JavaTutorial之IO

Byte Streams

所有的byte steam 都继承于InputStream和OutputStream

import java.io.FileInputStream;
import java.io.FileOutputStream;
import java.io.IOException;

public class CopyBytes {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {

        FileInputStream in = null;
        FileOutputStream out = null;

        try {
            in = new FileInputStream("xanadu.txt");
            out = new FileOutputStream("outagain.txt");
            int c;

            while ((c = in.read()) != -1) {
                out.write(c);
            }
        } finally {
            if (in != null) {
                in.close();
            }
            if (out != null) {
                out.close();
            }
        }
    }
}

ByteStream应当用于原始IO

所有其他IO都是基于ByteStream

Character Streams

FileReader and FileWriter

import java.io.FileReader;
import java.io.FileWriter;
import java.io.IOException;

public class CopyCharacters {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {

        FileReader inputStream = null;
        FileWriter outputStream = null;

        try {
            inputStream = new FileReader("xanadu.txt");
            outputStream = new FileWriter("characteroutput.txt");

            int c;
            while ((c = inputStream.read()) != -1) {
                outputStream.write(c);
            }
        } finally {
            if (inputStream != null) {
                inputStream.close();
            }
            if (outputStream != null) {
                outputStream.close();
            }
        }
    }
}

这里的int c是取最后16bits 上面那个取8bits

这样操作还是不够方便，如果直接读取一行。 BufferedReader and PrintWriter

import java.io.FileReader;
import java.io.FileWriter;
import java.io.BufferedReader;
import java.io.PrintWriter;
import java.io.IOException;

public class CopyLines {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {

        BufferedReader inputStream = null;
        PrintWriter outputStream = null;

        try {
            inputStream = new BufferedReader(new FileReader("xanadu.txt"));
            outputStream = new PrintWriter(new FileWriter("characteroutput.txt"));

            String l;
            while ((l = inputStream.readLine()) != null) {
                outputStream.println(l);
            }
        } finally {
            if (inputStream != null) {
                inputStream.close();
            }
            if (outputStream != null) {
                outputStream.close();
            }
        }
    }
}

Buffered Streams

Unbuffered Stream会增加频繁磁盘读取，网络请求，增加开销

inputStream = new BufferedReader(new FileReader("xanadu.txt"));
outputStream = new BufferedWriter(new FileWriter("characteroutput.txt"));

有四种：
BufferedInputStream and BufferedOutputStream create buffered byte streams, BufferedReader and BufferedWriter create buffered character streams.

Flushing Buffered Streams

需要往文件里写的时候就调用 flush()方法

Scanning
使得输入更有格式

Breaking Input into Tokens

import java.io.*;
import java.util.Scanner;

public class ScanXan {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {

        Scanner s = null;

        try {
            s = new Scanner(new BufferedReader(new FileReader("xanadu.txt")));

            while (s.hasNext()) {
                System.out.println(s.next());
            }
        } finally {
            if (s != null) {
                s.close();
            }
        }
    }
}

scanner以空白符作为分隔，用完scanner记得关闭

Formatting

The print and println Methods

public class Root {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        int i = 2;
        double r = Math.sqrt(i);
        
        System.out.print("The square root of ");
        System.out.print(i);
        System.out.print(" is ");
        System.out.print(r);
        System.out.println(".");

        i = 5;
        r = Math.sqrt(i);
        System.out.println("The square root of " + i + " is " + r + ".");
    }
}

The square root of 2 is 1.4142135623730951.
The square root of 5 is 2.23606797749979.

The format Method

public class Root2 {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        int i = 2;
        double r = Math.sqrt(i);
        
        System.out.format("The square root of %d is %f.%n", i, r);
    }
}

I/O from the Command Line
适用于和用户交互的场景

Standard Streams

InputStreamReader cin = new InputStreamReader(System.in);

System.in
System.out
System.err
是基于bytesStream

The Console

适用于密码输入环境

import java.io.Console;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.io.IOException;

public class Password {
    
    public static void main (String args[]) throws IOException {

        Console c = System.console();
        if (c == null) {
            System.err.println("No console.");
            System.exit(1);
        }

        String login = c.readLine("Enter your login: ");
        char [] oldPassword = c.readPassword("Enter your old password: ");

        if (verify(login, oldPassword)) {
            boolean noMatch;
            do {
                char [] newPassword1 = c.readPassword("Enter your new password: ");
                char [] newPassword2 = c.readPassword("Enter new password again: ");
                noMatch = ! Arrays.equals(newPassword1, newPassword2);
                if (noMatch) {
                    c.format("Passwords don't match. Try again.%n");
                } else {
                    change(login, newPassword1);
                    c.format("Password for %s changed.%n", login);
                }
                Arrays.fill(newPassword1, ' ');
                Arrays.fill(newPassword2, ' ');
            } while (noMatch);
        }

        Arrays.fill(oldPassword, ' ');
    }
    
    // Dummy change method.
    static boolean verify(String login, char[] password) {
        // This method always returns
        // true in this example.
        // Modify this method to verify
        // password according to your rules.
        return true;
    }

    // Dummy change method.
    static void change(String login, char[] password) {
        // Modify this method to change
        // password according to your rules.
    }
}

Data Streams
支持所有的原始数据值和string值

static final String dataFile = "invoicedata";

static final double[] prices = { 19.99, 9.99, 15.99, 3.99, 4.99 };
static final int[] units = { 12, 8, 13, 29, 50 };
static final String[] descs = {
    "Java T-shirt",
    "Java Mug",
    "Duke Juggling Dolls",
    "Java Pin",
    "Java Key Chain"
};

out = new DataOutputStream(new BufferedOutputStream(
              new FileOutputStream(dataFile)));

for (int i = 0; i < prices.length; i ++) {
    out.writeDouble(prices[i]);
    out.writeInt(units[i]);
    out.writeUTF(descs[i]);
}

in = new DataInputStream(new
            BufferedInputStream(new FileInputStream(dataFile)));

double price;
int unit;
String desc;
double total = 0.0;

try {
    while (true) {
        price = in.readDouble();
        unit = in.readInt();
        desc = in.readUTF();
        System.out.format("You ordered %d" + " units of %s at $%.2f%n",
            unit, desc, price);
        total += unit * price;
    }
} catch (EOFException e) {
}

DataStream 用float表示货币值，对于小数来说不够精确。

Object Streams

会引起object的递归调用

Each writeObject has to be matched by a readObject

Object ob1 = in.readObject();
Object ob2 = in.readObject();

Object ob = new Object();
out.writeObject(ob);
out.writeObject(ob);

写的是同一个obj的reference

File I/O (Featuring NIO.2)

Symbolic Links
符号链接是一个特殊文件，用作对另一个文件的引用

Path Operations

path根据操作系统的不同有不同的路径，所以不具有独立性

Creating a Path

Path p1 = Paths.get("/tmp/foo");
Path p2 = Paths.get(args[0]);
Path p3 = Paths.get(URI.create("file:///Users/joe/FileTest.java"));
Path p4 = FileSystems.getDefault().getPath("/users/sally");
Path p5 = Paths.get(System.getProperty("user.home"),"logs", "foo.log");

Retrieving Information about a Path

// None of these methods requires that the file corresponding
// to the Path exists.
// Microsoft Windows syntax
Path path = Paths.get("C:\\home\\joe\\foo");

// Solaris syntax
Path path = Paths.get("/home/joe/foo");

System.out.format("toString: %s%n", path.toString());
System.out.format("getFileName: %s%n", path.getFileName());
System.out.format("getName(0): %s%n", path.getName(0));
System.out.format("getNameCount: %d%n", path.getNameCount());
System.out.format("subpath(0,2): %s%n", path.subpath(0,2));
System.out.format("getParent: %s%n", path.getParent());
System.out.format("getRoot: %s%n", path.getRoot());

Removing Redundancies From a Path
normalize()

Converting a Path

public class FileTest {
    public static void main(String[] args) {

        if (args.length < 1) {
            System.out.println("usage: FileTest file");
            System.exit(-1);
        }

        // Converts the input string to a Path object.
        Path inputPath = Paths.get(args[0]);

        // Converts the input Path
        // to an absolute path.
        // Generally, this means prepending
        // the current working
        // directory.  If this example
        // were called like this:
        //     java FileTest foo
        // the getRoot and getParent methods
        // would return null
        // on the original "inputPath"
        // instance.  Invoking getRoot and
        // getParent on the "fullPath"
        // instance returns expected values.
        Path fullPath = inputPath.toAbsolutePath();
    }
}
try {
    Path fp = path.toRealPath();
} catch (NoSuchFileException x) {
    System.err.format("%s: no such" + " file or directory%n", path);
    // Logic for case when file doesn't exist.
} catch (IOException x) {
    System.err.format("%s%n", x);
    // Logic for other sort of file error.
}

Joining Two Paths

// Solaris
Path p1 = Paths.get("/home/joe/foo");
// Result is /home/joe/foo/bar
System.out.format("%s%n", p1.resolve("bar"));

or

// Microsoft Windows
Path p1 = Paths.get("C:\\home\\joe\\foo");
// Result is C:\home\joe\foo\bar
System.out.format("%s%n", p1.resolve("bar"));

Creating a Path Between Two Paths

// Result is ../sally
Path p1_to_p2 = p1.relativize(p2);
// Result is ../joe
Path p2_to_p1 = p2.relativize(p1);

Path p1 = Paths.get("home");
Path p3 = Paths.get("home/sally/bar");
// Result is sally/bar
Path p1_to_p3 = p1.relativize(p3);
// Result is ../..
Path p3_to_p1 = p3.relativize(p1);

Comparing Two Paths

Path path = ...;
Path otherPath = ...;
Path beginning = Paths.get("/home");
Path ending = Paths.get("foo");

if (path.equals(otherPath)) {
    // equality logic here
} else if (path.startsWith(beginning)) {
    // path begins with "/home"
} else if (path.endsWith(ending)) {
    // path ends with "foo"
}

Path path = ...;
for (Path name: path) {
    System.out.println(name);
}

File Operations

Releasing System Resources
finally里 close()一下

Catching Exceptions

Charset charset = Charset.forName("US-ASCII");
String s = ...;
BufferedWriter writer = null;
try {
    writer = Files.newBufferedWriter(file, charset);
    writer.write(s, 0, s.length());
} catch (IOException x) {
    System.err.format("IOException: %s%n", x);
} finally {
    if (writer != null) writer.close();
}

Method Chaining

String value = Charset.defaultCharset().decode(buf).toString();
UserPrincipal group =
    file.getFileSystem().getUserPrincipalLookupService().
         lookupPrincipalByName("me");

Glob
语法规则

Checking a File or Directory

Verifying the Existence of a File or Directory

The file is verified to exist.
The file is verified to not exist.
The file's status is unknown. This result can occur when the program does not have access to the file.

 exists(Path, LinkOption...) and the notExists(Path, LinkOption...)

If both exists and notExists return false, the existence of the file cannot be verified.

Checking File Accessibility

Path file = ...;
boolean isRegularExecutableFile = Files.isRegularFile(file) &
         Files.isReadable(file) & Files.isExecutable(file);

Checking Whether Two Paths Locate the Same File

Path p1 = ...;
Path p2 = ...;

if (Files.isSameFile(p1, p2)) {
    // Logic when the paths locate the same file
}

Deleting a File or Directory

try {
    Files.delete(path);
} catch (NoSuchFileException x) {
    System.err.format("%s: no such" + " file or directory%n", path);
} catch (DirectoryNotEmptyException x) {
    System.err.format("%s not empty%n", path);
} catch (IOException x) {
    // File permission problems are caught here.
    System.err.println(x);
}

Copying a File or Directory

 copy(Path, Path, CopyOption...) 

Moving a File or Directory

import static java.nio.file.StandardCopyOption.*;
...
Files.move(source, target, REPLACE_EXISTING);

Reading, Writing, and Creating Files

Creating and Reading Directories

Path dir = ...;
Files.createDirectory(path);

Creating a Symbolic Link

Path newLink = ...;
Path target = ...;
try {
    Files.createSymbolicLink(newLink, target);
} catch (IOException x) {
    System.err.println(x);
} catch (UnsupportedOperationException x) {
    // Some file systems do not support symbolic links.
    System.err.println(x);
}

Detecting a Symbolic Link

Path file = ...;
boolean isSymbolicLink =
    Files.isSymbolicLink(file);

The FileVisitor Interface

preVisitDirectory – Invoked before a directory's entries are visited.
postVisitDirectory – Invoked after all the entries in a directory are visited. If any errors are encountered, the specific exception is passed to the method.
visitFile – Invoked on the file being visited. The file's BasicFileAttributes is passed to the method, or you can use the file attributes package to read a specific set of attributes. For example, you can choose to read the file's DosFileAttributeView to determine if the file has the "hidden" bit set.
visitFileFailed – Invoked when the file cannot be accessed. The specific exception is passed to the method. You can choose whether to throw the exception, print it to the console or a log file, and so on.


import static java.nio.file.FileVisitResult.*;

public static class PrintFiles
    extends SimpleFileVisitor<Path> {

    // Print information about
    // each type of file.
    @Override
    public FileVisitResult visitFile(Path file,
                                   BasicFileAttributes attr) {
        if (attr.isSymbolicLink()) {
            System.out.format("Symbolic link: %s ", file);
        } else if (attr.isRegularFile()) {
            System.out.format("Regular file: %s ", file);
        } else {
            System.out.format("Other: %s ", file);
        }
        System.out.println("(" + attr.size() + "bytes)");
        return CONTINUE;
    }

    // Print each directory visited.
    @Override
    public FileVisitResult postVisitDirectory(Path dir,
                                          IOException exc) {
        System.out.format("Directory: %s%n", dir);
        return CONTINUE;
    }

    // If there is some error accessing
    // the file, let the user know.
    // If you don't override this method
    // and an error occurs, an IOException 
    // is thrown.
    @Override
    public FileVisitResult visitFileFailed(Path file,
                                       IOException exc) {
        System.err.println(exc);
        return CONTINUE;
    }
}

walkFileTree(Path, FileVisitor)
walkFileTree(Path, Set<FileVisitOption>, int, FileVisitor)

Path startingDir = ...;
PrintFiles pf = new PrintFiles();
Files.walkFileTree(startingDir, pf);

import static java.nio.file.FileVisitResult.*;

Path startingDir = ...;

EnumSet<FileVisitOption> opts = EnumSet.of(FOLLOW_LINKS);

Finder finder = new Finder(pattern);
Files.walkFileTree(startingDir, opts, Integer.MAX_VALUE, finder);