python常用函数集合

python部分函数

zip() 函数

zip() 函数用于将可迭代的对象作为参数，将对象中对应的元素打包成一个个元组，然后返回由这些元组组成的列表。如果各个迭代器的元素个数不一致，则返回列表长度与最短的对象相同，利用 * 号操作符，可以将元组解压为列表。
zip 方法在 Python 2 和 Python 3 中的不同：在 Python 3.x 中为了减少内存，zip() 返回的是一个对象。如需展示列表，需手动 list() 转换。

zip函数：zip([iterable, ...])

pytorch部分函数

view() 函数

import numpy as np
import torch

x = torch.Tensor(2, 2, 2)

y = x.view(1, 8)    #输出维度：1*8
z = x.view(-1, 4)  # -1表示维数自动判断，此输出的维度为：2*4
t = x.view(8)      #输出维度 ：   8*1

t = x.view(-1)   #输出维度： 1*8

torch.mul() 和 torch.mm()

torch.mul(a, b)是矩阵a和b对应位相乘，a和b的维度必须相等，比如a的维度是(1, 2)，b的维度是(1, 2)，返回的仍是(1, 2)的矩阵
torch.mm(a, b)是矩阵a和b矩阵相乘，比如a的维度是(1, 2)，b的维度是(2, 3)，返回的就是(1, 3)的矩阵

import torch

a = torch.rand(1, 2)
b = torch.rand(1, 2)
c = torch.rand(2, 3)

print(torch.mul(a, b))  # 返回 1*2 的tensor
print(torch.mm(a, c))   # 返回 1*3 的tensor
print(torch.mul(a, c))  # 由于a、b维度不同，报错

torch.nn.init初始化函数

import torch
import torch.nn as nn

w = torch.empty(2, 3)
1. 均匀分布 - u(a, b)
torch.nn.init.uniform_(tensor, a=0, b=1)
nn.init.uniform_(w)
# tensor([[ 0.0578,  0.3402,  0.5034],
#         [ 0.7865,  0.7280,  0.6269]])
2. 正态分布 - N(mean, std)
torch.nn.init.normal_(tensor, mean=0, std=1)
nn.init.normal_(w)
# tensor([[ 0.3326,  0.0171, -0.6745],
#        [ 0.1669,  0.1747,  0.0472]])
3. 常数 - 固定值 val
torch.nn.init.constant_(tensor, val)
nn.init.constant_(w, 0.3)
# tensor([[ 0.3000,  0.3000,  0.3000],
#         [ 0.3000,  0.3000,  0.3000]])
4. 对角线为1， 其它为0
torch.nn.init.eye_(tensor)
nn.init.eye_(w)
# tensor([[ 1.,  0.,  0.],
#         [ 0.,  1.,  0.]])
5. Dirac delta 函数初始化，仅适用于 {3, 4, 5}-维的 torch.Tensor
torch.nn.init.dirac_(tensor)
w1 = torch.empty(3, 16, 5, 5)
nn.init.dirac_(w1)
6. xavier_uniform 初始化
torch.nn.init.xavier_uniform_(tensor, gain=1)
# From - Understanding the difficulty of training deep feedforward neural networks - Bengio 2010
nn.init.xavier_uniform_(w, gain=nn.init.calculate_gain('relu'))
# tensor([[ 1.3374,  0.7932, -0.0891],
#         [-1.3363, -0.0206, -0.9346]])
7. xavier_normal 初始化
torch.nn.init.xavier_normal_(tensor, gain=1)
nn.init.xavier_normal_(w)
# tensor([[-0.1777,  0.6740,  0.1139],
#         [ 0.3018, -0.2443,  0.6824]])
# 8. kaiming_uniform 初始化
# From - Delving deep into rectifiers: Surpassing human-level performance on ImageNet classification - He Kaiming 2015
# torch.nn.init.kaiming_uniform_(tensor, a=0, mode='fan_in', nonlinearity='leaky_relu')
nn.init.kaiming_uniform_(w, mode='fan_in', nonlinearity='relu')
# tensor([[ 0.6426, -0.9582, -1.1783],
#         [-0.0515, -0.4975,  1.3237]])
# 9. kaiming_normal 初始化
# torch.nn.init.kaiming_normal_(tensor, a=0, mode='fan_in', nonlinearity='leaky_relu')
nn.init.kaiming_normal_(w, mode='fan_out', nonlinearity='relu')
# tensor([[ 0.2530, -0.4382,  1.5995],
#         [ 0.0544,  1.6392, -2.0752]])
# 10. 正交矩阵 - (semi)orthogonal matrix
# From - Exact solutions to the nonlinear dynamics of learning in deep linear neural networks - Saxe 2013
# torch.nn.init.orthogonal_(tensor, gain=1)
nn.init.orthogonal_(w)
# tensor([[ 0.5786, -0.5642, -0.5890],
#         [-0.7517, -0.0886, -0.6536]])
# 11. 稀疏矩阵 - sparse matrix 
# 非零元素采用正态分布 N(0, 0.01) 初始化.
# From - Deep learning via Hessian-free optimization - Martens 2010
# torch.nn.init.sparse_(tensor, sparsity, std=0.01)
nn.init.sparse_(w, sparsity=0.1)
# tensor(1.00000e-03 *
#        [[-0.3382,  1.9501, -1.7761],
#         [ 0.0000,  0.0000,  0.0000]])