4 高级特性
4.1 切片
>>> L = ['Michael', 'Sarah', 'Tracy', 'Bob', 'Jack']
取前三个元素:
>>> L[0:3]
['Michael', 'Sarah', 'Tracy']
第一个元素是0可省略:
>>> L[:3]
['Michael', 'Sarah', 'Tracy']
其他取法:
>>> L[1:3]
['Sarah', 'Tracy']
>>> L[-2:]
['Bob', 'Jack']
>>> L[-2:-1]
['Bob']
创建一个0-99的数列:
>>> L = list(range(100))
>>> L
[0, 1, 2, 3, ..., 99]
各种取法:
前10个数,每两个取一个:
>>> L[:10:2]
[0, 2, 4, 6, 8]
所有数,每5个取一个:
>>> L[::5]
[0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95]
只写[:]就可以原样复制一个list:
>>> L[:]
[0, 1, 2, 3, ..., 99]
tuple也可以用切片操作,操作的结果仍是tuple:
>>> (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5)[:3]
(0, 1, 2)
字符串也可以用切片操作,操作结果仍是字符串:
>>> 'ABCDEFG'[:3]
'ABC'
>>> 'ABCDEFG'[::2]
'ACEG'
4.2 迭代
dict 默认迭代 key:
>>> d = {'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3}
>>> for key in d:
... print(key)
...
a
c
b
dict 迭代 value:
for value in d.values()
dict 迭代 key和 value:
for k, v in d.items()
迭代字符串:
>>> for ch in 'ABC':
... print(ch)
...
A
B
C
判断是否可迭代:
>>> from collections import Iterable
>>> isinstance('abc', Iterable) # str是否可迭代
True
>>> isinstance([1,2,3], Iterable) # list是否可迭代
True
>>> isinstance(123, Iterable) # 整数是否可迭代
False
在 for 循环中同时迭代索引和元素本身:
>>> for i, value in enumerate(['A', 'B', 'C']):
... print(i, value)
...
0 A
1 B
2 C
for 循环引用两个变量:
>>> for x, y in [(1, 1), (2, 4), (3, 9)]:
... print(x, y)
...
1 1
2 4
3 9
4.3 列表生成式
生成list [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]:
>>> list(range(1, 11))
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
生成[1x1, 2x2, 3x3, …, 10x10]有两个方法
- 循环:
>>> L = []
>>> for x in range(1, 11):
... L.append(x * x)
...
>>> L
[1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100]
- 列表生成式:
>>> [x * x for x in range(1, 11)]
[1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100]
筛选出仅偶数的平方:
>>> [x * x for x in range(1, 11) if x % 2 == 0]
[4, 16, 36, 64, 100]
两层循环,可以生成全排列:
>>> [m + n for m in 'ABC' for n in 'XYZ']
['AX', 'AY', 'AZ', 'BX', 'BY', 'BZ', 'CX', 'CY', 'CZ']
列出当前目录下的所有文件和目录名:
>>> import os # 导入os模块,模块的概念后面讲到
>>> [d for d in os.listdir('.')] # os.listdir可以列出文件和目录
['.emacs.d', '.ssh', '.Trash', 'Adlm', 'Applications', 'Desktop', 'Documents', 'Downloads', 'Library', 'Movies', 'Music', 'Pictures', 'Public', 'VirtualBox VMs', 'Workspace', 'XCode']
dict的items()同时迭代key和value:
>>> d = {'x': 'A', 'y': 'B', 'z': 'C' }
>>> for k, v in d.items():
... print(k, '=', v)
...
y = B
x = A
z = C
列表生成式使用两个变量来生成list:
>>> d = {'x': 'A', 'y': 'B', 'z': 'C' }
>>> [k + '=' + v for k, v in d.items()]
['y=B', 'x=A', 'z=C']
把一个list中所有的字符串变成小写:
>>> L = ['Hello', 'World', 'IBM', 'Apple']
>>> [s.lower() for s in L]
['hello', 'world', 'ibm', 'apple']
4.4 生成器
把一个列表生成式的[]改成(),就创建了一个generator:
>>> L = [x * x for x in range(10)]
>>> L
[0, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81]
>>> g = (x * x for x in range(10))
>>> g
<generator object <genexpr> at 0x1022ef630>
next()函数获得generator的下一个返回值:
>>> next(g)
0
>>> next(g)
1
>>> next(g)
4
>>> next(g)
9
>>> next(g)
16
>>> next(g)
25
>>> next(g)
36
>>> next(g)
49
>>> next(g)
64
>>> next(g)
81
>>> next(g)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
StopIteration
使用for循环:
>>> g = (x * x for x in range(10))
>>> for n in g:
... print(n)
...
0
1
4
9
16
25
36
49
64
81
斐波拉契数列:
def fib(max):
n, a, b = 0, 0, 1
while n < max:
print(b)
a, b = b, a + b
n = n + 1
return 'done'
把fib函数变成generator:
def fib(max):
n, a, b = 0, 0, 1
while n < max:
yield b
a, b = b, a + b
n = n + 1
return 'done'
4.5 迭代器
使用isinstance()判断一个对象是否是Iterable对象:
>>> from collections import Iterable
>>> isinstance([], Iterable)
True
>>> isinstance({}, Iterable)
True
>>> isinstance('abc', Iterable)
True
>>> isinstance((x for x in range(10)), Iterable)
True
>>> isinstance(100, Iterable)
False
使用isinstance()判断一个对象是否是Iterator对象:
>>> from collections import Iterator
>>> isinstance((x for x in range(10)), Iterator)
True
>>> isinstance([], Iterator)
False
>>> isinstance({}, Iterator)
False
>>> isinstance('abc', Iterator)
False
使用 iter() 函数把 list、dict、str 等 Iterable 变成 Iterator
>>> isinstance(iter([]), Iterator)
True
>>> isinstance(iter('abc'), Iterator)
True