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<h1 class="csdn_top">Java基础总结</h1>
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<span class="original">原创</span>
<span class="time">2015年05月24日 19:11:56</span>
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<div class="markdown_views"><h2 id="1基本类型">1.基本类型</h2>
<p>1.在程序设计中经常用到一系列类型（基本类型），它们需要特殊对待。对于这些类型，Java采取与C和C++相同的方法，也就是说，不用new来创建变量，出是创建一个并非引用的变量，这个变量直接存储“值”，并置于堆栈中，因此更加高效。</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>基本类型</th>
<th>包装类型</th>
<th>大小</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr>
<td>boolean</td>
<td>Boolean</td>
<td>-</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>char</td>
<td>Character</td>
<td>16-bit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>byte</td>
<td>Byte</td>
<td>8-bit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>short</td>
<td>Short</td>
<td>16-bit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>int</td>
<td>Integer</td>
<td>32-bit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>long</td>
<td>Long</td>
<td>64-bit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>float</td>
<td>Float</td>
<td>32-bit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>double</td>
<td>Double</td>
<td>64-bit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>void</td>
<td>Void</td>
<td>-</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<p>基本类型具有的装类，使得可以在堆中创建一个非基本对象，用来表示对应的基本类型。</p>
<pre class="prettyprint"><code class=" hljs java"><span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-class"><span class="hljs-keyword">class</span> <span class="hljs-title">AutoBoxingTest</span>{</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">static</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">final</span> Integer CONST_A = <span class="hljs-number">1</span>;
<span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">static</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">final</span> Integer CONST_B = Integer.valueOf(<span class="hljs-string">"2"</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">static</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">final</span> Integer CONST_C = <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Integer(<span class="hljs-number">3</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">private</span> Integer status;
<span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> <span class="hljs-title">setStatus</span>(Integer status){
<span class="hljs-keyword">this</span>.status = status;
}
<span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> <span class="hljs-title">displayStatus</span>(){
<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span>(status==CONST_A)
System.out.println(<span class="hljs-string">"It's CONST_A"</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">else</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">if</span>(status==CONST_B)
System.out.println(<span class="hljs-string">"It's CONST_B"</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">else</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">if</span>(status==CONST_C)
System.out.println(<span class="hljs-string">"It's CONST_C"</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">else</span>
System.out.println(<span class="hljs-string">"Invalid status!"</span>);
}
<span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">static</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> <span class="hljs-title">main</span>(String[] args){
AutoBoxingTest abt = <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> AutoBoxingTest();
abt.setStatus(<span class="hljs-number">1</span>);
abt.displayStatus();
abt.setStatus(<span class="hljs-number">2</span>);
abt.displayStatus();
abt.setStatus(<span class="hljs-number">3</span>);
abt.displayStatus();
}
}
<span class="hljs-javadoc">/**
执行结果：
It's CONST_A
It's CONST_B
Invalid status!
原因：
在自动装箱和调用Integer.valueOf(String)时，返回的Integer是从IntegerCache中获取的，所以都是同一个对象。
延伸一下，如果一边是包装类，一边是基本类型时，使用< 、> 、<=等比较，都会时行值比较。
*/</span></code></pre>
<p>Java提供了两个用于高精度计算的类：BigInteger、BigDecimal。</p>
<pre class="prettyprint"><code class=" hljs cs">import java.math.BigInteger;
<span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">class</span> MainClass{
<span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">static</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> <span class="hljs-title">main</span>(String[] argv)throws Exception
{
BigInteger bigInteger1 = <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> BigInteger(<span class="hljs-string">"123456789012345678901234567890"</span>);
BigInteger bigInteger2 = <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> BigInteger(<span class="hljs-string">"123456789012345678901234567890"</span>);
<span class="hljs-comment">//add</span>
bigInteger1 = bigIntger1.add(bigInteger2);
System.<span class="hljs-keyword">out</span>.println(bigInteger1);
<span class="hljs-comment">//subtract</span>
bigInteger1 = bigInteger1.subtract(bigInteger2);
System.<span class="hljs-keyword">out</span>.println(bigInteger1);
<span class="hljs-comment">//multiplay</span>
bigInteger1 = bigInteger1.multiply(bigInteger2);
System.<span class="hljs-keyword">out</span>.println(bigInteger1);
<span class="hljs-comment">//divide</span>
bigInteger1 = bigInteger1.divide(bigInteger2);
System.<span class="hljs-keyword">out</span>.println(bigIntger1);
}
}</code></pre>
<p>2.基本数据类型默认值 <br>
若类的某个成员是基本类型，即使没有进行初始化，Java也会确保它获得一个默认值 。</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>基本类型</th>
<th>默认值</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr>
<td>boolean</td>
<td>false</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>char</td>
<td>‘/u0000’</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>byte</td>
<td>0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>short</td>
<td>0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>int</td>
<td>0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>long</td>
<td>0L</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>float</td>
<td>0.0L</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>doubl</td>
<td>0.0d</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<p>3.javadoc <br>
用于提取注释的一部分,输出是一个HTML文件,所有Javadoc命令只能在”/<em>*”注释中出现,结束于”</em>/”,使用Javadoc的方式主要有两种:嵌入式HTML或使用”文档标签”,”文档标签”是一些以@字符开头的命令.</p>
<h4 id="数组">数组</h4>
<p>Java声明数组时不能指定其长度。</p>
<pre class="prettyprint"><code class="language-java hljs "><span class="hljs-keyword">int</span> a[<span class="hljs-number">5</span>]<span class="hljs-comment">//非法</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">//一维数组声明方式</span>
type var[]或type[] var;
<span class="hljs-comment">//动态 初始化</span>
MyType data[] = <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> MyType[<span class="hljs-number">3</span>];
data[<span class="hljs-number">0</span>] = <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> MyType(<span class="hljs-number">1</span>,<span class="hljs-number">2</span>);
data[<span class="hljs-number">1</span>] = <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> MyType(<span class="hljs-number">3</span>,<span class="hljs-number">4</span>);
<span class="hljs-comment">//静态初始化</span>
MyType data[]={
<span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> MyType(<span class="hljs-number">1</span>,<span class="hljs-number">2</span>),
<span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> MyType(<span class="hljs-number">3</span>,<span class="hljs-number">4</span>)
};
</code></pre>
<h2 id="2操作符">2.操作符</h2>
<p>1.直接常量 <br>
为了编译器可以准确的知道要生成什么样的类型,可以给直接常量后面添加后缀字符标志它的类型，若为L表示long，F表示float，D表示double。也可以利用前缀表示进制，0x表示十六进制，0表示八进制。 <br>
2.移位操作符 <br>
(<<):向左移动，低位补0 <br>
(>>):向右移动，高位补符号 <br>
(>>>):向右移动，高位补0 <br>
3.Java中没有sizeof，因为所有数据类型在所有机器中的大小都是相同的。</p>
<h2 id="3控制执行流程">3.控制执行流程</h2>
<p>1.foreach <br>
是一种更加简洁的for语法用于数组和容器 <br>
for(元素类型t 元素变量x：遍历对象obj){ <br>
引用x的java语句 <br>
}</p>
<pre class="prettyprint"><code class=" hljs cs"><span class="hljs-keyword">int</span> arr[] = {<span class="hljs-number">1</span>,<span class="hljs-number">2</span>,<span class="hljs-number">3</span>};
<span class="hljs-keyword">for</span>(<span class="hljs-keyword">int</span> x:arr){
System.<span class="hljs-keyword">out</span>.println(x);
}</code></pre>
<h2 id="4初始化与清理">4.初始化与清理</h2>
<p>1.Java完全采用动态内存分配方式。每当想创建新对象时，就需要使用new关键字来构建此对象实例。 <br>
2.在构造器中，如果为this添加了参数列表，那么就有了不同的含义。这将产生对符合此参数列表的某个构造器的明确调用。(1)尽管可以用this调用一个构造器，但却不能调用两个，而且必须将构造器调用置于最起始处。（2）除构造器外，编译器禁止在其他任何方法中调用构造器。</p>
<pre class="prettyprint"><code class=" hljs cs"><span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">class</span> Person{
<span class="hljs-keyword">int</span> age = <span class="hljs-number">0</span>;
String name = <span class="hljs-string">""</span>;
Person(<span class="hljs-keyword">int</span> a){
age = a;
System.<span class="hljs-keyword">out</span>.println(<span class="hljs-string">"age:"</span>+age);
}
Person(String n){
name = n;
System.<span class="hljs-keyword">out</span>.println(<span class="hljs-string">"name:"</span>+name);
}
Person(<span class="hljs-keyword">int</span> a,String n){
<span class="hljs-keyword">this</span>(a);
<span class="hljs-keyword">this</span>.name = n;
System.<span class="hljs-keyword">out</span>.println(<span class="hljs-string">"both!"</span>);
}
}</code></pre>
<p>3.finalize方法 <br>
一旦垃圾回收器准备好释放对象占用的存储空间，将首先调用其finalize方法，并且在下一次垃圾回收动作发生时，才会真正回收对象占用的内存。</p>
<pre class="prettyprint"><code class=" hljs java"><span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-class"><span class="hljs-keyword">class</span> <span class="hljs-title">FinalizeDemo</span>{</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">static</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> <span class="hljs-title">main</span>(){
Cake c1 = <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Cake(<span class="hljs-number">1</span>);
Cake c2 = <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Cake(<span class="hljs-number">2</span>);
Cake c3 = <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Cake(<span class="hljs-number">3</span>);
c2 = c3 = <span class="hljs-keyword">null</span>;
System.gc();<span class="hljs-comment">//Invoke the Java garbage collector </span>
}
}
class Cake extends Object{
<span class="hljs-keyword">private</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">int</span> id;
<span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-title">Cake</span>(<span class="hljs-keyword">int</span> id){
<span class="hljs-keyword">this</span>.id = id;
System.out.println(<span class="hljs-string">"Cake Object "</span>+id+<span class="hljs-string">" is created"</span>);
}
<span class="hljs-keyword">protected</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> <span class="hljs-title">finalize</span>()<span class="hljs-keyword">throws</span> java.lang.Throwable{
<span class="hljs-keyword">super</span>.finalize();
System.out.println(<span class="hljs-string">"Cake Object "</span>+id+<span class="hljs-string">"is disposed"</span>);
}
}
<span class="hljs-javadoc">/**
执行结果 ：
Cake Object 1 is created
Cake Object 2 is created
Cake Object 3 is created
Cake Object 3 is disposed
Cake Object 2 is disposed
*/</span></code></pre>
<p>4.在定义类成员变量的地方可以为其赋值，在C++中是不能这么做的。在类的内部，变量定义的先后顺序决定了初始化的顺序。</p>
<h2 id="访问权限">访问权限</h2>
<p>1.package必须是文件中除注释以外的第一句程序代码。 <br>
2.每个文件只能有一个public类，但是也可以完全不带public类，在这种情况下，可以随意对文件命名。 <br>
3.类的名字必须与文件名相同. <br>
4.除了public、private、protected之外，Java有一种默认的访问权限，当没有使用前面的访问指字词时，它将发挥作用。这种权限通常称为包访问权限。在这种权限下，同一个包中的类可以访问这个成员，而包之外的类，是不能访问这个成员的。</p>
<pre class="prettyprint"><code class=" hljs cs">package testcontrol;
<span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">class</span> MyTest{
<span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">int</span> mIntPublic = <span class="hljs-number">22</span>;
<span class="hljs-keyword">protected</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">int</span> mIntProtected = <span class="hljs-number">33</span>;
<span class="hljs-keyword">private</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">int</span> mIntPrivate = <span class="hljs-number">44</span>;
<span class="hljs-keyword">int</span> mInt = <span class="hljs-number">55</span>;
<span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> printForAll()
{
System.<span class="hljs-keyword">out</span>.println(mIntPublic);
System.<span class="hljs-keyword">out</span>.println(mIntProtected);
System.<span class="hljs-keyword">out</span>.println(mInt);
System.<span class="hljs-keyword">out</span>.println(mIntPrivate);
}
}</code></pre>
<pre class="prettyprint"><code class=" hljs avrasm">package testcontrol<span class="hljs-comment">;</span>
//同一个包下的子类
class MyTestDerived extends MyTest
{
void printForAll()
{
System<span class="hljs-preprocessor">.out</span><span class="hljs-preprocessor">.println</span>(mIntPublic)<span class="hljs-comment">;</span>
System<span class="hljs-preprocessor">.out</span><span class="hljs-preprocessor">.println</span>(mIntProtected)<span class="hljs-comment">;</span>
System<span class="hljs-preprocessor">.out</span><span class="hljs-preprocessor">.println</span>(mInt)<span class="hljs-comment">;</span>
//Syste<span class="hljs-preprocessor">.out</span><span class="hljs-preprocessor">.println</span>(mIntPrivate)<span class="hljs-comment">;</span>
}
}
//同一个包下的非子类
public class MyTestNotDerived
{
public static main(String[] args){
MyTest objMyTest = new MyTest()<span class="hljs-comment">;</span>
System<span class="hljs-preprocessor">.out</span><span class="hljs-preprocessor">.println</span>(<span class="hljs-string">"Access Permission Test in same package:1"</span>)<span class="hljs-comment">;</span>
System<span class="hljs-preprocessor">.out</span><span class="hljs-preprocessor">.println</span>(objMyTest<span class="hljs-preprocessor">.mIntPublic</span>)<span class="hljs-comment">;</span>
System<span class="hljs-preprocessor">.out</span><span class="hljs-preprocessor">.println</span>(objMyTest<span class="hljs-preprocessor">.mIntProtected</span>)<span class="hljs-comment">;</span>
System<span class="hljs-preprocessor">.out</span><span class="hljs-preprocessor">.println</span>(objMyTest<span class="hljs-preprocessor">.mInt</span>)<span class="hljs-comment">;</span>
//System<span class="hljs-preprocessor">.out</span><span class="hljs-preprocessor">.println</span>(objMyTest<span class="hljs-preprocessor">.mIntPrivate</span>)<span class="hljs-comment">;</span>
System<span class="hljs-preprocessor">.out</span><span class="hljs-preprocessor">.println</span>(<span class="hljs-string">"Access Permission Test:2"</span>)<span class="hljs-comment">;</span>
objMyTest<span class="hljs-preprocessor">.printForAll</span>()<span class="hljs-comment">;</span>
System<span class="hljs-preprocessor">.out</span><span class="hljs-preprocessor">.println</span>(<span class="hljs-string">"Access Permission Test in Derived:3"</span>)<span class="hljs-comment">;</span>
objDerived<span class="hljs-preprocessor">.printForAll</span>()<span class="hljs-comment">;</span>
}
}</code></pre>
<h2 id="复用类">复用类</h2>
<p>1.extends关键字用于类的继承。 <br>
2.在C++中，方法的动态绑定是使用virtual关键字来实现的，而在Java中，动态绑定是默认的形为，不需要添加额外的关键字。</p>
<pre class="prettyprint"><code class=" hljs cs"><span class="hljs-comment">//c++代码</span>
class Base{
<span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> :
<span class="hljs-title">Base</span>(){init();}
<span class="hljs-keyword">virtual</span> ~Base(){}
<span class="hljs-keyword">protected</span>:
<span class="hljs-keyword">virtual</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> <span class="hljs-title">init</span>()
{
cout<<<span class="hljs-string">"in Base::init()"</span><<endl;
}
};
class Derived:<span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> Base{
<span class="hljs-keyword">public</span>:
<span class="hljs-title">Derived</span>(){init();}
<span class="hljs-keyword">protected</span>:
<span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> <span class="hljs-title">init</span>(){
cout<<<span class="hljs-string">"in Derived::init()"</span><<endl;
}
};
<span class="hljs-keyword">int</span> main(<span class="hljs-keyword">int</span> argc,<span class="hljs-keyword">char</span>* argv[]){
Base *pb;
pb = <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Derived();
delete pb;
<span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> <span class="hljs-number">0</span>;
}
<span class="hljs-comment">/*
执行结果：
in Base::init()
in Derived::init()
*/</span></code></pre>
<pre class="prettyprint"><code class=" hljs cs"><span class="hljs-comment">//java</span>
class Base{
<span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-title">Base</span>(){init();}
<span class="hljs-keyword">protected</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> <span class="hljs-title">init</span>(){
System.<span class="hljs-keyword">out</span>.println(<span class="hljs-string">"in Base::init()"</span>);
}
}
class Derived extends Base{
<span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-title">Derived</span>(){init();}
<span class="hljs-keyword">protected</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> <span class="hljs-title">init</span>(){
System.<span class="hljs-keyword">out</span>.println(<span class="hljs-string">"in Derived::init"</span>);
}
}
<span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">class</span> Test{
<span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">static</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> <span class="hljs-title">main</span>(String[] args){
Base <span class="hljs-keyword">base</span> = <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Derived();
}
}
<span class="hljs-comment">/*
执行结果 ：
in Derived::init()
in Derived::init()
这是因为Java中的类对象在构造前就已经存在了，而c++中只有在构造完毕后才存在。
*/</span></code></pre>
<p>3.使用关键字super显式调用基类的构造器。 <br>
4.final关键字 <br>
final可以修饰类、属性和方法。 <br>
（1）对于基本类型，final可以使其成为编译时常量，可以在定义时赋值，也可以在构造函数中进行赋值。 <br>
（2）对于对象引用，final使引用恒定不变，一旦引用被初始化指向一个对象，就无法再把它改为为指向另一个对象。</p>
<pre class="prettyprint"><code class=" hljs cpp"><span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">class</span> Bat{
final <span class="hljs-keyword">double</span> PI = <span class="hljs-number">3.14</span>;<span class="hljs-comment">//在定义时赋值</span>
final <span class="hljs-keyword">int</span> i;
final List<Bat> <span class="hljs-built_in">list</span>;
Bat(){
i = <span class="hljs-number">100</span>;
<span class="hljs-built_in">list</span> = <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> LinkedList<Bat>();
}
Bat(<span class="hljs-keyword">int</span> ii,<span class="hljs-stl_container"><span class="hljs-built_in">list</span><Bat></span> l){
i = ii;
<span class="hljs-built_in">list</span> = l;
}
<span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">static</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> main(String[] args){
Bat b = <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Bat();
b.<span class="hljs-built_in">list</span>.add(<span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Bat());
<span class="hljs-comment">//b.i = 25;</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">//b.list = new ArrayList<Bat>();</span>
}
}</code></pre>
<p>（3）如果用final修饰方法，可以防止任何继承类修改它的含义。类中所有的private方法都隐式地指定为final。 <br>
（4）如果用final修饰类，表示不能再继承这个类。 <br>
（5）final修饰 的成员变量必须在声明的同时或在每个构造方法中显式赋值。</p>
<h2 id="接口">接口</h2>
<p>1.用interface关键字创建一个接口，要让一个类实现特定接口，需要使用implements关键字。 <br>
2.接口也可以包含域，但是这些域隐式是static和final的。</p>
<pre class="prettyprint"><code class=" hljs cs"><span class="hljs-keyword">interface</span> Runner<span class="hljs-comment">//定义接口</span>
{
<span class="hljs-keyword">int</span> i = <span class="hljs-number">3</span>;
<span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> <span class="hljs-title">start</span>();
<span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> run();
<span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> stop();
}
<span class="hljs-keyword">interface</span> Eater extends Runner<span class="hljs-comment">//接口间可以继承</span>
{
<span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> final <span class="hljs-keyword">static</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">int</span> j = <span class="hljs-number">4</span>;
<span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> openMouth();
<span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> upAndDown();
<span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> goIn();
}
class TT implements Eater<span class="hljs-comment">//实现接口</span>
{
<span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> <span class="hljs-title">start</span>(){System.<span class="hljs-keyword">out</span>.println(<span class="hljs-string">"start"</span>);}
<span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> <span class="hljs-title">run</span>(){System.<span class="hljs-keyword">out</span>.println(<span class="hljs-string">"run"</span>);}
<span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> <span class="hljs-title">stop</span>(){System.<span class="hljs-keyword">out</span>.println(<span class="hljs-string">"stop"</span>);}
<span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> <span class="hljs-title">openMouth</span>(){System.<span class="hljs-keyword">out</span>.println(<span class="hljs-string">"openMouth"</span>);}
<span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> <span class="hljs-title">upAndDown</span>(){System.<span class="hljs-keyword">out</span>.println(<span class="hljs-string">"upAndDown"</span>);}
<span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> <span class="hljs-title">goIn</span>(){System.<span class="hljs-keyword">out</span>.println(<span class="hljs-string">"goIn"</span>);}
}
<span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">class</span> TestInterface {
<span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">static</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> <span class="hljs-title">main</span>(String[] args){
Runner tt = <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> TT();
System.<span class="hljs-keyword">out</span>.println(tt.i);
System.<span class="hljs-keyword">out</span>.println(Runner.i);
tt.start();
Eater ee = <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> TT();
System.<span class="hljs-keyword">out</span>.println(ee.j);
System.<span class="hljs-keyword">out</span>.println(Eater.j);
ee.start();
}
}</code></pre>
<h2 id="内部类">内部类</h2>
<p>在一个类中定义另外一个类，这个类就叫做内部类。 <br>
1.它能访问其外围对象的所有成员。 <br>
2.如果你需要生成对外部类对象的引用，可以使用外部类的名字后面紧跟.this. <br>
3. 使用.new创建内部类的引用</p>
<pre class="prettyprint"><code class=" hljs java"><span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> Class <span class="hljs-title">Test</span>(){
<span class="hljs-keyword">private</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">int</span> num;
<span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-title">Test</span>(<span class="hljs-keyword">int</span> num){ <span class="hljs-keyword">this</span>.num = num;}
<span class="hljs-keyword">private</span> Class Inner{
<span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> Test <span class="hljs-title">getTest</span>(){
<span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> Test.<span class="hljs-keyword">this</span>;
}
<span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> Test <span class="hljs-title">newTest</span>(){
<span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Test();
}
}
<span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">static</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> <span class="hljs-title">main</span>(String[] args){
Test test = <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Test(<span class="hljs-number">5</span>);
Test.Inner inner = test.<span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Inner();
Test test2 = inner.getTest();
Test test3 = inner.newTest();
System.out.println(test2.num);
System.out.println(test3.num);
}
}
<span class="hljs-javadoc">/**
执行结果:
5 0
*/</span></code></pre>
<h2 id="类型信息">类型信息</h2>
<p>指程序能够在运行时发现和使用类型信息，我们一般使用两种方式来实现运行时对象和类的信息：传统的RTTI和反射机制。 <br>
1.class对象 <br>
专门用来保存类的信息，所有类都是动态加载到JVM中的，在他们第一次使用的时候，类加载器会首先检查Class对象是否加载，如果没有，那么找到同名的class文件，然后加载字节码文件，验证代码的完整性和安全性，一旦这个类型的class对象加载到内存中，它将会用来创建所有此类的对象。 <br>
class对象的生成方式如下： <br>
（1）Class.forName(“类名字符串”) <br>
（2）类名.class <br>
（3）实例对象.getClass()</p>
<pre class="prettyprint"><code class=" hljs d"><span class="hljs-keyword">package</span> Refect;
<span class="hljs-keyword">class</span> Demo{
<span class="hljs-comment">//other code...</span>
}
<span class="hljs-keyword">class</span> hello{
<span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">static</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> main(String[] args){
Class<?> demo1 = <span class="hljs-literal">null</span>;
Class<?> demo2 = <span class="hljs-literal">null</span>;
Class<?> demo3 = <span class="hljs-literal">null</span>;
<span class="hljs-keyword">try</span>{
demo1 = Class.forName(<span class="hljs-string">"Reflect.Demo"</span>);
}cathc(Exception e){
e.printStackTrace();
}
demo2 = <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Demo().getClass();
demo3 = Demo.<span class="hljs-keyword">class</span>;
}
System.<span class="hljs-keyword">out</span>.println(<span class="hljs-string">"类名称 "</span>+demo1.getName());<span class="hljs-comment">//Reflect.Demo</span>
System.<span class="hljs-keyword">out</span>.println(<span class="hljs-string">"类名称 "</span>+demo2.getName());<span class="hljs-comment">//Reflect.Demo</span>
System.<span class="hljs-keyword">out</span>.println(<span class="hljs-string">"类名称 "</span>+demo3.getName());<span class="hljs-comment">//Reflect.Demo</span>
}</code></pre>
<p>2.instanceof <br>
告诉我们对象是不是某个特定类型的实例。 <br>
3.反射 <br>
RTTI(运行时类型信息)和反射之间真正的区别只在于，对于RTTI来说，编译器在编译时打开和检查.class文件，而对于反射机制来说，.class文件在编译时是不可获取的，所以是在运行时打开和检查.class文件。 <br>
反射主要是指程序可以访问、检测和修改它本身或行为的一种能力。</p>
<pre class="prettyprint"><code class=" hljs cs">package Reflect;
<span class="hljs-keyword">interface</span> China{
<span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> String name = <span class="hljs-string">"Rollen"</span>;
<span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">int</span> age = <span class="hljs-number">20</span>;
<span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> <span class="hljs-title">sayChina</span>();
<span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> <span class="hljs-title">sayHello</span>(String name,<span class="hljs-keyword">int</span> age);
}
class Person implements China{
<span class="hljs-keyword">private</span> String sex;
<span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-title">Person</span>(){};
<span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-title">Person</span>(String sex){<span class="hljs-keyword">this</span>.sex = sex;}
<span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-title">getSex</span>(){<span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> sex;}
<span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-title">setSex</span>(String sex){<span class="hljs-keyword">this</span>.sex = sex;}
@Override
<span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> <span class="hljs-title">sayChina</span>(){
System.<span class="hljs-keyword">out</span>.println(<span class="hljs-string">"hello, china"</span>);
}
@Override
<span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> <span class="hljs-title">sayHello</span>(String name,<span class="hljs-keyword">int</span> age){
System.<span class="hljs-keyword">out</span>.println(name+<span class="hljs-string">" "</span>+age);
}
}
class hello{
<span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">static</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> <span class="hljs-title">main</span>(String[] args){
Class<?> demo = <span class="hljs-keyword">null</span>;
<span class="hljs-keyword">try</span>{
demo = Class.forName(<span class="hljs-string">"Reflect.Person"</span>)
}<span class="hljs-keyword">catch</span>(Exception e){e.printStackTrace();}
<span class="hljs-comment">//保存所有的接口</span>
Class<?> intes[] demo.getInterfaces();
<span class="hljs-keyword">for</span>(<span class="hljs-keyword">int</span> i=<span class="hljs-number">0</span>;i<intes.length;++i){
System.<span class="hljs-keyword">out</span>.println(<span class="hljs-string">"实现的接口 "</span>+intes[i].getName());
<span class="hljs-comment">//Reflect.China</span>
}
<span class="hljs-comment">//获得全部的构造函数</span>
Constructor<?> cons[]= demo.getConstructors();
<span class="hljs-keyword">for</span>(<span class="hljs-keyword">int</span> i=<span class="hljs-number">0</span>;i<cons.length;++i){
System.<span class="hljs-keyword">out</span>.println(<span class="hljs-string">"构造函数： "</span>+cons[i]);
}
<span class="hljs-comment">//通过反射调用其它类中的方法</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">try</span>{
Method method = demo.getMethod(<span class="hljs-string">"sayHello"</span>);
mehtod.invoke(demo.newInstance());
}<span class="hljs-keyword">catch</span>(Exception e){e.printStackTrace();}
Object obj = <span class="hljs-keyword">null</span>;
<span class="hljs-keyword">try</span>{
obj = demo.newInstance();
}<span class="hljs-keyword">catch</span>(Exception e){e.printStackTrace();}
<span class="hljs-comment">//通过反射操作属性</span>
Field field = demo.getDeclaredField(<span class="hljs-string">"sex"</span>);
field.setAccessible(<span class="hljs-keyword">true</span>);
field.<span class="hljs-keyword">set</span>(obj,<span class="hljs-string">"男"</span>);
}
}</code></pre>
<h2 id="泛型">泛型</h2>
<p>1.通配符 <br>
（1）通配符的上界</p>
<pre class="prettyprint"><code class=" hljs xml">? extends myClass其中“？”就是通配符，其上界为myClass，这句话代表myClass或其子类。
List<span class="hljs-tag"><<span class="hljs-title">Apple</span>></span> apples = new ArrayList<span class="hljs-tag"><<span class="hljs-title">Apple</span>></span>();
List<span class="php"><span class="hljs-class"><? <span class="hljs-keyword">extends</span> <span class="hljs-title">Fruit</span>> <span class="hljs-title">fruits</span> = <span class="hljs-title">apples</span>;</span></span></code></pre>
<p>（2）通配符的下界</p>
<pre class="prettyprint"><code class=" hljs vbnet">? super <span class="hljs-keyword">myClass</span>表示通配符的下界为<span class="hljs-keyword">myClass</span>，这句话代表<span class="hljs-keyword">myClass</span>的超类型直至<span class="hljs-built_in">Object</span>。
List<Fruit> fruits = <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> ArrayList<Fruit>();
List<? super Apple> = fruits;</code></pre>
<p>（3）无界通配符 <br>
？等价于Object。</p>
<h2 id="注解">注解</h2>
<p>1.用于描述Java源代码，使得我们能够以将由编译器来测试和验证的格式，存储有关程序的额外信息。使用时在@后面跟注解的名字。 <br>
2.预定义的三个注解 <br>
（1）Override <br>
标识某一个方法是否覆盖了它的父类的方法。 <br>
（2）Deprecated <br>
标注一个类成员时，编译器会发出警告信息。 <br>
（3）SuppressWarnings <br>
就是抑制编译器产生警告信息。 <br>
3.自定义注解 <br>
注解的定义和接口差不多，只是在interface前面多一个“ <br>
@”</p>
<pre class="prettyprint"><code class=" hljs cs"><span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> @<span class="hljs-keyword">interface</span> MyAnnotation
{
}</code></pre>
<p>上面的代码是个最简单的注解，这个注解没有属性。当然也可以定义有属性的注解。</p>
<pre class="prettyprint"><code class=" hljs cs"><span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> @<span class="hljs-keyword">interface</span> MyAnnotation
{
String <span class="hljs-keyword">value</span>();
}</code></pre>
<p>可以按如下格式使用MyAnnotation</p>
<pre class="prettyprint"><code class=" hljs java"><span class="hljs-annotation">@MyAnnotation</span>(<span class="hljs-string">"abc"</span>)
<span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> <span class="hljs-title">myMethod</span>()
{
}</code></pre>
<p>这里有一个约定，如果没有写属性名的值，而这个注解又有value属性，就将这个值给value属性，如果没有，就出现编译错误。 <br>
除了可以省略属性名，还可以省略属性值，这就是默认值。</p>
<pre class="prettyprint"><code class=" hljs cs"><span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> @<span class="hljs-keyword">interface</span> MyAnnotation
{
<span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> String <span class="hljs-title">value</span>() <span class="hljs-keyword">default</span> "xyz";
}</code></pre>
<p>可以直接使用MyAnnotation</p>
<pre class="prettyprint"><code class=" hljs java"><span class="hljs-annotation">@MyAnnotation</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> <span class="hljs-title">myMehtod</span>()
{
}</code></pre>
<p>4.元注解（对注解进行注解） <br>
为注解提供了4种注解： <br>
（1）Target <br>
先看下面代码</p>
<pre class="prettyprint"><code class=" hljs java"><span class="hljs-annotation">@Target</span>({ElementType.METHOD})
<span class="hljs-annotation">@interface</span> MyAnnotation{}
<span class="hljs-annotation">@MyAnnotaion</span> <span class="hljs-comment">//wrong!</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-class"><span class="hljs-keyword">class</span> <span class="hljs-title">Class1</span>
{</span>
<span class="hljs-annotation">@MyAnnotation</span> <span class="hljs-comment">//right!</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> <span class="hljs-title">myMethod</span>(){}
}</code></pre>
<p>target所指的目标就是Java的语言元素，如类、接口、方法等。 <br>
（2）Retention <br>
设置注解是否保存在class文件中</p>
<pre class="prettyprint"><code class=" hljs ruby"><span class="hljs-variable">@Retention</span>(<span class="hljs-constant">RetentionPolicy</span>.<span class="hljs-constant">SOURCE</span>)
<span class="hljs-variable">@interface</span> <span class="hljs-constant">MyAnnotation</span>{}
<span class="hljs-variable">@Retention</span>(<span class="hljs-constant">RetentionPolicy</span>.<span class="hljs-constant">CLASS</span>)
<span class="hljs-variable">@interface</span> <span class="hljs-constant">MyAnnotation2</span>{}
<span class="hljs-variable">@Retention</span>(<span class="hljs-constant">RetentionPolicy</span>.<span class="hljs-constant">RUNTIME</span>)
<span class="hljs-variable">@interface</span> <span class="hljs-constant">MyAnnotation3</span>{}</code></pre>
<p>其中第一段代码的作用是不将注解保存在class文件中，也就是说像“//”一样在编译时被过滤掉了。第二段代码的作用是只将注解保存在class文件中，而使用反射读取注解时忽略这些注解。第三段代码的作用是将注解保存在class文件中，也可以通过反射读取注解。 <br>
（3）Documented <br>
在默认的情况下使用javadoc自动生成文档时，注解将被忽略掉，如果想在文档中也包含注解，必须使用Documented为文档注解。 <br>
（4）Interited <br>
在默认情况下，父类的注解并不会被子类继承，如果要继承，就必须加上Inherited注解。</p>
<pre class="prettyprint"><code class=" hljs java"><span class="hljs-annotation">@Inherited</span>
<span class="hljs-annotation">@interface</span> MyAnnotation{}
<span class="hljs-annotation">@MyAnnotation</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-class"><span class="hljs-keyword">class</span> <span class="hljs-title">ParentClass</span>{</span>}
<span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-class"><span class="hljs-keyword">class</span> <span class="hljs-title">ChildClass</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">extends</span> <span class="hljs-title">ParentClass</span>{</span>}</code></pre>
<p>在以上代码中ChildClass和ParentClass一样都已被MyAnnotation注解。 <br>
5.使用反射读取注解 <br>
我们使用反射可以得到类的方法、方法的参数以及其它的类成员等信息。如果要得到某一个类或接口的注解信息，可以使用如下代码：</p>
<pre class="prettyprint"><code class=" hljs vbnet">Annotation annotation = <span class="hljs-keyword">MyClass</span>.<span class="hljs-keyword">class</span>.getAnnotaion(MyAnnotation.<span class="hljs-keyword">class</span>);
如果要得到全部的注解信息：
Annotation[] annotations = <span class="hljs-keyword">MyClass</span>.<span class="hljs-keyword">class</span>.getAnnotations();
或
Annotation[] annotations = <span class="hljs-keyword">MyClass</span>.<span class="hljs-keyword">class</span>.getDeclaredAnnotations();
getDeclaredAnnotations得到的是当前成员所有的注解，不包括继承。</code></pre>
<h2 id="并发">并发</h2>
<p>1.定义任务 <br>
线程可以驱动任务，因些你需要一种描述任务的方式，这可以由Runnable接口来提供。实现Runnable接口并编写run方法。~ <br>
2.Thread类 <br>
将Runnable对象转变为工作任务的传统方式是把它提交给一个Thread构选器。 <br>
3.join方法，某个线程加到另一个线程的“尾部”，当该线程执行完后，另一个线程再继续执行。 <br>
4.yield方法，当前运行的线程退出支行状态，会变成可运行状态，使同级别的线程有机会执行，但yield不能保证任何事情。 <br>
5.wait，调用wait必须拥有对象上的锁，wait可以释放锁，wait和notify必须要成对出现。 <br>
6.当调用对象的notify方法时，它会从当前对象的“wait set”中随机通知一个线程加入排队，被通知的线程会与其它正执行的线程共同竞争对象的“锁定”。 <br>
7.wait, notify, notifyAll是Object类提供的方法，而且它们都被声明为final。 <br>
8.</p>
<h3 id="runtime类和process类">Runtime类和Process类</h3>
<p>Runtime类封装了运行时的环境，每个Java应用程序都有一个Runtime类实例，使用应用程序能够与其运行环境相连接。通过Runtime.getRuntime()获取Runtime类的实例。Runtime类使用的是单例模式。</p>
<h3 id="集合">集合</h3>
<p>（1）Collection接口的iterator和toArray方法都用于获得集合中的“所有元素”。前者返回一个“iterator”对象，后者返回一个包含集合中所有元素的数组。 <br>
（2）HashSet是基于Hash算法实现的，其性能通常优于TreeSet。在我们需要排序的功能时，我们才使用TreeSet。HashSet会调用对象的hashCode()方法来获得哈希码。 <br>
（3）ArrayList内部采用数组实现，LinkedList使用“链表”来实现。 <br>
（4）LinkedHashSet不仅实现了Hash算法，可以在迭代时，按照元素加入集合时的顺序来显示对象。 <br>
（5）TreeSet使用红黑树对元素进行排序。依靠TreeMap来实现。 <br>
（6）LinkedHashMap在迭代元素时，可以按照对象加入集合的顺序来显示。 <br>
（7）TreeMap可以使用红黑树来对键对象排序。和Set类似，HashMap的速度通常比TreeMap快，只有在需要排序的功能时，才使用TreeMap。 <br>
（8）Java提供了Arrays类来封装数组。 <br>
（9）历史集合类 <br>
Vector， Stack， Enumeration，Hashtable，Properties和BitSet。 <br>
由于Vector，Stack， Hashtable， Enumeration都使用了同步机制，并发性能差。Properties和BitSet由于有着特殊用途，所以不还常使用。</p>
<h3 id="网络编程">网络编程</h3>
<p>1.TCP客户端程序与TCP服务器端程序的交互过程。 <br>
（1）服务器程序创建一个ServerSocket，然后调用Accept方法等待客户连接。 <br>
（2）客户端程序创建一个Socket并请求与服务器端建立连接。 <br>
（3）服务器接收客户的连接请求，并创建一个新的Socket与该客户建立专线连接。 <br>
（4）建立了连接的两个Socket在一个单独的线程（由服务器程序创建）上对话。 <br>
（5）服务器开始等待新的连接请求，当新的连接请求到达时，重得（2）~（5）。</p>
<p>2.TCP服务器程序编写 <br>
（1）调用ServerSocket()创建一个服务器端套接字， <br>
（2）调用accept()，监听连接请求，如果客户端请求连接，则接受连接，返回通信套接字。 <br>
（3）调用Socket类的getOutputStream()和getInputStream获取输出流和输入流，开始网络数据的发送和接收。 <br>
（4）最后关闭通信套接字。 <br>
3.客户端程序编写 <br>
（1）调用socket()创建一个流套接字，并连接到服务器端。 <br>
（2）调用socket类的getOutputStream()和getInputStream()获取输出流和输入流，开始网络数据的发送和接收。 <br>
（3）最后关闭通信套接字。 <br>
4.UDP接收端编写 <br>
（1）调用DatagramSocket(int port)创建一个数据报套接字，并绑定到指定的端口上。 <br>
（2）调用DatagramPackage(byte[] buf,int length),建立一个字节数组以接收UDP包。 <br>
（3）调用DatagramSocket类的receive()，接收UDP包。 <br>
（4）最后关闭数据报套接字。 <br>
5.发送端程序 <br>
（1）调用DatagramSocket()创建一个数据报套接字。 <br>
（2）调用DatagramPacket(byte[] buf, int length,InetAddress address,int port), 建立要发送的UDP包。 <br>
（3）调用DatagramSocket类的send()，发送UDP包。 <br>
（4）最后关闭数据报套接字。</p>
<h3 id="数据库">数据库</h3>
<p>1.JNDI <br>
在J2EE容器中配置JNDI参数，定义一个数据源，也就是JDBC引用参数，给这个数据源设置一个名称，然后，在程序中通过数据源名称引用数据源从而访问后台数据库。 <br>
例子：</p>
<pre class="prettyprint"><code class=" hljs rust">tomcatPath/conf/server.xml中的<GlobalNamingResources>节点中加入：
<Resource
auth=<span class="hljs-string">"Container"</span>
name=<span class="hljs-string">"jdbc/oralce/jndi"</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">type</span>=<span class="hljs-string">"javax/sql/DataSource"</span><!-- jndi的接口驱动-->
driverClassName=<span class="hljs-string">"oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver"</span>
username=<span class="hljs-string">"test"</span>
password=<span class="hljs-string">"test"</span>
maxIdle=<span class="hljs-string">"5"</span>
maxActive=<span class="hljs-string">"30"</span>
maxWait=<span class="hljs-string">"5000"</span>
url=<span class="hljs-string">"jdbc:oracle:thin@127.0.0.1521:xxx"</span>
/></code></pre><link rel="stylesheet" href="http://static.blog.csdn.net/public/res-min/markdown_views.css?v=1.0"></div><link rel="stylesheet" href="http://static.blog.csdn.net/public/res-min/markdown_views.css?v=1.0">
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Java是于 1995年由Sun公司推出的一款面向对象的程序设计语言，它是由Java之父之称的Sun研究院院士James
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<li class="time">2015-06-26 23:39</li>
<li class="visited_num"><i class="icon iconfont icon-yuedu"></i><span>222</span></li>
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<div class="summary">
这一部分其实也算是今天的重点，这一部分用来回答很多群里的朋友所问过的问题，那就是我你是如何学习Java的，能不能给点建议？今天我是打算来点干货，因此咱们就不说一些学习方法和技巧了，直接来谈每个阶段要学...
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<li class="user_name"><a href="#nogo" target="_blank">liang0000zai</a></li>
<li class="time">2016-05-13 10:51</li>
<li class="visited_num"><i class="icon iconfont icon-yuedu"></i><span>20860</span></li>
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<div class="summary">
public class Test {
public static void main(String[] args) {
new Student();
}
}
clas...
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<li class="time">2017-05-06 17:05</li>
<li class="visited_num"><i class="icon iconfont icon-yuedu"></i><span>103</span></li>
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<h2><a href="/fanyating617825/article/details/48955631" target="_blank" strategy="BlogCommendFromCsdn">java基础知识总结</a></h2>
<div class="summary">
eclipse:网址下载：www.eclipse.org
eclipse快捷键：
补全代码： alt+/
换行： shift+(enter)回车符
导入当前类使用的包： ctrl+...
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<li class="user_name"><a href="#nogo">fanyating617825</a></li>
<li class="time">2015-10-07 22:32</li>
<li class="visited_num"><i class="icon iconfont icon-yuedu"></i><span>887</span></li>
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<h2><a href="http://cnaning.iteye.com/blog/350609" target="_blank" strategy="BlogCommendFromCsdn">张孝祥java基础开发前奏总结：</a></h2>
<div class="summary">
张孝祥java基础开发前奏总结：
"一次编译，到处运行"的原理
Java具有三个方面的内涵1.是一种编程语言2.是一套开发工具3.是一个运行环境
什么是JDK(Java Development Kit) JDK安装目录有demo(建议有一定基础的java
人员参考)-开发工具，Javac及基础核心类<br
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<li class="user_name"><a href="#nogo">cnaning</a></li>
<li class="time">2009-03-17 23:16</li>
<li class="visited_num"><i class="icon iconfont icon-yuedu"></i><span>732</span></li>
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<div class="summary">
1.static 关键字(静态的)
①静态方法
通常，在一个类里定义一个方法为static,也就是说无需本类的对象即可直接调用此方法。
声明此方法意味着：
·此方法内部不能引用非static变...
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<li class="time">2016-12-08 14:13</li>
<li class="visited_num"><i class="icon iconfont icon-yuedu"></i><span>471</span></li>
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<div class="summary">
写代码：
1，明确需求。我要做什么？
2，分析思路。我要怎么做？1,2,3。
3，确定步骤。每一个思路部分用到哪些语句，方法，和对象。
4，代码实现。用具体的java语言代码把思路体现出来。
学习新技术的四点：
1，该技术是什么？
2，该技术有什么特点(使用注意)：
3，该技术怎么使用。demo
4，该技术什么时候用？test。
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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<li class="time">2015-05-14 14:26</li>
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<h2><a href="/lzh7710/article/details/48973151" target="_blank" strategy="BlogCommendFromCsdn">java基础总结</a></h2>
<div class="summary">
自留备用
http://www.cnblogs.com/xdp-gacl/category/563690.html
java基础总结文章
Java制作证书的工具keytool用法...
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<div class="summary">
Java基础知识总结
写代码：
1，明确需求。我要做什么？
2，分析思路。我要怎么做？1,2,3。
3，确定步骤。每一个思路部分用到哪些语句，方法，和对象。
4，代码实现。用具体的java语言代码把思路体现出来。
学习新技术的四点：
1，该技术是什么？
2，该技术有
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<li class="avatar_img"><a href="http://lilai.iteye.com/blog/1578749" target="_blank" strategy="BlogCommendFromCsdn"><img src="http://static.blog.csdn.net/images/iteye.png" alt="lilai" title="lilai"></a></li>
<li class="user_name"><a href="#nogo">lilai</a></li>
<li class="time">2012-06-05 13:02</li>
<li class="visited_num"><i class="icon iconfont icon-yuedu"></i><span>1219</span></li>
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<h2><a href="/shenghuaday/article/details/51512914" target="_blank" strategy="BlogCommendFromCsdn">Java基础知识总结</a></h2>
<div class="summary">
Java基础知识总结
目录(?)[-]
Java基础知识总结一java概述二java语法基础三面向对象
类继 承面向对象特征之一接 口多 态异 常多线程集合框...
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<li class="time">2016-05-27 10:00</li>
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<h2><a href="http://run-wang.iteye.com/blog/1295401" target="_blank" strategy="BlogCommendFromCsdn">Java基础—异常处理总结</a></h2>
<div class="summary">
[size=medium][size=large] Java基础—异常处理总结
异常处理是程序设计中一个非常重要的方面，也是程序设计的一大难点，从C开始，你也许已经知道如何用if...else...来控制异常了，也许是自发的，然而这种控制异常痛苦，同一个异常或者错误如果多个地方出现，那么你每个地方都要做相同处理，感觉相当的麻烦!
Java语言在设计的当初就考虑到这些问题，提出异常处理的框架的方案，所有的异常都可以用一个类型来表示，不同类型的异常对应不同的子类异常(这里的异常包括错误概念)，定义异常处理的规范，在1.4版本以后增加了异常链机制，从而便于跟踪异常!这
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<li class="time">2011-12-07 11:52</li>
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<h2><a href="/u012124438/article/details/76698331" target="_blank" strategy="BlogCommendFromCsdn">务实java基础之集合总结</a></h2>
<div class="summary">
Java 提供了容纳对象（或者对象的句柄）的多种方式。其中内建的类型是数组，此外， Java 的工具库提供了一些
“集合类”，利用这些集合类，我们可以容纳乃至操纵自己的对象。
声明：本篇博客内容参...
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</dd>
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<dd>
<h2><a href="http://xitonga.iteye.com/blog/2052722" target="_blank" strategy="BlogCommendFromCsdn">Java基础知识总结</a></h2>
<div class="summary">
Java基础知识总结
写代码：
1，明确需求。我要做什么？
2，分析思路。我要怎么做？1,2,3。
3，确定步骤。每一个思路部分用到哪些语句，方法，和对象。
4，代码实现。用具体的java语言代码把思路体现出来。
学习新技术的四点：
1，该技术是什么？
2，该技术有
</div>
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<li class="avatar_img"><a href="http://xitonga.iteye.com/blog/2052722" target="_blank" strategy="BlogCommendFromCsdn"><img src="http://static.blog.csdn.net/images/iteye.png" alt="xitonga" title="xitonga"></a></li>
<li class="user_name"><a href="#nogo">xitonga</a></li>
<li class="time">2012-06-05 13:02</li>
<li class="visited_num"><i class="icon iconfont icon-yuedu"></i><span>63</span></li>
</ul>
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<h1 class="csdn_top">Java基础总结</h1>
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<span class="original">原创</span>
<span class="time">2015年05月24日 19:11:56</span>
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<div class="markdown_views"><h2 id="1基本类型">1.基本类型</h2>
<p>1.在程序设计中经常用到一系列类型（基本类型），它们需要特殊对待。对于这些类型，Java采取与C和C++相同的方法，也就是说，不用new来创建变量，出是创建一个并非引用的变量，这个变量直接存储“值”，并置于堆栈中，因此更加高效。</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>基本类型</th>
<th>包装类型</th>
<th>大小</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr>
<td>boolean</td>
<td>Boolean</td>
<td>-</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>char</td>
<td>Character</td>
<td>16-bit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>byte</td>
<td>Byte</td>
<td>8-bit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>short</td>
<td>Short</td>
<td>16-bit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>int</td>
<td>Integer</td>
<td>32-bit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>long</td>
<td>Long</td>
<td>64-bit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>float</td>
<td>Float</td>
<td>32-bit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>double</td>
<td>Double</td>
<td>64-bit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>void</td>
<td>Void</td>
<td>-</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<p>基本类型具有的装类，使得可以在堆中创建一个非基本对象，用来表示对应的基本类型。</p>
<pre class="prettyprint"><code class=" hljs java"><span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-class"><span class="hljs-keyword">class</span> <span class="hljs-title">AutoBoxingTest</span>{</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">static</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">final</span> Integer CONST_A = <span class="hljs-number">1</span>;
<span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">static</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">final</span> Integer CONST_B = Integer.valueOf(<span class="hljs-string">"2"</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">static</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">final</span> Integer CONST_C = <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Integer(<span class="hljs-number">3</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">private</span> Integer status;
<span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> <span class="hljs-title">setStatus</span>(Integer status){
<span class="hljs-keyword">this</span>.status = status;
}
<span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> <span class="hljs-title">displayStatus</span>(){
<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span>(status==CONST_A)
System.out.println(<span class="hljs-string">"It's CONST_A"</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">else</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">if</span>(status==CONST_B)
System.out.println(<span class="hljs-string">"It's CONST_B"</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">else</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">if</span>(status==CONST_C)
System.out.println(<span class="hljs-string">"It's CONST_C"</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">else</span>
System.out.println(<span class="hljs-string">"Invalid status!"</span>);
}
<span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">static</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> <span class="hljs-title">main</span>(String[] args){
AutoBoxingTest abt = <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> AutoBoxingTest();
abt.setStatus(<span class="hljs-number">1</span>);
abt.displayStatus();
abt.setStatus(<span class="hljs-number">2</span>);
abt.displayStatus();
abt.setStatus(<span class="hljs-number">3</span>);
abt.displayStatus();
}
}
<span class="hljs-javadoc">/**
执行结果：
It's CONST_A
It's CONST_B
Invalid status!
原因：
在自动装箱和调用Integer.valueOf(String)时，返回的Integer是从IntegerCache中获取的，所以都是同一个对象。
延伸一下，如果一边是包装类，一边是基本类型时，使用< 、> 、<=等比较，都会时行值比较。
*/</span></code></pre>
<p>Java提供了两个用于高精度计算的类：BigInteger、BigDecimal。</p>
<pre class="prettyprint"><code class=" hljs cs">import java.math.BigInteger;
<span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">class</span> MainClass{
<span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">static</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> <span class="hljs-title">main</span>(String[] argv)throws Exception
{
BigInteger bigInteger1 = <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> BigInteger(<span class="hljs-string">"123456789012345678901234567890"</span>);
BigInteger bigInteger2 = <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> BigInteger(<span class="hljs-string">"123456789012345678901234567890"</span>);
<span class="hljs-comment">//add</span>
bigInteger1 = bigIntger1.add(bigInteger2);
System.<span class="hljs-keyword">out</span>.println(bigInteger1);
<span class="hljs-comment">//subtract</span>
bigInteger1 = bigInteger1.subtract(bigInteger2);
System.<span class="hljs-keyword">out</span>.println(bigInteger1);
<span class="hljs-comment">//multiplay</span>
bigInteger1 = bigInteger1.multiply(bigInteger2);
System.<span class="hljs-keyword">out</span>.println(bigInteger1);
<span class="hljs-comment">//divide</span>
bigInteger1 = bigInteger1.divide(bigInteger2);
System.<span class="hljs-keyword">out</span>.println(bigIntger1);
}
}</code></pre>
<p>2.基本数据类型默认值 <br>
若类的某个成员是基本类型，即使没有进行初始化，Java也会确保它获得一个默认值 。</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>基本类型</th>
<th>默认值</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr>
<td>boolean</td>
<td>false</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>char</td>
<td>‘/u0000’</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>byte</td>
<td>0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>short</td>
<td>0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>int</td>
<td>0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>long</td>
<td>0L</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>float</td>
<td>0.0L</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>doubl</td>
<td>0.0d</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<p>3.javadoc <br>
用于提取注释的一部分,输出是一个HTML文件,所有Javadoc命令只能在”/<em>*”注释中出现,结束于”</em>/”,使用Javadoc的方式主要有两种:嵌入式HTML或使用”文档标签”,”文档标签”是一些以@字符开头的命令.</p>
<h4 id="数组">数组</h4>
<p>Java声明数组时不能指定其长度。</p>
<pre class="prettyprint"><code class="language-java hljs "><span class="hljs-keyword">int</span> a[<span class="hljs-number">5</span>]<span class="hljs-comment">//非法</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">//一维数组声明方式</span>
type var[]或type[] var;
<span class="hljs-comment">//动态 初始化</span>
MyType data[] = <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> MyType[<span class="hljs-number">3</span>];
data[<span class="hljs-number">0</span>] = <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> MyType(<span class="hljs-number">1</span>,<span class="hljs-number">2</span>);
data[<span class="hljs-number">1</span>] = <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> MyType(<span class="hljs-number">3</span>,<span class="hljs-number">4</span>);
<span class="hljs-comment">//静态初始化</span>
MyType data[]={
<span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> MyType(<span class="hljs-number">1</span>,<span class="hljs-number">2</span>),
<span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> MyType(<span class="hljs-number">3</span>,<span class="hljs-number">4</span>)
};
</code></pre>
<h2 id="2操作符">2.操作符</h2>
<p>1.直接常量 <br>
为了编译器可以准确的知道要生成什么样的类型,可以给直接常量后面添加后缀字符标志它的类型，若为L表示long，F表示float，D表示double。也可以利用前缀表示进制，0x表示十六进制，0表示八进制。 <br>
2.移位操作符 <br>
(<<):向左移动，低位补0 <br>
(>>):向右移动，高位补符号 <br>
(>>>):向右移动，高位补0 <br>
3.Java中没有sizeof，因为所有数据类型在所有机器中的大小都是相同的。</p>
<h2 id="3控制执行流程">3.控制执行流程</h2>
<p>1.foreach <br>
是一种更加简洁的for语法用于数组和容器 <br>
for(元素类型t 元素变量x：遍历对象obj){ <br>
引用x的java语句 <br>
}</p>
<pre class="prettyprint"><code class=" hljs cs"><span class="hljs-keyword">int</span> arr[] = {<span class="hljs-number">1</span>,<span class="hljs-number">2</span>,<span class="hljs-number">3</span>};
<span class="hljs-keyword">for</span>(<span class="hljs-keyword">int</span> x:arr){
System.<span class="hljs-keyword">out</span>.println(x);
}</code></pre>
<h2 id="4初始化与清理">4.初始化与清理</h2>
<p>1.Java完全采用动态内存分配方式。每当想创建新对象时，就需要使用new关键字来构建此对象实例。 <br>
2.在构造器中，如果为this添加了参数列表，那么就有了不同的含义。这将产生对符合此参数列表的某个构造器的明确调用。(1)尽管可以用this调用一个构造器，但却不能调用两个，而且必须将构造器调用置于最起始处。（2）除构造器外，编译器禁止在其他任何方法中调用构造器。</p>
<pre class="prettyprint"><code class=" hljs cs"><span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">class</span> Person{
<span class="hljs-keyword">int</span> age = <span class="hljs-number">0</span>;
String name = <span class="hljs-string">""</span>;
Person(<span class="hljs-keyword">int</span> a){
age = a;
System.<span class="hljs-keyword">out</span>.println(<span class="hljs-string">"age:"</span>+age);
}
Person(String n){
name = n;
System.<span class="hljs-keyword">out</span>.println(<span class="hljs-string">"name:"</span>+name);
}
Person(<span class="hljs-keyword">int</span> a,String n){
<span class="hljs-keyword">this</span>(a);
<span class="hljs-keyword">this</span>.name = n;
System.<span class="hljs-keyword">out</span>.println(<span class="hljs-string">"both!"</span>);
}
}</code></pre>
<p>3.finalize方法 <br>
一旦垃圾回收器准备好释放对象占用的存储空间，将首先调用其finalize方法，并且在下一次垃圾回收动作发生时，才会真正回收对象占用的内存。</p>
<pre class="prettyprint"><code class=" hljs java"><span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-class"><span class="hljs-keyword">class</span> <span class="hljs-title">FinalizeDemo</span>{</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">static</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> <span class="hljs-title">main</span>(){
Cake c1 = <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Cake(<span class="hljs-number">1</span>);
Cake c2 = <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Cake(<span class="hljs-number">2</span>);
Cake c3 = <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Cake(<span class="hljs-number">3</span>);
c2 = c3 = <span class="hljs-keyword">null</span>;
System.gc();<span class="hljs-comment">//Invoke the Java garbage collector </span>
}
}
class Cake extends Object{
<span class="hljs-keyword">private</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">int</span> id;
<span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-title">Cake</span>(<span class="hljs-keyword">int</span> id){
<span class="hljs-keyword">this</span>.id = id;
System.out.println(<span class="hljs-string">"Cake Object "</span>+id+<span class="hljs-string">" is created"</span>);
}
<span class="hljs-keyword">protected</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> <span class="hljs-title">finalize</span>()<span class="hljs-keyword">throws</span> java.lang.Throwable{
<span class="hljs-keyword">super</span>.finalize();
System.out.println(<span class="hljs-string">"Cake Object "</span>+id+<span class="hljs-string">"is disposed"</span>);
}
}
<span class="hljs-javadoc">/**
执行结果 ：
Cake Object 1 is created
Cake Object 2 is created
Cake Object 3 is created
Cake Object 3 is disposed
Cake Object 2 is disposed
*/</span></code></pre>
<p>4.在定义类成员变量的地方可以为其赋值，在C++中是不能这么做的。在类的内部，变量定义的先后顺序决定了初始化的顺序。</p>
<h2 id="访问权限">访问权限</h2>
<p>1.package必须是文件中除注释以外的第一句程序代码。 <br>
2.每个文件只能有一个public类，但是也可以完全不带public类，在这种情况下，可以随意对文件命名。 <br>
3.类的名字必须与文件名相同. <br>
4.除了public、private、protected之外，Java有一种默认的访问权限，当没有使用前面的访问指字词时，它将发挥作用。这种权限通常称为包访问权限。在这种权限下，同一个包中的类可以访问这个成员，而包之外的类，是不能访问这个成员的。</p>
<pre class="prettyprint"><code class=" hljs cs">package testcontrol;
<span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">class</span> MyTest{
<span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">int</span> mIntPublic = <span class="hljs-number">22</span>;
<span class="hljs-keyword">protected</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">int</span> mIntProtected = <span class="hljs-number">33</span>;
<span class="hljs-keyword">private</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">int</span> mIntPrivate = <span class="hljs-number">44</span>;
<span class="hljs-keyword">int</span> mInt = <span class="hljs-number">55</span>;
<span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> printForAll()
{
System.<span class="hljs-keyword">out</span>.println(mIntPublic);
System.<span class="hljs-keyword">out</span>.println(mIntProtected);
System.<span class="hljs-keyword">out</span>.println(mInt);
System.<span class="hljs-keyword">out</span>.println(mIntPrivate);
}
}</code></pre>
<pre class="prettyprint"><code class=" hljs avrasm">package testcontrol<span class="hljs-comment">;</span>
//同一个包下的子类
class MyTestDerived extends MyTest
{
void printForAll()
{
System<span class="hljs-preprocessor">.out</span><span class="hljs-preprocessor">.println</span>(mIntPublic)<span class="hljs-comment">;</span>
System<span class="hljs-preprocessor">.out</span><span class="hljs-preprocessor">.println</span>(mIntProtected)<span class="hljs-comment">;</span>
System<span class="hljs-preprocessor">.out</span><span class="hljs-preprocessor">.println</span>(mInt)<span class="hljs-comment">;</span>
//Syste<span class="hljs-preprocessor">.out</span><span class="hljs-preprocessor">.println</span>(mIntPrivate)<span class="hljs-comment">;</span>
}
}
//同一个包下的非子类
public class MyTestNotDerived
{
public static main(String[] args){
MyTest objMyTest = new MyTest()<span class="hljs-comment">;</span>
System<span class="hljs-preprocessor">.out</span><span class="hljs-preprocessor">.println</span>(<span class="hljs-string">"Access Permission Test in same package:1"</span>)<span class="hljs-comment">;</span>
System<span class="hljs-preprocessor">.out</span><span class="hljs-preprocessor">.println</span>(objMyTest<span class="hljs-preprocessor">.mIntPublic</span>)<span class="hljs-comment">;</span>
System<span class="hljs-preprocessor">.out</span><span class="hljs-preprocessor">.println</span>(objMyTest<span class="hljs-preprocessor">.mIntProtected</span>)<span class="hljs-comment">;</span>
System<span class="hljs-preprocessor">.out</span><span class="hljs-preprocessor">.println</span>(objMyTest<span class="hljs-preprocessor">.mInt</span>)<span class="hljs-comment">;</span>
//System<span class="hljs-preprocessor">.out</span><span class="hljs-preprocessor">.println</span>(objMyTest<span class="hljs-preprocessor">.mIntPrivate</span>)<span class="hljs-comment">;</span>
System<span class="hljs-preprocessor">.out</span><span class="hljs-preprocessor">.println</span>(<span class="hljs-string">"Access Permission Test:2"</span>)<span class="hljs-comment">;</span>
objMyTest<span class="hljs-preprocessor">.printForAll</span>()<span class="hljs-comment">;</span>
System<span class="hljs-preprocessor">.out</span><span class="hljs-preprocessor">.println</span>(<span class="hljs-string">"Access Permission Test in Derived:3"</span>)<span class="hljs-comment">;</span>
objDerived<span class="hljs-preprocessor">.printForAll</span>()<span class="hljs-comment">;</span>
}
}</code></pre>
<h2 id="复用类">复用类</h2>
<p>1.extends关键字用于类的继承。 <br>
2.在C++中，方法的动态绑定是使用virtual关键字来实现的，而在Java中，动态绑定是默认的形为，不需要添加额外的关键字。</p>
<pre class="prettyprint"><code class=" hljs cs"><span class="hljs-comment">//c++代码</span>
class Base{
<span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> :
<span class="hljs-title">Base</span>(){init();}
<span class="hljs-keyword">virtual</span> ~Base(){}
<span class="hljs-keyword">protected</span>:
<span class="hljs-keyword">virtual</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> <span class="hljs-title">init</span>()
{
cout<<<span class="hljs-string">"in Base::init()"</span><<endl;
}
};
class Derived:<span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> Base{
<span class="hljs-keyword">public</span>:
<span class="hljs-title">Derived</span>(){init();}
<span class="hljs-keyword">protected</span>:
<span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> <span class="hljs-title">init</span>(){
cout<<<span class="hljs-string">"in Derived::init()"</span><<endl;
}
};
<span class="hljs-keyword">int</span> main(<span class="hljs-keyword">int</span> argc,<span class="hljs-keyword">char</span>* argv[]){
Base *pb;
pb = <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Derived();
delete pb;
<span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> <span class="hljs-number">0</span>;
}
<span class="hljs-comment">/*
执行结果：
in Base::init()
in Derived::init()
*/</span></code></pre>
<pre class="prettyprint"><code class=" hljs cs"><span class="hljs-comment">//java</span>
class Base{
<span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-title">Base</span>(){init();}
<span class="hljs-keyword">protected</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> <span class="hljs-title">init</span>(){
System.<span class="hljs-keyword">out</span>.println(<span class="hljs-string">"in Base::init()"</span>);
}
}
class Derived extends Base{
<span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-title">Derived</span>(){init();}
<span class="hljs-keyword">protected</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> <span class="hljs-title">init</span>(){
System.<span class="hljs-keyword">out</span>.println(<span class="hljs-string">"in Derived::init"</span>);
}
}
<span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">class</span> Test{
<span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">static</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> <span class="hljs-title">main</span>(String[] args){
Base <span class="hljs-keyword">base</span> = <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Derived();
}
}
<span class="hljs-comment">/*
执行结果 ：
in Derived::init()
in Derived::init()
这是因为Java中的类对象在构造前就已经存在了，而c++中只有在构造完毕后才存在。
*/</span></code></pre>
<p>3.使用关键字super显式调用基类的构造器。 <br>
4.final关键字 <br>
final可以修饰类、属性和方法。 <br>
（1）对于基本类型，final可以使其成为编译时常量，可以在定义时赋值，也可以在构造函数中进行赋值。 <br>
（2）对于对象引用，final使引用恒定不变，一旦引用被初始化指向一个对象，就无法再把它改为为指向另一个对象。</p>
<pre class="prettyprint"><code class=" hljs cpp"><span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">class</span> Bat{
final <span class="hljs-keyword">double</span> PI = <span class="hljs-number">3.14</span>;<span class="hljs-comment">//在定义时赋值</span>
final <span class="hljs-keyword">int</span> i;
final List<Bat> <span class="hljs-built_in">list</span>;
Bat(){
i = <span class="hljs-number">100</span>;
<span class="hljs-built_in">list</span> = <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> LinkedList<Bat>();
}
Bat(<span class="hljs-keyword">int</span> ii,<span class="hljs-stl_container"><span class="hljs-built_in">list</span><Bat></span> l){
i = ii;
<span class="hljs-built_in">list</span> = l;
}
<span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">static</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> main(String[] args){
Bat b = <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Bat();
b.<span class="hljs-built_in">list</span>.add(<span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Bat());
<span class="hljs-comment">//b.i = 25;</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">//b.list = new ArrayList<Bat>();</span>
}
}</code></pre>
<p>（3）如果用final修饰方法，可以防止任何继承类修改它的含义。类中所有的private方法都隐式地指定为final。 <br>
（4）如果用final修饰类，表示不能再继承这个类。 <br>
（5）final修饰 的成员变量必须在声明的同时或在每个构造方法中显式赋值。</p>
<h2 id="接口">接口</h2>
<p>1.用interface关键字创建一个接口，要让一个类实现特定接口，需要使用implements关键字。 <br>
2.接口也可以包含域，但是这些域隐式是static和final的。</p>
<pre class="prettyprint"><code class=" hljs cs"><span class="hljs-keyword">interface</span> Runner<span class="hljs-comment">//定义接口</span>
{
<span class="hljs-keyword">int</span> i = <span class="hljs-number">3</span>;
<span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> <span class="hljs-title">start</span>();
<span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> run();
<span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> stop();
}
<span class="hljs-keyword">interface</span> Eater extends Runner<span class="hljs-comment">//接口间可以继承</span>
{
<span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> final <span class="hljs-keyword">static</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">int</span> j = <span class="hljs-number">4</span>;
<span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> openMouth();
<span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> upAndDown();
<span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> goIn();
}
class TT implements Eater<span class="hljs-comment">//实现接口</span>
{
<span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> <span class="hljs-title">start</span>(){System.<span class="hljs-keyword">out</span>.println(<span class="hljs-string">"start"</span>);}
<span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> <span class="hljs-title">run</span>(){System.<span class="hljs-keyword">out</span>.println(<span class="hljs-string">"run"</span>);}
<span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> <span class="hljs-title">stop</span>(){System.<span class="hljs-keyword">out</span>.println(<span class="hljs-string">"stop"</span>);}
<span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> <span class="hljs-title">openMouth</span>(){System.<span class="hljs-keyword">out</span>.println(<span class="hljs-string">"openMouth"</span>);}
<span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> <span class="hljs-title">upAndDown</span>(){System.<span class="hljs-keyword">out</span>.println(<span class="hljs-string">"upAndDown"</span>);}
<span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> <span class="hljs-title">goIn</span>(){System.<span class="hljs-keyword">out</span>.println(<span class="hljs-string">"goIn"</span>);}
}
<span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">class</span> TestInterface {
<span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">static</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> <span class="hljs-title">main</span>(String[] args){
Runner tt = <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> TT();
System.<span class="hljs-keyword">out</span>.println(tt.i);
System.<span class="hljs-keyword">out</span>.println(Runner.i);
tt.start();
Eater ee = <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> TT();
System.<span class="hljs-keyword">out</span>.println(ee.j);
System.<span class="hljs-keyword">out</span>.println(Eater.j);
ee.start();
}
}</code></pre>
<h2 id="内部类">内部类</h2>
<p>在一个类中定义另外一个类，这个类就叫做内部类。 <br>
1.它能访问其外围对象的所有成员。 <br>
2.如果你需要生成对外部类对象的引用，可以使用外部类的名字后面紧跟.this. <br>
3. 使用.new创建内部类的引用</p>
<pre class="prettyprint"><code class=" hljs java"><span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> Class <span class="hljs-title">Test</span>(){
<span class="hljs-keyword">private</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">int</span> num;
<span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-title">Test</span>(<span class="hljs-keyword">int</span> num){ <span class="hljs-keyword">this</span>.num = num;}
<span class="hljs-keyword">private</span> Class Inner{
<span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> Test <span class="hljs-title">getTest</span>(){
<span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> Test.<span class="hljs-keyword">this</span>;
}
<span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> Test <span class="hljs-title">newTest</span>(){
<span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Test();
}
}
<span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">static</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> <span class="hljs-title">main</span>(String[] args){
Test test = <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Test(<span class="hljs-number">5</span>);
Test.Inner inner = test.<span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Inner();
Test test2 = inner.getTest();
Test test3 = inner.newTest();
System.out.println(test2.num);
System.out.println(test3.num);
}
}
<span class="hljs-javadoc">/**
执行结果:
5 0
*/</span></code></pre>
<h2 id="类型信息">类型信息</h2>
<p>指程序能够在运行时发现和使用类型信息，我们一般使用两种方式来实现运行时对象和类的信息：传统的RTTI和反射机制。 <br>
1.class对象 <br>
专门用来保存类的信息，所有类都是动态加载到JVM中的，在他们第一次使用的时候，类加载器会首先检查Class对象是否加载，如果没有，那么找到同名的class文件，然后加载字节码文件，验证代码的完整性和安全性，一旦这个类型的class对象加载到内存中，它将会用来创建所有此类的对象。 <br>
class对象的生成方式如下： <br>
（1）Class.forName(“类名字符串”) <br>
（2）类名.class <br>
（3）实例对象.getClass()</p>
<pre class="prettyprint"><code class=" hljs d"><span class="hljs-keyword">package</span> Refect;
<span class="hljs-keyword">class</span> Demo{
<span class="hljs-comment">//other code...</span>
}
<span class="hljs-keyword">class</span> hello{
<span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">static</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> main(String[] args){
Class<?> demo1 = <span class="hljs-literal">null</span>;
Class<?> demo2 = <span class="hljs-literal">null</span>;
Class<?> demo3 = <span class="hljs-literal">null</span>;
<span class="hljs-keyword">try</span>{
demo1 = Class.forName(<span class="hljs-string">"Reflect.Demo"</span>);
}cathc(Exception e){
e.printStackTrace();
}
demo2 = <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Demo().getClass();
demo3 = Demo.<span class="hljs-keyword">class</span>;
}
System.<span class="hljs-keyword">out</span>.println(<span class="hljs-string">"类名称 "</span>+demo1.getName());<span class="hljs-comment">//Reflect.Demo</span>
System.<span class="hljs-keyword">out</span>.println(<span class="hljs-string">"类名称 "</span>+demo2.getName());<span class="hljs-comment">//Reflect.Demo</span>
System.<span class="hljs-keyword">out</span>.println(<span class="hljs-string">"类名称 "</span>+demo3.getName());<span class="hljs-comment">//Reflect.Demo</span>
}</code></pre>
<p>2.instanceof <br>
告诉我们对象是不是某个特定类型的实例。 <br>
3.反射 <br>
RTTI(运行时类型信息)和反射之间真正的区别只在于，对于RTTI来说，编译器在编译时打开和检查.class文件，而对于反射机制来说，.class文件在编译时是不可获取的，所以是在运行时打开和检查.class文件。 <br>
反射主要是指程序可以访问、检测和修改它本身或行为的一种能力。</p>
<pre class="prettyprint"><code class=" hljs cs">package Reflect;
<span class="hljs-keyword">interface</span> China{
<span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> String name = <span class="hljs-string">"Rollen"</span>;
<span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">int</span> age = <span class="hljs-number">20</span>;
<span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> <span class="hljs-title">sayChina</span>();
<span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> <span class="hljs-title">sayHello</span>(String name,<span class="hljs-keyword">int</span> age);
}
class Person implements China{
<span class="hljs-keyword">private</span> String sex;
<span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-title">Person</span>(){};
<span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-title">Person</span>(String sex){<span class="hljs-keyword">this</span>.sex = sex;}
<span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-title">getSex</span>(){<span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> sex;}
<span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-title">setSex</span>(String sex){<span class="hljs-keyword">this</span>.sex = sex;}
@Override
<span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> <span class="hljs-title">sayChina</span>(){
System.<span class="hljs-keyword">out</span>.println(<span class="hljs-string">"hello, china"</span>);
}
@Override
<span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> <span class="hljs-title">sayHello</span>(String name,<span class="hljs-keyword">int</span> age){
System.<span class="hljs-keyword">out</span>.println(name+<span class="hljs-string">" "</span>+age);
}
}
class hello{
<span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">static</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> <span class="hljs-title">main</span>(String[] args){
Class<?> demo = <span class="hljs-keyword">null</span>;
<span class="hljs-keyword">try</span>{
demo = Class.forName(<span class="hljs-string">"Reflect.Person"</span>)
}<span class="hljs-keyword">catch</span>(Exception e){e.printStackTrace();}
<span class="hljs-comment">//保存所有的接口</span>
Class<?> intes[] demo.getInterfaces();
<span class="hljs-keyword">for</span>(<span class="hljs-keyword">int</span> i=<span class="hljs-number">0</span>;i<intes.length;++i){
System.<span class="hljs-keyword">out</span>.println(<span class="hljs-string">"实现的接口 "</span>+intes[i].getName());
<span class="hljs-comment">//Reflect.China</span>
}
<span class="hljs-comment">//获得全部的构造函数</span>
Constructor<?> cons[]= demo.getConstructors();
<span class="hljs-keyword">for</span>(<span class="hljs-keyword">int</span> i=<span class="hljs-number">0</span>;i<cons.length;++i){
System.<span class="hljs-keyword">out</span>.println(<span class="hljs-string">"构造函数： "</span>+cons[i]);
}
<span class="hljs-comment">//通过反射调用其它类中的方法</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">try</span>{
Method method = demo.getMethod(<span class="hljs-string">"sayHello"</span>);
mehtod.invoke(demo.newInstance());
}<span class="hljs-keyword">catch</span>(Exception e){e.printStackTrace();}
Object obj = <span class="hljs-keyword">null</span>;
<span class="hljs-keyword">try</span>{
obj = demo.newInstance();
}<span class="hljs-keyword">catch</span>(Exception e){e.printStackTrace();}
<span class="hljs-comment">//通过反射操作属性</span>
Field field = demo.getDeclaredField(<span class="hljs-string">"sex"</span>);
field.setAccessible(<span class="hljs-keyword">true</span>);
field.<span class="hljs-keyword">set</span>(obj,<span class="hljs-string">"男"</span>);
}
}</code></pre>
<h2 id="泛型">泛型</h2>
<p>1.通配符 <br>
（1）通配符的上界</p>
<pre class="prettyprint"><code class=" hljs xml">? extends myClass其中“？”就是通配符，其上界为myClass，这句话代表myClass或其子类。
List<span class="hljs-tag"><<span class="hljs-title">Apple</span>></span> apples = new ArrayList<span class="hljs-tag"><<span class="hljs-title">Apple</span>></span>();
List<span class="php"><span class="hljs-class"><? <span class="hljs-keyword">extends</span> <span class="hljs-title">Fruit</span>> <span class="hljs-title">fruits</span> = <span class="hljs-title">apples</span>;</span></span></code></pre>
<p>（2）通配符的下界</p>
<pre class="prettyprint"><code class=" hljs vbnet">? super <span class="hljs-keyword">myClass</span>表示通配符的下界为<span class="hljs-keyword">myClass</span>，这句话代表<span class="hljs-keyword">myClass</span>的超类型直至<span class="hljs-built_in">Object</span>。
List<Fruit> fruits = <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> ArrayList<Fruit>();
List<? super Apple> = fruits;</code></pre>
<p>（3）无界通配符 <br>
？等价于Object。</p>
<h2 id="注解">注解</h2>
<p>1.用于描述Java源代码，使得我们能够以将由编译器来测试和验证的格式，存储有关程序的额外信息。使用时在@后面跟注解的名字。 <br>
2.预定义的三个注解 <br>
（1）Override <br>
标识某一个方法是否覆盖了它的父类的方法。 <br>
（2）Deprecated <br>
标注一个类成员时，编译器会发出警告信息。 <br>
（3）SuppressWarnings <br>
就是抑制编译器产生警告信息。 <br>
3.自定义注解 <br>
注解的定义和接口差不多，只是在interface前面多一个“ <br>
@”</p>
<pre class="prettyprint"><code class=" hljs cs"><span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> @<span class="hljs-keyword">interface</span> MyAnnotation
{
}</code></pre>
<p>上面的代码是个最简单的注解，这个注解没有属性。当然也可以定义有属性的注解。</p>
<pre class="prettyprint"><code class=" hljs cs"><span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> @<span class="hljs-keyword">interface</span> MyAnnotation
{
String <span class="hljs-keyword">value</span>();
}</code></pre>
<p>可以按如下格式使用MyAnnotation</p>
<pre class="prettyprint"><code class=" hljs java"><span class="hljs-annotation">@MyAnnotation</span>(<span class="hljs-string">"abc"</span>)
<span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> <span class="hljs-title">myMethod</span>()
{
}</code></pre>
<p>这里有一个约定，如果没有写属性名的值，而这个注解又有value属性，就将这个值给value属性，如果没有，就出现编译错误。 <br>
除了可以省略属性名，还可以省略属性值，这就是默认值。</p>
<pre class="prettyprint"><code class=" hljs cs"><span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> @<span class="hljs-keyword">interface</span> MyAnnotation
{
<span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> String <span class="hljs-title">value</span>() <span class="hljs-keyword">default</span> "xyz";
}</code></pre>
<p>可以直接使用MyAnnotation</p>
<pre class="prettyprint"><code class=" hljs java"><span class="hljs-annotation">@MyAnnotation</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> <span class="hljs-title">myMehtod</span>()
{
}</code></pre>
<p>4.元注解（对注解进行注解） <br>
为注解提供了4种注解： <br>
（1）Target <br>
先看下面代码</p>
<pre class="prettyprint"><code class=" hljs java"><span class="hljs-annotation">@Target</span>({ElementType.METHOD})
<span class="hljs-annotation">@interface</span> MyAnnotation{}
<span class="hljs-annotation">@MyAnnotaion</span> <span class="hljs-comment">//wrong!</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-class"><span class="hljs-keyword">class</span> <span class="hljs-title">Class1</span>
{</span>
<span class="hljs-annotation">@MyAnnotation</span> <span class="hljs-comment">//right!</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> <span class="hljs-title">myMethod</span>(){}
}</code></pre>
<p>target所指的目标就是Java的语言元素，如类、接口、方法等。 <br>
（2）Retention <br>
设置注解是否保存在class文件中</p>
<pre class="prettyprint"><code class=" hljs ruby"><span class="hljs-variable">@Retention</span>(<span class="hljs-constant">RetentionPolicy</span>.<span class="hljs-constant">SOURCE</span>)
<span class="hljs-variable">@interface</span> <span class="hljs-constant">MyAnnotation</span>{}
<span class="hljs-variable">@Retention</span>(<span class="hljs-constant">RetentionPolicy</span>.<span class="hljs-constant">CLASS</span>)
<span class="hljs-variable">@interface</span> <span class="hljs-constant">MyAnnotation2</span>{}
<span class="hljs-variable">@Retention</span>(<span class="hljs-constant">RetentionPolicy</span>.<span class="hljs-constant">RUNTIME</span>)
<span class="hljs-variable">@interface</span> <span class="hljs-constant">MyAnnotation3</span>{}</code></pre>
<p>其中第一段代码的作用是不将注解保存在class文件中，也就是说像“//”一样在编译时被过滤掉了。第二段代码的作用是只将注解保存在class文件中，而使用反射读取注解时忽略这些注解。第三段代码的作用是将注解保存在class文件中，也可以通过反射读取注解。 <br>
（3）Documented <br>
在默认的情况下使用javadoc自动生成文档时，注解将被忽略掉，如果想在文档中也包含注解，必须使用Documented为文档注解。 <br>
（4）Interited <br>
在默认情况下，父类的注解并不会被子类继承，如果要继承，就必须加上Inherited注解。</p>
<pre class="prettyprint"><code class=" hljs java"><span class="hljs-annotation">@Inherited</span>
<span class="hljs-annotation">@interface</span> MyAnnotation{}
<span class="hljs-annotation">@MyAnnotation</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-class"><span class="hljs-keyword">class</span> <span class="hljs-title">ParentClass</span>{</span>}
<span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-class"><span class="hljs-keyword">class</span> <span class="hljs-title">ChildClass</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">extends</span> <span class="hljs-title">ParentClass</span>{</span>}</code></pre>
<p>在以上代码中ChildClass和ParentClass一样都已被MyAnnotation注解。 <br>
5.使用反射读取注解 <br>
我们使用反射可以得到类的方法、方法的参数以及其它的类成员等信息。如果要得到某一个类或接口的注解信息，可以使用如下代码：</p>
<pre class="prettyprint"><code class=" hljs vbnet">Annotation annotation = <span class="hljs-keyword">MyClass</span>.<span class="hljs-keyword">class</span>.getAnnotaion(MyAnnotation.<span class="hljs-keyword">class</span>);
如果要得到全部的注解信息：
Annotation[] annotations = <span class="hljs-keyword">MyClass</span>.<span class="hljs-keyword">class</span>.getAnnotations();
或
Annotation[] annotations = <span class="hljs-keyword">MyClass</span>.<span class="hljs-keyword">class</span>.getDeclaredAnnotations();
getDeclaredAnnotations得到的是当前成员所有的注解，不包括继承。</code></pre>
<h2 id="并发">并发</h2>
<p>1.定义任务 <br>
线程可以驱动任务，因些你需要一种描述任务的方式，这可以由Runnable接口来提供。实现Runnable接口并编写run方法。~ <br>
2.Thread类 <br>
将Runnable对象转变为工作任务的传统方式是把它提交给一个Thread构选器。 <br>
3.join方法，某个线程加到另一个线程的“尾部”，当该线程执行完后，另一个线程再继续执行。 <br>
4.yield方法，当前运行的线程退出支行状态，会变成可运行状态，使同级别的线程有机会执行，但yield不能保证任何事情。 <br>
5.wait，调用wait必须拥有对象上的锁，wait可以释放锁，wait和notify必须要成对出现。 <br>
6.当调用对象的notify方法时，它会从当前对象的“wait set”中随机通知一个线程加入排队，被通知的线程会与其它正执行的线程共同竞争对象的“锁定”。 <br>
7.wait, notify, notifyAll是Object类提供的方法，而且它们都被声明为final。 <br>
8.</p>
<h3 id="runtime类和process类">Runtime类和Process类</h3>
<p>Runtime类封装了运行时的环境，每个Java应用程序都有一个Runtime类实例，使用应用程序能够与其运行环境相连接。通过Runtime.getRuntime()获取Runtime类的实例。Runtime类使用的是单例模式。</p>
<h3 id="集合">集合</h3>
<p>（1）Collection接口的iterator和toArray方法都用于获得集合中的“所有元素”。前者返回一个“iterator”对象，后者返回一个包含集合中所有元素的数组。 <br>
（2）HashSet是基于Hash算法实现的，其性能通常优于TreeSet。在我们需要排序的功能时，我们才使用TreeSet。HashSet会调用对象的hashCode()方法来获得哈希码。 <br>
（3）ArrayList内部采用数组实现，LinkedList使用“链表”来实现。 <br>
（4）LinkedHashSet不仅实现了Hash算法，可以在迭代时，按照元素加入集合时的顺序来显示对象。 <br>
（5）TreeSet使用红黑树对元素进行排序。依靠TreeMap来实现。 <br>
（6）LinkedHashMap在迭代元素时，可以按照对象加入集合的顺序来显示。 <br>
（7）TreeMap可以使用红黑树来对键对象排序。和Set类似，HashMap的速度通常比TreeMap快，只有在需要排序的功能时，才使用TreeMap。 <br>
（8）Java提供了Arrays类来封装数组。 <br>
（9）历史集合类 <br>
Vector， Stack， Enumeration，Hashtable，Properties和BitSet。 <br>
由于Vector，Stack， Hashtable， Enumeration都使用了同步机制，并发性能差。Properties和BitSet由于有着特殊用途，所以不还常使用。</p>
<h3 id="网络编程">网络编程</h3>
<p>1.TCP客户端程序与TCP服务器端程序的交互过程。 <br>
（1）服务器程序创建一个ServerSocket，然后调用Accept方法等待客户连接。 <br>
（2）客户端程序创建一个Socket并请求与服务器端建立连接。 <br>
（3）服务器接收客户的连接请求，并创建一个新的Socket与该客户建立专线连接。 <br>
（4）建立了连接的两个Socket在一个单独的线程（由服务器程序创建）上对话。 <br>
（5）服务器开始等待新的连接请求，当新的连接请求到达时，重得（2）~（5）。</p>
<p>2.TCP服务器程序编写 <br>
（1）调用ServerSocket()创建一个服务器端套接字， <br>
（2）调用accept()，监听连接请求，如果客户端请求连接，则接受连接，返回通信套接字。 <br>
（3）调用Socket类的getOutputStream()和getInputStream获取输出流和输入流，开始网络数据的发送和接收。 <br>
（4）最后关闭通信套接字。 <br>
3.客户端程序编写 <br>
（1）调用socket()创建一个流套接字，并连接到服务器端。 <br>
（2）调用socket类的getOutputStream()和getInputStream()获取输出流和输入流，开始网络数据的发送和接收。 <br>
（3）最后关闭通信套接字。 <br>
4.UDP接收端编写 <br>
（1）调用DatagramSocket(int port)创建一个数据报套接字，并绑定到指定的端口上。 <br>
（2）调用DatagramPackage(byte[] buf,int length),建立一个字节数组以接收UDP包。 <br>
（3）调用DatagramSocket类的receive()，接收UDP包。 <br>
（4）最后关闭数据报套接字。 <br>
5.发送端程序 <br>
（1）调用DatagramSocket()创建一个数据报套接字。 <br>
（2）调用DatagramPacket(byte[] buf, int length,InetAddress address,int port), 建立要发送的UDP包。 <br>
（3）调用DatagramSocket类的send()，发送UDP包。 <br>
（4）最后关闭数据报套接字。</p>
<h3 id="数据库">数据库</h3>
<p>1.JNDI <br>
在J2EE容器中配置JNDI参数，定义一个数据源，也就是JDBC引用参数，给这个数据源设置一个名称，然后，在程序中通过数据源名称引用数据源从而访问后台数据库。 <br>
例子：</p>
<pre class="prettyprint"><code class=" hljs rust">tomcatPath/conf/server.xml中的<GlobalNamingResources>节点中加入：
<Resource
auth=<span class="hljs-string">"Container"</span>
name=<span class="hljs-string">"jdbc/oralce/jndi"</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">type</span>=<span class="hljs-string">"javax/sql/DataSource"</span><!-- jndi的接口驱动-->
driverClassName=<span class="hljs-string">"oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver"</span>
username=<span class="hljs-string">"test"</span>
password=<span class="hljs-string">"test"</span>
maxIdle=<span class="hljs-string">"5"</span>
maxActive=<span class="hljs-string">"30"</span>
maxWait=<span class="hljs-string">"5000"</span>
url=<span class="hljs-string">"jdbc:oracle:thin@127.0.0.1521:xxx"</span>
/></code></pre><link rel="stylesheet" href="http://static.blog.csdn.net/public/res-min/markdown_views.css?v=1.0"></div><link rel="stylesheet" href="http://static.blog.csdn.net/public/res-min/markdown_views.css?v=1.0">
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