installing a Private Key....................................................................................639 Creating a Certificate Signing Request and Temporary Certificate.............640 Getting a Signed Certificate............................................................................642 Advanced SSL Configuration.........................................................................644 Server-Level Configuration............................................................................644 Client Certification..........................................................................................657 Using Client Certification with User Authentication..................659 SSL and Logging..............................................................................................660 SSL Environment Variables and CGI.............................................................662 SSL and Virtual Hosts......................................................................................666 Advanced Features..........................................................................................668 Summary..................................................................................................................671 Chapter 11Improving Web Server Security..........................673 Apache Features.................................................................................................673 Unwanted Files................................................................................................674 Automatic Directory Indices..........................................................................674 Symbolic Links................................................................................................675 Server-Side Includes.......................................................................................676 ISINDEX-Style CGI Scripts.............................................................................677 Server Tokens...................................................................................................677 Contents xiii 3006_Ch00_CMP2 12/14/03 8:56 AM Page xiii File Permissions..............................................................................................678 Viewing Server Information with mod_info..........................................679 Restricting Server Privileges..................................................................679 Restricting Access by Hostname and IP Address...............................680 Other Server Security Measures................................................................682 Dedicated Server..............................................................................................682 File Integrity...................................................................................................683 md5sum...........................................................................................................684 Tripwire............................................................................................................685 Hardening the Server......................................................................................686 Minimizing Services........................................................................................686 Port Scanning with nmap ..............................................................................688 Probing with Nessus.......................................................................................689 Hardening Windows 2000 and XP..................................................................689 Disabling Network Services.........................................................................690 File Transfer Protocol (FTP)............................................................................690 telnet................................................................................................................690 rlogin, rsh, rexec, rcp.......................................................................................690 Network Filesystem (NFS)..............................................................................690 sendmail/Other Mail Transport Agents (MTAs)...........................................691 Restricting Services with TCP Wrappers........................................................691 Security Fixes, Alerts, and Online Resources.................................693 The WWW Security FAQ..................................................................................693 The BugTraQ Mailing List and Archive..........................................................693 Operating System Newsletters.......................................................................693 Package and Module Notification..................................................................694 Removing Important Data from the Server............................................694 Enabling Secure Logins with SSH..............................................................694 Building and Installing OpenSSH..................................................................695 Authentication Strategies...............................................................................698 Configuring SSH..............................................................................................699 Testing SSH......................................................................................................702 Expanding SSH to Authenticate Users..........................................................703 Secure Server Backups with Rsync and SSH.................................................704 Forwarding Client Connections to Server Applications...............................705 Firewalls and Multifacing Servers.........................................................706 Types of Firewall..............................................................................................706 Designing the Network Topology...................................................................707 Running Apache Under a Virtual chroot Root Directory................709 What chroot Is.................................................................................................709 What chroot Isn’t.............................................................................................710 Setting Up Apache for chroot Operation.......................................................711 Contents xiv 3006_Ch00_CMP2 12/14/03 8:56 AM Page xiv Server Security Checklist...........................................................................723 Avoid Root Services.........................................................................................723 Maintain Logs Properly..................................................................................723 Keep It Simple..................................................................................................724 Block Abusive Clients......................................................................................724 Have an Effective Backup and Restore Process............................................725 Plan for High Availability, Capacity, and Disaster Recovery........................725 Monitor the Server..........................................................................................725 Take Care with Information Flow...................................................................726 Choose an Effective robots.txt Policy............................................................726 Summary..................................................................................................................726 Chapter 12Extending Apache............................................................727 WebDAV....................................................................................................................727 Adding WebDAV to Apache.............................................................................728 The WebDAV Protocol.....................................................................................729 Configuring Apache for WebDAV...................................................................731 Restricting Options and Disabling Overrides...............................................734 WebDAV and Virtual Hosts.............................................................................735 Configuring the DAV Lock Time.....................................................................735 Limitations of File-Based Repositories..........................................................736 Protecting WebDAV Servers............................................................................737 More Advanced Configurations.....................................................................737 Cooperating with CGI and Other Content Handlers....................................740 ISAPI......................................................................................................................741 Supported ISAPI Support Functions.............................................................742 Configuring ISAPI Extensions........................................................................743 Setting the Maximum Initial Request Data Size...........................................744 Logging ISAPI Extensions...............................................................................745 Preloading and Caching ISAPI Extensions....................................................746 Handling Asynchronous ISAPI Extensions...................................................746 Perl.........................................................................................................................746 Building and Installing mod_perl..................................................................748 Migrating mod_perl from Apache 1.3 to Apache 2.......................................755 Configuring and Implementing Perl Handlers.............................................758 Configuring and Implementing Perl Filters..................................................771 Warnings, Taint Mode, and Debugging.........................................................772 Managing Perl Threads in mod_perl 2...........................................................774 Initializing Modules at Startup.......................................................................779 Restarting mod_perl and Auto-Reloading Modules.....................................780 Creating a mod_perl Status Page...................................................................782 Running CGI Scripts Under mod_perl..........................................................782 Contents xv 3006_Ch00_CMP2 12/14/03 8:56 AM Page xv CGI Caveats......................................................................................................785 Passing Variables to Perl Handlers.................................................................787 Using mod_perl with Server-Side Includes...................................................788 Embedding Perl in HTML...............................................................................789 Embedding Perl in Apache’s Configuration..................................................794 PHP...........................................................................................................................795 Installing PHP..................................................................................................796 Getting the PHP source...................................................................................796 Configuring Apache to Work with PHP..........................................................802 Configuring PHP.............................................................................................803 Testing PHP with Apache................................................................................807 Tomcat/Java.........................................................................................................807 So What Is Tomcat?..........................................................................................807 Installation.......................................................................................................808 Tomcat Configuration.....................................................................................813 mod_jk.............................................................................................................818 Mod_python....................................................................................................829 mod_ruby.........................................................................................................835 Summary..................................................................................................................839 Index....................................................................................................................843
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