【Effective java第二版整理】第二条：遇到多个构造器参数时要考虑构造器

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/qq_39525752/article/details/80024571

静态工厂和构造器有个共同的局限性：它们都不能很好的扩展到大量的可选参数。

对于这样的类，应该是用哪种构造器或者静态方法来编写呢？

重构构造器

程序员一向习惯采用重叠构造器（telescoping constructor) 模式，在这种模式下，你提供第一个只有必要参数的构造器，第二个构造器有一个可选参数，第三个有两个可选参数，依次类推，最后一个构造器包含所有的可选参数。

package 重叠构造器;

public class NutritionFacts {
    private final int servingSize; // (mL) required
    private final int servings; // (per container) required
    private final int calories; // optional
    private final int fat; // (g) optional
    private final int sodium; // (mg) optional
    private final int carbohydrate; // (g) optional

    public NutritionFacts(int servingSize, int servings) {
        this(servingSize, servings, 0);
    }

    public NutritionFacts(int servingSize, int servings, int calories) {
        this(servingSize, servings, calories, 0);
    }

    public NutritionFacts(int servingSize, int servings, int calories, int fat) {
        this(servingSize, servings, calories, fat, 0);
    }

    public NutritionFacts(int servingSize, int servings, int calories, int fat,
                          int sodium) {
        this(servingSize, servings, calories, fat, sodium, 0);
    }

    public NutritionFacts(int servingSize, int servings, int calories, int fat,
                          int sodium, int carbohydrate) {
        this.servingSize = servingSize;
        this.servings = servings;
        this.calories = calories;
        this.fat = fat;
        this.sodium = sodium;
        this.carbohydrate = carbohydrate;
    }
    
}

缺点：重构构造器模式可行，但是当有许多参数的时候，客户端代码会很难编写，并且会很难阅读，如果客户端不小心颠倒了其中两个的顺序，编译器也不会出错，但是程序运行时会出现错误的行为。

JavaBeans模式

在这种模式下，调用一个无参构造器来创建对象，然后调用setter方法来设置每个必要的参数，以及每个相关的可选参数。

package 重叠构造器;

public class NutritionFacts1 {
    private int servingSize = -1;
    private int servings = -1;
    private int calories = 0;
    private int fat = 0;
    private int sodium = 0;
    private int carbohydrate = 0;

    public void setServingSize(int servingSize) {
        this.servingSize = servingSize;
    }

    public void setServings(int servings) {
        this.servings = servings;
    }

    public void setCalories(int calories) {
        this.calories = calories;
    }

    public void setFat(int fat) {
        this.fat = fat;
    }

    public void setSodium(int sodium) {
        this.sodium = sodium;
    }

    public void setCarbohydrate(int carbohydrate) {
        this.carbohydrate = carbohydrate;
    }

    public NutritionFacts1() {
    }
}

缺点：在构造过程中javabean可能处于不一致的状态
javabean模式阻止了把类做成不可变的可能（需要额外的努力来保证线程安全）

采用Builder模式

不直接生成对象，而是让客户端利用所有必要的参数调用构造器（或者静态工厂），得到一个builder对象。额庵后客户端在builder对象上调用类似于setter的方法，来设置每个相关的可选参数。最后，客户端调用无参的build方法来生成不可改变的对象。这个builder是它构建的类的静态成员类。下面就是它的实例：

package 重叠构造器;

public class NutritionFacts3 {
    private final int servingSize;
    private final int servings;
    private final int calories;
    private final int fat;
    private final int sodium;
    private final int carbohydrate;


    //一个内部类
    //以后维护的时候，添加新参数的时候也很方便
    public static class Builder {
        // Required parameters
        private final int servingSize;
        private final int servings;
        private int calories = 0;
        private int fat = 0;
        private int carbohydrate = 0;
        private int sodium = 0;

        public Builder(int servingSize, int servings) {
            this.servingSize = servingSize;
            this.servings = servings;
        }

        public Builder calories(int val) {
            calories = val;
            return this;
        }

        public Builder fat(int val) {
            fat = val;
            return this;
        }

        public Builder carbohydrate(int val) {
            carbohydrate = val;
            return this;
        }

        public Builder sodium(int val) {
            sodium = val;
            return this;
        }

        public NutritionFacts3 build() {
            return new NutritionFacts3(this);
        }
    }

    //构造函数需要传builder
    //可以使用单个builder构建多个对象
    private NutritionFacts3(Builder builder) {
        servingSize = builder.servingSize;
        servings = builder.servings;
        calories = builder.calories;
        fat = builder.fat;
        sodium = builder.sodium;
        carbohydrate = builder.carbohydrate;
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        //具有安全性和可读性
        //build的时候才会验证参数是否正确
        NutritionFacts3 cocaCola = new NutritionFacts3.Builder(240, 8)
                .calories(100).sodium(35).carbohydrate(27).build();
    }
}