JAVAWeb后端学习

1. web基本概念

静态和动态web

web 服务器（TomCat：8080）

TomCat服务器

安装TOMCAT
官网安装包
直接解压，打开bin文件,启动startup.bat文件，然后可以利用localhost：8080来进行访问。

阿利面试题：网站是如何进行访问的

利用tomcat发布一个网站:
注意首先打开Tomcat服务器！！！

HTTP(超文本传输协议)

http请求&&响应：

2. Maven（方便导入jar包–dependency依赖）

maven配置文件的阿里云镜像下载&本地的仓库（加速）以及配置环境变量（自己电脑）+java配置maven

1.安装配置Maven

 <localRepository> E:\java\apache-maven-3.8.4-bin\apache-maven-3.8.4\maven-repo</localRepository>

      <mirror>
           <id>nexus-aliyun</id>
           <mirrorOf>*,!jeecg,!jeecg-snapshots</mirrorOf>
           <name>Nexus aliyun</name>
           <url>http://maven.aliyun.com/nexus/content/groups/public</url> 
      </mirror>

2.idea配置maven

初始化配置创建一个maven项目（主要用于加载处idea的maven骨干jar包–即下载中央仓库文件到你的本地仓库），注意：先关闭所有的idea项目，然后进行设置maven3.6.2版本，而不是idea默认的maven3,。这一步完之后，再随便建一个项目，将中央仓库的jar包下载进入本地建的仓库，注意将配置文件改为阿里云的镜像下载那个，不然下载的很慢！！！！！
之后我们可以将这个初始化的这个项目删除，进行正常的maven项目创建，这时你的idea的maven就可加载出maven的骨干jar包了！！！

创建一个普通的maven项目（很快）：直接点击next，不用打钩选择下面的骨干内容

3.idea 里Tomcat配置（使用maven里的一个webapp已有项目为例子）

（注意需要先对Tomcat进行环境变量的配置，否则idea找不到对应版本的Tomcat）

注意：这个Application context：可以自定义http地址的前面一段地址，啥都不加（http://localhost:8080），或者用系统产生的自定义的路径（http://localhost:8080/springmvc_04_controller_war_exploded/）

启动Tomcat，然后这个项目就会运行

显然helloworld来自项目里面的jsp文件

4.maven侧边栏的学习（maven结构学习）

pom.xml文件是maven的核心配置文件(代码结构分析)

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>

<!--maven版本和头文件-->
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
  xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
  <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>

  
<!--  这里是配置的GAV-->
  <groupId>org.example</groupId>
  <artifactId>Javaweb-01-maven</artifactId>
  <version>1.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
  
  <!--项目的打包方式：
  jar:java应用
  war:javaweb打包方式-->
  <packaging>war</packaging>

  <name>Javaweb-01-maven Maven Webapp</name>
  <!-- FIXME change it to the project's website -->
  <url>http://www.example.com</url>

  
    <!--配置-->
  <properties>
    <!--西安航母的默认配置编码-->
    <project.build.sourceEncoding>UTF-8</project.build.sourceEncoding>
    <!--配置java的版本-->
    <maven.compiler.source>1.7</maven.compiler.source>
    <maven.compiler.target>1.7</maven.compiler.target>
  </properties>

  
  <!--项目依赖，可以自动导入jar包-->
  <dependencies>
    <dependency>
      <groupId>junit</groupId>
      <artifactId>junit</artifactId>
      <version>4.11</version>
      <scope>test</scope>
    </dependency>
  </dependencies>

  
  
  <!--项目构建用的东西-->
  <build>
................
  </build>
</project>

5.dependency自定导入相关联或者所依赖的jar包（太强了）=

本项目的依赖情况：

maven也会出现资源导出出现问题，利用下面的方法解决：

<!--    在build中配置resources ， 来防止我们资源导出失败的问题-->
<build>
    <resources>
        <resource>
            <directory>src/main/resources</directory>
            <includes>
                <include>**/*.properties</include>
                <include>**/*.xml</include>
            </includes>
            <filtering>false</filtering>
        </resource>
        <resource>
            <directory>src/main/java</directory>
            <includes>
                <include>**/*.properties</include>
                <include>**/*.xml</include>
            </includes>
            <filtering>false</filtering>
        </resource>
    </resources>
</build>

3. Servlet（动态web）

Helloservlet简单webapp动态项目

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<web-app xmlns="http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/javaee"
         xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
         xsi:schemaLocation="http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/javaee
                      http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/javaee/web-app_4_0.xsd"
         version="4.0"
         metadata-complete="true">


    <!--注册servlet-->
    <servlet>
        <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
        <servlet-class>com.kuang.servlet.HelloServlet</servlet-class>
    </servlet>


    <!--servlet的请求映射路径（可以给hello请求多条路径）-->
    <servlet-mapping>
        <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
        <url-pattern>/hello</url-pattern>
    </servlet-mapping>
</web-app>

创建一个java编写的Servlet class

public class HelloServlet extends HttpServlet {
    @Override
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        System.out.println("进入doget方法");
//        ServletOutputStream outputStream = resp.getOutputStream();
        PrintWriter writer = resp.getWriter();
        writer.print("hello,servlet");

    }

    @Override
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        super.doPost(req, resp);
    }
}

运行结果1：来自父类的jsp

运行结果2：来自servlet的子类运行结果

servlet原理

映射路径的优先级，下面是一个通配符的路径，页面一进去就是404

    <!--注册servlet-->
    <servlet>
        <servlet-name>error</servlet-name>
        <servlet-class>com.kuang.servlet.ErrorServlet</servlet-class>
    </servlet>


    <!--servlet的请求路径-->
    <servlet-mapping>
        <servlet-name>error</servlet-name>
        <url-pattern>/*</url-pattern>
    </servlet-mapping>

public class ErrorServlet extends HttpServlet {
    @Override
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        resp.setContentType("text/html");
        resp.setCharacterEncoding("utf-8");
        PrintWriter writer = resp.getWriter();
        writer.print("<h1>404</h1>");
    }

    @Override
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        super.doPost(req, resp);
    }
}

ServletContext(共享数据)

public class HelloServlet extends HttpServlet {
    @Override
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {

        //获取servlet上下文
        ServletContext context = this.getServletContext();
        String username="清姜";
        //将一个数据保存在ServletContext中(键值对)
        context.setAttribute("username",username);
    }
}

public class GetServlet extends HttpServlet {
    @Override
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
       //两个servlet共用了一个ServletContext
      //注意访问先访问helloServlet才能拿到username，否则是null
        ServletContext context = this.getServletContext();
        String username =(String) context.getAttribute("username");

        resp.setContentType("text/html");
        resp.setCharacterEncoding("utf-8");
        resp.getWriter().print("我是"+username);
    }

    @Override
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        super.doPost(req, resp);
    }
}

请求转发

    @Override
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {

        System.out.println("进入了ServletDemo02");
        ServletContext context = this.getServletContext();
        //转发的请求路径
        RequestDispatcher requestDispatcher = context.getRequestDispatcher("/getp");
        //实现请求转发
        requestDispatcher.forward(req,resp);
        
    }

相当于sd2请求转发了getp的东西

读取资源文件（properties）

解决maven只打包resources目录下的文件，不打包java路径下的文件

  <!--在build中配置resources，来防止我们资源导出失败的问题-->
  <build>
    <resources>
      <resource>
        <directory>src/main/resources</directory>
        <includes>
          <include>**/*.properties</include>
          <include>**/*.xml</include>
        </includes>
        <filtering>true</filtering>
      </resource>
      <resource>
        <directory>src/main/java</directory>
        <includes>
          <include>**/*.properties</include>
          <include>**/*.xml</include>
        </includes>
        <filtering>true</filtering>
      </resource>
    </resources>
  </build>

将上述build代码放入对应的pom文件并重启idea

读取properties文件的内容

public class ServletDemo03 extends HttpServlet {
    @Override
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        InputStream is= this.getServletContext().getResourceAsStream("/WEB-INF/classes/com/kuang/servlet/aa.properties");
        Properties prop = new Properties();
        prop.load(is);
        String user = prop.getProperty("username");
        String pwd = prop.getProperty("password");
        //在申请路径下的网络页面打印出来
        resp.getWriter().print(user+":"+pwd);
    }

    @Override
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
    }
}

HttpServletResponse

方法的简单分类

相应的状态码

    int SC_CONTINUE = 100;
    int SC_SWITCHING_PROTOCOLS = 101;
    int SC_OK = 200;
    int SC_CREATED = 201;
    int SC_ACCEPTED = 202;
    int SC_NON_AUTHORITATIVE_INFORMATION = 203;
    int SC_NO_CONTENT = 204;
    int SC_RESET_CONTENT = 205;
    int SC_PARTIAL_CONTENT = 206;
    int SC_MULTIPLE_CHOICES = 300;
    int SC_MOVED_PERMANENTLY = 301;
    int SC_MOVED_TEMPORARILY = 302;
    int SC_FOUND = 302;
    int SC_SEE_OTHER = 303;
    int SC_NOT_MODIFIED = 304;
    int SC_USE_PROXY = 305;
    int SC_TEMPORARY_REDIRECT = 307;
    int SC_BAD_REQUEST = 400;
    int SC_UNAUTHORIZED = 401;
    int SC_PAYMENT_REQUIRED = 402;
    int SC_FORBIDDEN = 403;
    int SC_NOT_FOUND = 404;
    int SC_METHOD_NOT_ALLOWED = 405;
    int SC_NOT_ACCEPTABLE = 406;
    int SC_PROXY_AUTHENTICATION_REQUIRED = 407;
    int SC_REQUEST_TIMEOUT = 408;
    int SC_CONFLICT = 409;
    int SC_GONE = 410;
    int SC_LENGTH_REQUIRED = 411;
    int SC_PRECONDITION_FAILED = 412;
    int SC_REQUEST_ENTITY_TOO_LARGE = 413;
    int SC_REQUEST_URI_TOO_LONG = 414;
    int SC_UNSUPPORTED_MEDIA_TYPE = 415;
    int SC_REQUESTED_RANGE_NOT_SATISFIABLE = 416;
    int SC_EXPECTATION_FAILED = 417;
    int SC_INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR = 500;
    int SC_NOT_IMPLEMENTED = 501;
    int SC_BAD_GATEWAY = 502;
    int SC_SERVICE_UNAVAILABLE = 503;
    int SC_GATEWAY_TIMEOUT = 504;
    int SC_HTTP_VERSION_NOT_SUPPORTED = 505;

常见应用（验证码的3秒刷新—jsp、下载文件）

下载文件：（下载文件路径没讲明白）

public class FileServlet extends HttpServlet {
    @Override
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        //获取下载文件的路径
        String realPath = this.getServletContext().getRealPath("/WEB-INF/classes/1.png");
        System.out.println("下载文件的路径："+realPath);
        //下载的文件名
        String filename = realPath.substring(realPath.lastIndexOf("\\") + 1);
        //让浏览器能够支持我们下载东西
        resp.setHeader("content-Disposition","attachment;filename="+ URLEncoder.encode(filename,"UTF-8"));

        //获取下载文件的输入流
        FileInputStream in= new FileInputStream(realPath);
        //创建缓冲区
        int len=0;
        byte[] buffer=new byte[1024];
        //获取outputstream对象
        ServletOutputStream out = resp.getOutputStream();
        //将fileoutputstream写入到缓冲区
        while((len=in.read(buffer))>0){
            out.write(buffer,0,len);
        }
        in.close();
        out.close();

    }

    @Override
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
    }
}

response重定向

public class Redirectservlet extends HttpServlet {
    @Override
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        resp.sendRedirect("./down");//或者路径填写：/servletResponse_war/down(急需要添加Tomcat里的artifact文件名)
    }

    @Override
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        super.doPost(req, resp);
    }
}

本质原理：

面试题：请你聊聊重定向和转发的区别：

例如：sd2转发getp

例如：red重定向down

HttpServletRequest

获取前端传递的参数

public class LoginServlet extends HttpServlet {
    @Override
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {

        req.setCharacterEncoding("utf-8");//后台接收中文乱码问题
        //  注意index.jsp写的是post提交
        String username = req.getParameter("username");
        String password = req.getParameter("password");
        String[] hobbies = req.getParameterValues("hobby");

        System.out.println(username+":"+password);
        System.out.println(Arrays.toString(hobbies));
        //  通过请求转发
        req.getRequestDispatcher("./success.jsp").forward(req,resp);
        resp.setCharacterEncoding("utf-8");
    }

    @Override
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
       //调用doget方法相当于重写了dopost
        doGet(req,resp);

    }
}

请求转发

4.Session&Cookie（保存会话的两种技术）

cookie使用

//保存用户上一次访问的时间
public class CookieDemo01 extends HttpServlet {
    @Override
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {

        req.setCharacterEncoding("utf-8");
        resp.setContentType("text/html;charset=UTF-8");
        PrintWriter out = resp.getWriter();

        // cookie(多个标志)由服务器从客户端获取
        Cookie[] cookies = req.getCookies();

        //判断cookie是否存在
        if(cookies!=null){

            out.write("您上一次访问的时间是：");
            for (int i = 0; i < cookies.length; i++) {
                Cookie cookie = cookies[i];
                if(cookie.getName().equals("lastLoginTime")){
                    long lastLoginTime = Long.parseLong(cookie.getValue());
                    Date date = new Date(lastLoginTime);
                    out.write(date.toLocaleString());
                }

            }

        }else{
            out.write("这时你第一访问本站");
        }

        //服务器给客户"响应"一个cookie(始终执行更新)
        Cookie cookie = new Cookie("lastLoginTime",System.currentTimeMillis()+"");
        //设置cookie有效期为一天
        cookie.setMaxAge(24*60*60);
        resp.addCookie(cookie);


    }

    @Override
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        //方法调用
        doGet(req, resp);
    }
}

手动删除cookie(注意待删除的cookie的名称必须与删除操作中的一样)

//删除cookie
public class CookieDemo02 extends HttpServlet {
    @Override
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {

    // 创建一个cookie,名字和待删除的cookie一样
        Cookie cookie = new Cookie("lastLoginTime",System.currentTimeMillis()+"");
    // 将cookie的有效期设置为0，立马过期
        cookie.setMaxAge(0);
        resp.addCookie(cookie);
    }

    @Override
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        doGet(req, resp);
    }
}

解决cookie的键值对乱码问题：

session使用（重点）

session的注册

public class SessionDemo01 extends HttpServlet {
    @Override
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
//       解决乱码问题
        req.setCharacterEncoding("utf-8");
        resp.setCharacterEncoding("utf-8");
        resp.setContentType("text/html;charset=UTF-8");

//        得到session
        HttpSession session = req.getSession();

//        给session中存放东西(可以放object,不同于cookie的string)
        session.setAttribute("name",new Person("清姜",35));
//        获取session的id
        String sessionId = session.getId();
        if(session.isNew()){
            resp.getWriter().write("session创建成功！"+"sessionId:"+sessionId);

        }else{
            resp.getWriter().write("session已经创建过！"+"sessionId:"+sessionId);

        }

    }

    @Override
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        doGet(req, resp);
    }
}

session的手动注销（网页注销）

//注销session
public class SessionDemo03 extends HttpServlet {
    @Override
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
//       解决乱码问题
        req.setCharacterEncoding("utf-8");
        resp.setCharacterEncoding("utf-8");
        resp.setContentType("text/html;charset=UTF-8");

//        得到session
        HttpSession session = req.getSession();
        session.removeAttribute("name");
        session.invalidate();


    }

    @Override
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        doGet(req, resp);
    }
}

session配置自动注销（web.xml）

        <!-- session的自动配注销-->
       <session-config>
            <!--1分钟后自动失效-->
            <session-timeout>1</session-timeout>
       </session-config>

session和cookie的区别

5.JSP（开发动态web，简略HTML+JS）

基础语法

加上等号的是要在客户端输出的；不加等号的属于脚本片段。

JSP指令

内置对象（了解作用域的问题）

JSP标签（直接略了，据说现在完全不用）

6.javabean（实体类）

7.MVC三层架构

早些年的开发架构（过时）：


MVC三层架构：

8.过滤器（过滤网站的数据！！！重要）

注意不要导错 Filtert的包

public class CharEncodeFilter implements Filter {
    //初始化（web服务器一启动，就已经初始化了，随时等待过滤对象）
    @Override
    public void init(FilterConfig filterConfig) throws ServletException {
        System.out.println("已经初始化...");
    }

    @Override
    public void doFilter(ServletRequest request, ServletResponse response, FilterChain chain) throws IOException, ServletException {

        request.setCharacterEncoding("utf-16");
        response.setCharacterEncoding("utf-16");
        response.setContentType("text/html;charset=UTF-8");

        System.out.println("过滤执行前。。。");
         //chain的作用：经过过滤的代码，在过滤后继续执行
        chain.doFilter(request,response);
        System.out.println("过滤执行后");
    }


   //销毁（web服务器--Tomcat关闭的时候会自动销毁）
    @Override
    public void destroy() {
        System.out.println("已经销毁...");
    }
}

web配置文件

    <filter>
        <filter-name>charEncodeFilter</filter-name>
        <filter-class>com.kuang.filter.CharEncodeFilter</filter-class>
    </filter>
    <!--只要是在/servlet后的任何请求都会过滤-->
    <filter-mapping>
        <filter-name>charEncodeFilter</filter-name>
        <url-pattern>/servlet/*</url-pattern>
    </filter-mapping>


    <servlet>
        <servlet-name>showst</servlet-name>
        <servlet-class>com.kuang.servlet.ShowServlet</servlet-class>
    </servlet>
    <!--过滤器过滤的-->
    <servlet-mapping>
        <servlet-name>showst</servlet-name>
        <url-pattern>/servlet/show</url-pattern>
    </servlet-mapping>
   <!--过滤器未过滤的请求-->
    <servlet-mapping>
        <servlet-name>showst</servlet-name>
        <url-pattern>/show</url-pattern>
    </servlet-mapping>

9.项目：SMBMS(超市订单管理系统)–指路SSM整合版本