500个你需要了解的linux命令

1) System Information Commands

1. arch: used to print the computer architecture (shows the architecture of the machine 1).
2. uname -m: command is used to print the machine hardware name (shows the machine 2 architecture).
3. uname -a: This Linux command is used to show all the system information in the following order: Kernal name, network node hostname, kernel release date, kernel version, machine hardware name, platform, and OS.
4. uname -s: shows the kernel name.
5. uname -n: shows the hostname of the network node.
6. uname -v: shows the current version of the kernel.
7. uname -p: shows the type of processor.
8. uname -i: shows the platform of hardware (i.e., x86_64)
9. uname -o: shows the name of the operating system.
10. uname -r: shows the kernel release date.
11. dmidecode -q: shows the components (hardware) of the system.
12. hdparm -i /dev/hda: command is used to show a hard disk’s characteristics.
13. hdparm -tT /dev/sda: Linux command is used to perform read test on a hard drive.
14. cat /proc/cpuinfo: shows CPU information.
15. cat /proc/interrupts: shows interrupts.
16. cat /proc/meminfo: checks memory usage.
17. cat /proc/swaps: shows the total and used swap size.
18. cat /proc/version: shows the kernel version.
19. cat /proc/net/dev: shows network adapters and statistics.
20. cat /proc/mounts: shows mounted filesystem.
21. lspci -tv: shows PCI devices.
22. lsusb -tv: shows USB devices.
23. date: shows the system date.
24. cal 2020: shows the almanac for 2020.
25. cal 07 2020: shows the almanac for July 2020.
26. date 041217002020.00: sets (declare, set) date and time.
27. clock -w: saves date changes in BIOS.

2) Shutdown (Reboot System or Log Out) Commands

1. shutdown -h now: shutdowns the system (1).
2. init 0: shutdowns system (2).
3. telinit 0: shutdowns the system (3).
4. halt: shutdowns the system (4).
5. shutdown -h hours: minutes &: scheduled system shutdown.
6. shutdown -c: cancels a scheduled system shutdown.
7. shutdown -r now: restart (1).
8. reboot: reboot (2).
9. logout: log out.

3) Files and Directories Commands

1. cd /home: enters the “home” directory.
2. cd …: used for going back one level.
3. cd …/ …: used for going back 2 levels.
4. cd: used for going to the root directory.
5. cd ~ user1: used for going to the user1 directory.
6. cd –: used for going (return) to the previous directory.
7. pwd: shows the path of the working directory.
8. ls: is used to view the files in a directory.
9. ls -F: is used to view files in a directory.
10. ls -l: shows the details of files and folders in a directory.
11. ls -a: shows hidden files.
12. ls * [0-9] *: shows files and folders that contain numbers.
13. tree: shows files and folders in tree form starting from the root. (1)
14. lstree: shows files and folders as a tree starting from the root. (2)
15. mkdir dir1: creates a folder or directory named ‘dir1’.
16. mkdir dir1 dir2: creates two folders or directories simultaneously (Create two directories at the same time).
17. mkdir -p /tmp/dir1/dir2: creates a directory tree.
18. rm -f file1: is used to delete the file named ‘file1’.
19. rmdir dir1: is used to delete the folder named ‘dir1’.
20. rm -rf dir1: is used to delete a folder named ‘dir1’ with its contents recursively. (If I delete it recursively, I am saying that it is with its content).
21. rm -rf dir1 dir2: is used to delete two folders (directories) with their content recursively.
22. mv dir1 new_dir: is used to rename or move a file or folder (directory).
23. cp file1: is used to copy a file.
24. cp file1 file2: is used to copy two files in unison.
25. cp dir / *.: is used to copy all files from a directory into the current working directory.
26. cp -a /tmp/dir1.: is used to copy a directory within the current working directory.
27. cp -a dir1: is used to copy a directory.
28. cp -a dir1 dir2: is used to copy two directories in unison.
29. ln -s file1 lnk1: creates a symbolic link to the file or directory.
30. ln file1 lnk1: creates a hard link to the file or directory.
31. touch -t 0712250000 file1: is used to modify the real time (creation time) of a file or directory.
32. file file1: is used to output (dump on screen) of the mime type of a text file.
33. iconv -l: used to show the lists of known ciphers.
34. iconv -f fromEncoding -t toEncoding inputFile> outputFile: the given command creates a new form of the input file suppose it is encoded in fromEncoding and converting it to ToEncoding.
35. find. -maxdepth 1 -name * .jpg -print -exec convert “{}” -resize 80 × 60 “thumbs / {}” \;: group resized files in the current directory and send them to directories in thumbnail views (requires converting from ImagemagicK).

4) Find files Commands

1. find / -name file1: find file and directory starting from system root.
2. find / -user user1: this command is used to find files and directories belonging to user’ user1′.
3. find/home/user1 -name\*.bin: find files with extension ‘. bin ‘inside the directory’ / home / user1 ‘.
4. find /usr/bin -type f -atime +100: find binary files not used in the last 100 days.
5. find /usr/bin -type f -mtime -10: find files created or changed within the last 10 days.
6. find / -name \ *. rpm -exec chmod 755 ‘{}’ \;: search for files with ‘.rpm’ extension and modify permissions.
7. find / -xdev -name \ *. rpm: Search for files with ‘.rpm’ extension ignoring removable devices like cdrom, pen-drive, etc. …
8. locate \ *. ps: find files with the ‘.ps’ extension first executed with the ‘updatedb’ command.
9. whereis halt: show the location of a binary, help, or source file. In this case, it asks where the ‘halt’ command is.
10. which halt: show the full path (the full path) to a binary/executable.

5) Mounting a Filesystem Commands

1. mount /dev/hda2/mnt/hda2: Using this command, you can mount a disk named hda2. Check first the existence of the directory ‘/ mnt / hda2’; if it is not, you must create it.
2. umount /dev/hda2: Using this command, you can unmount a disk named hda2. First exit from point ‘/ mnt / hda2.
3. fuser -km/mnt/hda2: Using this command, you can force unmount when a a device is busy.
4. umount -n /mnt/hda2: Using this command, you can run the unmount without reading the / etc / mtab. However, it is used when the file is read-only, or the hard drive is full.
5. mount /dev/fd0/mnt/floppy: You can mount a floppy disk.
6. mount /dev/cdrom/mnt/cdrom: run this command and mount a cdrom / dvdrom.
7. mount /dev/hdc/mnt/cdrecorder: Using this command, you can easily mount a rewritable cd or dvdrom.
8. mount /dev/hdb/mnt/cdrecorder: with the help of this command, you can mount a rewritable cd / dvdrom (a dvd).
9. mount -o loop file.iso /mnt/cdrom: If you want to mount an iso file or image, then run the given command.
10. mount -t vfat /dev/hda5/mnt/hda5: using this command, you can mount a FAT32 filesystem.
11. mount / dev/sda1/mnt/usbdisk: using this command, you can mount a USB pen-drive or a memory (without specifying the type of filesystem).

6) Disk Space Commands

1. df -h: displays a list of mounted partitions.
2. ls -lSr | more: shows the size of the files and directories ordered by size.
3. du -sh dir1: Using this command, you can easily estimate the space used by the directory ‘dir1’.
4. du -sk * | sort -rn: shows the size of the files and directories ordered by size.
5. rpm -q -a –qf ‘% 10 {SIZE} t% {NAME} n’ | sort -k1,1n: shows the space used by the installed rpm packages organized by size (Fedora, Redhat and others).
6. dpkg-query -W -f = ‘$ {Installed-Size; 10} t $ {Package} n’ | sort -k1,1n: shows the space used by installed packages, organized by size (Ubuntu, Debian and others).

7) Users and Groups Commands

1. groupadd group_name – It is used to create a new group.
2. groupdel group_name: It is used to delete a group.
3. groupmod -n new_group_name old_group_name: It is used to rename a group.
4. useradd -c “Name Surname” -g admin -d /home/user1 -s /bin/bash user1: It is used to create a new user belonging to the group “admin”.
5. useradd user1: With the help of this command, you can create a new user.
6. userdel -r user1: to delete a user, you can use this command (‘-r’ removes the Home directory).
7. usermod -c “User FTP ” -g system -d /ftp/user1 -s/bin/nologin user1: You can change the user attributes using the given command.
8. passwd: This command is used to change the password.
9. passwd user1: If you want to change a user’s password (only by root), you can proceed with this command.
10. chage -E 2020-12-31 user1: if you want to put a term for the user’s password, then use the given Linux command, and the key will expire on December 31, 2020.
11. pwck: is used to verify the integrity of the system authentication information, including correct syntax, the file format of ‘/ etc / passwd’, and the existence of users.
12. grpck: command is used to check the correct syntax and format of the file ‘/ etc / group’ and groups’ existence.
13. newgrp group_name: Run the given command to register a new group to change the newly created files’ default group.

8) Permissions in Files (Use “+” to place permissions and “-” to remove) Commands

1. ls -lh: Shows permissions.
2. ls /tmp | pr -T5 -W $ COLUMNS: divides the terminal into five columns.
3. chmod ugo + rwx directory1: It will set read ®, write (w) and execute (x) permissions to owner (u), group (g) and others (o) on directory ‘directory1’.
4. chmod go-rwx directory1: removes read permission ®, write (w) and (x) execute to group (g) and others (o) on directory ‘directory1’.
5. chown user1 file1: changes the owner of a file.
6. chown -R user1 directory1: changes the directory owner and all files and directories contained within.
7. chgrp group1 file1: changes group of files.
8. chown user1: group1 file1: changes user and group that owns a file.
9. find / -perm -u + s: use this command to view all files on the system with SUID configured.
10. chmod u + s /bin/file1: put the SUID (Set User ID) bit in a binary file. The user running that file acquires the same privileges as the owner.
11. chmod us /bin/file1: disable the SUID (Set User ID) bit in a binary file. 100
12. chmod g + s /home/public: put an SGID (Set User ID) bit in a directory –similar to SUID but per directory.
13. chmod gs /home/public: disable an SGID (Set User ID) bit in a directory.
14. chmod o + t /home/public: put a STICKY bit in a directory. Allows file deletion only to legitimate owners.
15. chmod ot /home/public: disable a STICKY bit in a directory.

9) Special attributes in files (Use “+” to set permissions and “-” to remove) Commands

1. chattr + a file1: allows writing by opening a file only append mode.
2. chattr + c file1: enable a file to be automatically compressed/decompressed.
3. chattr + d file1: ensure that the program ignores deleting files during backup.
4. chattr + i file1: makes the file invariable, so it cannot be deleted, altered, renamed, or linked.
5. chattr + s file1: allows a file to be safely deleted.
6. chattr + S file1: this Linux command ensures that a file is modified and changes are written synchronously with sync.
7. chattr + u file1: allows you to retrieve a file’s content even if it is canceled.
8. lsattr: show special attributes.

10) Archives and compressed files Commands

1. bunzip2 file1.bz2: linux command is used to unzip a file named ‘file1.bz2’.
2. bzip2 file1: It will compress a file named ‘file1’.
3. gunzip file1.gz: using the given command, you can unzip a file called ‘file1.gz’.
4. gzip file1: It will compress a file named ‘file1’.
5. gzip -9 file1: the command is used to compress with maximum compression.
6. rar to file1.rar test_file: will create a rar file called ‘file1.rar’.
7. rar to file1.rar file1 file2 dir1: It will compress ‘file1’, ‘file2’ and ‘dir1’ simultaneously.
8. unrar x file1.rar: is used to unzip or extract the rar files in the full path.
9. tar -cvf archive.tar file1: with the help of this command, you can create an unzipped tarball.
10. tar -cvf archive.tar file1 file2 dir1: creates an archive containing ‘file1’, ‘file2 ′ and’dir1’.
11. tar -tf archive.tar: it is used to display the contents of an archive.
12. tar -xvf archive.tar: to extract a tarball.
13. tar -xvf archive.tar -C / tmp: extract a tarball in / tmp.
14. tar -cvfj archive.tar.bz2 dir1: create a compressed tarball inside bzip2.
15. tar -xvfj archive.tar.bz2: decompress a tar archive compressed in bzip2
16. tar -cvfz archive.tar.gz dir1: This command is used to create a gzipped tarball.
17. tar -xvfz archive.tar.gz: Unzip a gzipped tar archive.
18. zip file1.zip file1 – You can create a compressed zip file.
19. zip -r file1.zip file1 file2 dir1: zip multiple files and directories simultaneously.
20. unzip file1.zip: unzip a zip file.

11) RPM packages (Red Hat, Fedora, and the similar) Commands

1. rpm -ivh package.rpm: install an rpm package.
2. rpm -ivh –nodeeps package.rpm: install an rpm package ignoring dependency requests.
3. rpm -U package.rpm: update a rpm package without changing the configuration of the files.
4. rpm -F package.rpm: update an rpm package only if it is installed.
5. rpm -e package_name.rpm: remove a rpm package.
6. rpm -qa: show all rpm packages installed on the system.
7. rpm -qa | grep httpd: show all rpm packages with the name “httpd”.
8. rpm -qi package_name: get information on a specific installed package.
9. rpm -qg “System Environment/Daemons”: show the rpm packages of a software group.
10. rpm -ql package_name: show the list of files given by an installed rpm package.
11. rpm -qc package_name: show configuration list of files given by an installed rpm package.
12. rpm -q package_name –whatrequires: show requested a list of dependencies for an rpm package.
13. rpm -q package_name –whatprovides: show the capacity given by a rpm package.
14. rpm -q package_name –scripts: show scripts started during installation / removal.
15. rpm -q package_name –changelog: show the revision history of a rpm package.
16. rpm -qf /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf: check which rpm package belongs to a given file.
17. rpm -qp package.rpm -l: show a list of files given by an rpm package that has not yet been installed.
18. rpm –import/media/cdrom/RPM-GPG-KEY: import the digital signature of the public key.
19. rpm –checksig package.rpm: check the integrity of an rpm package.
20. rpm -qa gpg-pubkey: verify the integrity of all installed rpm packages.
21. rpm -V package_name: check file size, licenses, types, owner, group, MD5 summary check and last modification.
22. rpm -Va: check all rpm packages installed on the system. Use with care.
23. rpm -Vp package.rpm: check an rpm package not installed yet.
24. rpm2cpio package.rpm | cpio –extract –make-directories * bin *: extract executable file from rpm package.
25. rpm -ivh /usr/src/redhat/RPMS/`arch`/package.rpm: install a package built from a rpm source.
26. rpmbuild –rebuild package_name.src.rpm: build an rpm package from an rpm source.

12. YUM Package Updater (Red Hat, Fedora, and the similar) Commands

1. yum install package_name: download and install an rpm package.
2. yum localinstall package_name.rpm: this will install an RPM and try to resolve all dependencies for you, using your repositories.
3. yum update package_name.rpm: update all rpm packages installed on the system.
4. yum update package_name: update / update a rpm package.
5. yum remove package_name: remove an rpm package.
6. yum list: list all packages installed on the system.
7. yum search package_name: Find a package in the rpm repository.
8. yum clean packages: clean an rpm cache by deleting the downloaded packages.
9. yum clean headers: remove all header files that the system uses to resolve the dependency.
10. yum clean all: remove from cache packages and header files.

13) Deb packages (Debian, Ubuntu, and derivatives) Commands

1. dpkg -i package.deb: install / update a deb package.
2. dpkg -r package_name: remove a deb package from the system.
3. dpkg -l: show all deb packages installed on the system.
4. dpkg -l | grep httpd: show all deb packages with the name “httpd”
5. dpkg -s package_name: get information on a specific package installed on the system.
6. dpkg -L package_name: show list of files given by a package installed on the system.
7. dpkg –contents package.deb: show list of files given by a package not installed yet.
8. dpkg -S /bin/ping: check which package belongs to a given file.

14) APT Package Updater (Debian, Ubuntu and derivatives) Commands

1. apt-get install package_name: install / update a deb package.
2. apt-cdrom install package_name: install / update a deb package from a cdrom.
3. apt-get update: update the package list.
4. apt-get upgrade: upgrade all installed packages.
5. apt-get remove package_name: remove a deb package from the system.
6. apt-get check: verify the correct resolution of the dependencies.
7. apt-get clean: clear cache from downloaded packages.
8. apt-cache search searched-package: returns a list of packages that corresponds to the series “searched packages”.

15) View the content of a file Commands

1. cat file1: view a file’s contents starting from the first row.
2. tac file1: view the contents of a file starting from the last line.
3. more file1: view the content throughout a file.
4. less file1: similar to the ‘more’ command but allows saving the movement in the file and the movement backward.
5. head -2 file1: see the first two lines of a file.
6. tail -2 file1: see the last two lines of a file.
7. tail -f /var/log/messages: see what has been added to the file in real time.

16) Text manipulation Commands

1. cat file1 file2 … | command <> file1_in.txt_or_file1_out.txt – General syntax for manipulating text using PIPE, STDIN, and STDOUT.
2. cat file1 | command (sed, grep, awk, grep, etc …)> result.txt: general syntax to manipulate a text in a file and write the result in a new file.
3. cat file1 | command (sed, grep, awk, grep, etc …) »result.txt: general syntax to manipulate a text from a file and add results to an existing file.
4. grep Aug /var/log/messages: search for words “Aug” in the file ‘/ var / log / messages’.
5. grep ^ Aug /var/log/messages: find words starting with “Aug” in file ‘/ var / log / messages’
6. grep [0-9] /var/log/messages: select all lines in the file ‘/ var / log / messages’ that contain numbers.
7. grep Aug -R /var/log / *: Find the string “Aug” in the directory ‘/ var / log’ and below.
8. sed ‘s /stringa1/stringa2/g’ example.txt: relocate “string1” with “string2” in example.txt
9. sed ‘/ ^ $ / d’ example.txt: remove all blank lines from example.txt
10. sed ‘/ * # / d; / ^ $ / d ‘example.txt: remove comments and blank lines from example.txt
11. echo ‘esempio’ | tr ‘[: lower:]’ ‘[: upper:]’: Convert lowercase to uppercase.
12. sed -e ‘1d’ result.txt: remove the first line from the file example.txt
13. sed -n ‘/stringa1/p’: display only the lines that contain the word “string1”.

17) Set character and file conversion Commands

1. dos2unix filedos.txt fileunix.txt: convert a text file format from MSDOS to UNIX.
2. unix2dos fileunix.txt filedos.txt: convert a text file format from UNIX to MSDOS.
3. recode … HTML <page.txt> page.html: convert a text file into html.
4. recode -l | more: show all available format conversions.

18) File system analysis Commands

1. badblocks -v /dev/hda1: Check for bad blocks on disk hda1.
2. fsck /dev/hda1: repair / check the Linux system file’s integrity on disk hda1.
3. fsck.ext2 /dev/hda1: repair / check the integrity of the ext 2 system file on disk hda1.
4. e2fsck /dev/hda1: repair / check the integrity of the ext 2 system file on disk hda1.
5. e2fsck -j /dev/hda1: repair / check the integrity of the ext 3 system file on disk hda1.
6. fsck.ext3 /dev/hda1: repair / check integrity of system file ext 3 on disk hda1.
7. fsck.vfat /dev/hda1: repair / check the integrity of the fat system file on disk hda1.
8. fsck.msdos /dev/hda1: repair / check the integrity of a system dos file on disk hda1.
9. dosfsck /dev/hda1: repair / check the integrity of a system dos file on disk hda1.

19) Format a filesystem Commands

1. mkfs /dev/hda1: create a Linux-like system file on partition hda1.
2. mke2fs /dev/hda1: create a Linux ext 2 system file on hda1.
3. mke2fs -j /dev/hda1: create a Linux ext3 (periodic) system file on partition hda1.
4. mkfs -t vfat32 -F /dev/hda1: create a FAT32 system file on hda1.
5. fdformat -n /dev/fd0: format a flooply disk.
6. mkswap /dev/hda3: create a swap system file.

20) Working with the SWAP Commands

1. mkswap /dev/hda3: create swap system file.
2. swapon /dev/hda3: activating a new swap partition.
3. swapon /dev/hda2/dev/hdb3: activate two swap partitions.

21) Salvas (Backup) Commands

1. dump -0aj -f /tmp/home0.bak home: make a full save of the ‘/ home’ directory.
2. dump -1aj -f /tmp/home0.bak/home: make an incremental save of the ‘/ home’ directory.
3. restore -if /tmp/home0.bak: restoring a salvo interactively.
4. rsync -rogpav –delete /home/tmp: synchronization between directories.
5. rsync -rogpav -e ssh –delete /home ip_address: /tmp: rsync through the SSH tunnel .
6. rsync -az -e ssh –delete ip_addr: /home/public/home/local: synchronize a local directory with a remote directory via ssh and compression.
7. rsync -az -e ssh –delete /home/local ip_addr: /home/public: synchronize a remote directory with a local directory via ssh and compression.
8. dd bs = 1M if = /dev/hda | gzip | ssh user @ ip_addr ‘dd of = hda.gz’: save a hard drive on a remote host via ssh.
9. dd if = /dev/sda of = /tmp/file1: save the contents of a hard disk to a file. (In this case the hard disk is “sda” and the file is “file1”).
10. tar -Puf backup.tar / home/user: make an incremental save of the directory ‘/ home / user’.
11. (cd /tmp/local/ && tar c.) | ssh -C user @ ip_addr ‘cd /home/share / && tar x -p’: copy the contents of a directory to a remote directory via ssh.
12. (tar c / home) | ssh -C user @ ip_addr ‘cd /home/backup-home && tar x -p’: copy a local directory to a remote directory via ssh.
13. tar cf -. | (cd / tmp / backup; tar xf -): local copy preserving licenses and links from one directory to another.
14. find /home/user1 -name ‘* .txt’ | xargs cp -av –target-directory = / home/backup/ –parents: find and copy all files with extension ‘.txt’ from one directory to another.
15. find /var/log -name ‘* .log’ | tar cv –files-from = – | bzip2> log.tar.bz2: find all files with the extension ‘.log’ and make a bzip archive.
16. dd if = /dev/hda of = /dev/fd0 bs = 512 count = 1: make a copy of the MRB (Master Boot Record) to a floppy disk.
17. dd if = /dev/fd0 of = /dev/hda bs = 512 count = 1: restore the copy of the MBR (Master Boot Record) saved on a floppy.

22) CD ROM Commands

1. cdrecord -v gracetime = 2 dev = /dev/cdrom -eject blank = fast -force: clean or erase a rewritable cd.
2. mkisofs /dev/cdrom> cd.iso: create an iso image of cdrom on disk.
3. mkisofs /dev/cdrom | gzip> cd_iso.gz: create a compressed iso image of cdrom on disk.
4. mkisofs -J -allow-leading-dots -R -V “Label CD” -iso-level 4 -o ./cd.iso data_cd: create an iso image of a directory.
5. cdrecord -v dev = /dev/cdrom cd.iso: burn an iso image.
6. gzip -dc cd_iso.gz | cdrecord dev = /dev/cdrom –: burn a compressed iso image.
7. mount -o loop cd.iso /mnt/iso: mount an iso image.
8. cd-paranoia -B: take songs from a cd to wav files.
9. cd-paranoia -” -3″: transfer the first 3 songs from a cd to wav files.
10. cdrecord –scanbus: scan bus to identify scsi channel.
11. dd if = /dev/hdc | md5sum: run a md5sum on a device, such as a CD.

23) Work with the NETWORK ( LAN and Wi-Fi) Commands

1. ifconfig eth0: show the configuration of an Ethernet network card.
2. ifup eth0: activate an interface ‘eth0’.
3. ifdown eth0: disable an interface ‘eth0’.
4. ifconfig eth0 192.168.1.1 netmask 255.255.255.0: configure an IP address.
5. ifconfig eth0 promisc: configure ‘eth0‘ in common mode to obtain packets (sniffing).
6. dhclient eth0: activate interface ‘eth0’ in dhcp mode.
7. route -n: show route table.
8. route add -net 0/0 gw IP_Gateway: configure default entry.
9. route add -net 192.168.0.0 netmask 255.255.0.0 gw 192.168.1.1: configure static route to search for network ‘192.168.0.0/16’.
10. route del 0/0 gw IP_gateway: remove the static route.
11. echo “1”> /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward: activate ip traversal.
12. hostname: display the hostname of the system.
13. host www.example.com: find the hostname to resolve the name to an ip address (1).
14. nslookup www.example.com: look up the hostname to resolve the name to an IP address and vice versa (2).
15. ip link show: show the link status of all interfaces.
16. mii-tool eth0: show link status of ‘eth0’.
17. ethtool eth0: show network card ‘eth0’ statistics.
18. netstat -tup: show all active network connections and their PIDs.
19. netstat -tupl: show all network listeners on the system and their PIDs.
20. tcpdump tcp port 80: show all HTTP traffic.
21. iwlist scan: show wireless networks.
22. iwconfig eth1: show the configuration of a wireless network card.
23. whois www.example.com: search the Whois database.

24) Microsoft Windows Networks (SAMBA) Commands

1. nbtscan ip_addr: bios network name resolution.
2. nmblookup -A ip_addr: bios network name resolution.
3. smbclient -L ip_addr/hostname: show remote actions of a host in windows.

25) IP tables (FIREWALL) Commands

1. iptables -t filter -L: show all strings from the filter table.
2. iptables -t nat -L: show all strings from nat table.
3. iptables -t filter -F: clean all the rules from the filter table.
4. iptables -t nat -F: clear all rules from the nat table.
5. iptables -t filter -X: delete any string created by the user.
6. iptables -t filter -A INPUT -p tcp –dport telnet -j ACCEPT: allow telnet connections to enter.
7. iptables -t filter -A OUTPUT -p tcp –dport http -j DROP: block HTTP connections to exit.
8. iptables -t filter -A FORWARD -p tcp –dport pop3 -j ACCEPT: allow POP connections to a forward chain.
9. iptables -t filter -A INPUT -j LOG –log-prefix “DROP INPUT”: logging an input string.
10. iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -o eth0 -j MASQUERADE: configure a PAT (Address Translation Port) on eth0, hiding force-out packets.
11. iptables -t nat -A PREROUTING -d 192.168.0.1 -p tcp -m tcp –dport 22 -j DNAT –to-destination 10.0.0.2:22: redirect addressed packets from one host to another.

26) Monitoring and debugging Commands

1. top: show Linux tasks using the most CPU.
2. ps -eafw: show Linux tasks.
3. ps -e -o pid, args –forest: Show Linux tasks in hierarchical mode.
4. pstree: show a process system tree.
5. kill -9 Process_ID: force a process to close and kill it.
6. kill -1 Process_ID: force a process to reload the configuration.
7. lsof -p $$: show a list of files opened by processes.
8. lsof / home/user1: shows a list of files open in a given system path.
9. strace -c ls> /dev/null: show the system calls made and received by a process.
10. strace -f -e open ls> /dev/null: show library calls.
11. watch -n1 ‘cat/proc/interrupts’: show interrupts in real-time.
12. last reboot: show reboot history.
13. lsmod: show the loaded kernel.
14. free -m: shows RAM status in megabytes.
15. smartctl -A /dev/hda: monitor the reliability of a hard disk through SMART.
16. smartctl -i /dev/hda: check if SMART is enabled on a hard disk.
17. tail /var/log/dmesg: show events inherent to the kernel loading process.
18. tail /var/log/messages: show system events.