金融反欺诈

最新推荐文章于 2023-07-07 16:01:15 发布

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最新推荐文章于 2023-07-07 16:01:15 发布

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## 1. Data Lending Club 2016年Q3数据：https://www.lendingclub.com/info/download-data.action 参考：http://kldavenport.com/lending-club-data-analysis-revisted-with-python/

import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import seaborn as sns
%matplotlib inline

df = pd.read_csv("./LoanStats_2016Q3.csv",skiprows=1,low_memory=False)

df.info()

df.head(3)

	id	member_id	loan_amnt	funded_amnt	funded_amnt_inv	term	int_rate	installment	grade	sub_grade	…	sec_app_earliest_cr_line	sec_app_inq_last_6mths	sec_app_mort_acc	sec_app_open_acc	sec_app_revol_util	sec_app_open_il_6m	sec_app_num_rev_accts	sec_app_chargeoff_within_12_mths	sec_app_collections_12_mths_ex_med	sec_app_mths_since_last_major_derog
0	NaN	NaN	15000.0	15000.0	15000.0	36 months	13.99%	512.60	C	C3	…	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN
1	NaN	NaN	2600.0	2600.0	2600.0	36 months	8.99%	82.67	B	B1	…	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN
2	NaN	NaN	32200.0	32200.0	32200.0	60 months	21.49%	880.02	D	D5	…	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN

3 rows × 122 columns

## 2. Keep what we need

# .ix[row slice, column slice] 
df.ix[:4,:7]

	id	member_id	loan_amnt	funded_amnt	funded_amnt_inv	term	int_rate
0	NaN	NaN	15000.0	15000.0	15000.0	36 months	13.99%
1	NaN	NaN	2600.0	2600.0	2600.0	36 months	8.99%
2	NaN	NaN	32200.0	32200.0	32200.0	60 months	21.49%
3	NaN	NaN	10000.0	10000.0	10000.0	36 months	11.49%
4	NaN	NaN	6000.0	6000.0	6000.0	36 months	13.49%

df.drop('id',1,inplace=True)
df.drop('member_id',1,inplace=True)

df.int_rate = pd.Series(df.int_rate).str.replace('%', '').astype(float)

df.ix[:4,:7]

	loan_amnt	funded_amnt	funded_amnt_inv	term	int_rate	installment	grade
0	15000.0	15000.0	15000.0	36 months	13.99	512.60	C
1	2600.0	2600.0	2600.0	36 months	8.99	82.67	B
2	32200.0	32200.0	32200.0	60 months	21.49	880.02	D
3	10000.0	10000.0	10000.0	36 months	11.49	329.72	B
4	6000.0	6000.0	6000.0	36 months	13.49	203.59	C

### Loan Amount Requested Verus the Funded Amount

print (df.loan_amnt != df.funded_amnt).value_counts()

False 99120 True 4 dtype: int64

df.query('loan_amnt != funded_amnt').head(5)

	loan_amnt	funded_amnt	funded_amnt_inv	term	int_rate	installment	grade	sub_grade	emp_title	emp_length	…	sec_app_earliest_cr_line	sec_app_inq_last_6mths	sec_app_mort_acc	sec_app_open_acc	sec_app_revol_util	sec_app_open_il_6m	sec_app_num_rev_accts	sec_app_chargeoff_within_12_mths	sec_app_collections_12_mths_ex_med	sec_app_mths_since_last_major_derog
99120	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	…	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN
99121	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	…	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN
99122	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	…	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN
99123	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	…	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN

4 rows × 120 columns

df.dropna(axis=0, how='all',inplace=True)

df.info()

df.dropna(axis=1, how='all',inplace=True)

df.info()

df.ix[:5,8:15]

	emp_title	emp_length	home_ownership	annual_inc	verification_status	issue_d	loan_status
0	Fiscal Director	2 years	RENT	55000.0	Not Verified	Sep-16	Current
1	Loaner Coordinator	3 years	RENT	35000.0	Source Verified	Sep-16	Fully Paid
2	warehouse/supervisor	10+ years	MORTGAGE	65000.0	Not Verified	Sep-16	Fully Paid
3	Teacher	10+ years	OWN	55900.0	Not Verified	Sep-16	Current
4	SERVICE MGR	5 years	RENT	33000.0	Not Verified	Sep-16	Current
5	General Manager	10+ years	MORTGAGE	109000.0	Source Verified	Sep-16	Current

### emp_title: employment title

print df.emp_title.value_counts().head()
print df.emp_title.value_counts().tail()
df.emp_title.unique().shape

Teacher 1931 Manager 1701 Owner 990 Supervisor 785 Driver 756 Name: emp_title, dtype: int64 Agent Services Representative 1 Operator Bridge Tunnel 1 Reg Medical Assistant/Referral Spec. 1 Home Health Care 1 rounds cook 1 Name: emp_title, dtype: int64 (37421,)

df.drop(['emp_title'],1, inplace=True)

df.ix[:5,8:15]

	emp_length	home_ownership	annual_inc	verification_status	issue_d	loan_status	pymnt_plan
0	2 years	RENT	55000.0	Not Verified	Sep-16	Current	n
1	3 years	RENT	35000.0	Source Verified	Sep-16	Fully Paid	n
2	10+ years	MORTGAGE	65000.0	Not Verified	Sep-16	Fully Paid	n
3	10+ years	OWN	55900.0	Not Verified	Sep-16	Current	n
4	5 years	RENT	33000.0	Not Verified	Sep-16	Current	n
5	10+ years	MORTGAGE	109000.0	Source Verified	Sep-16	Current	n

### emp_length: employment length

df.emp_length.value_counts()

10+ years 34219 2 years 9066 3 years 7925

df.replace('n/a', np.nan,inplace=True)
df.emp_length.fillna(value=0,inplace=True)
df['emp_length'].replace(to_replace='[^0-9]+', value='', inplace=True, regex=True)
df['emp_length'] = df['emp_length'].astype(int)

df.emp_length.value_counts()

10 34219 1 14095 2 9066 3 7925 5 6170 4 6022 0 5922 6 4406 8 4168 9 3922 7 3205 Name: emp_length, dtype: int64 ### verification status:”Indicates if income was verified by LC, not verified, or if the income source was verified”

df.verification_status.value_counts()

Source Verified 40781 Verified 31356 Not Verified 26983 Name: verification_status, dtype: int64 ### Target: Loan Statuses

df.info()

df.columns

Index([u’loan_amnt’, u’funded_amnt’, u’funded_amnt_inv’, u’term’, u’int_rate’, u’installment’, u’grade’, u’sub_grade’, u’emp_length’, u’home_ownership’, … u’num_tl_90g_dpd_24m’, u’num_tl_op_past_12m’, u’pct_tl_nvr_dlq’, u’percent_bc_gt_75’, u’pub_rec_bankruptcies’, u’tax_liens’, u’tot_hi_cred_lim’, u’total_bal_ex_mort’, u’total_bc_limit’, u’total_il_high_credit_limit’], dtype=’object’, length=107)

pd.unique(df['loan_status'].values.ravel())

array([‘Current’, ‘Fully Paid’, ‘Late (31-120 days)’, ‘Charged Off’, ‘Late (16-30 days)’, ‘In Grace Period’, ‘Default’], dtype=object)

for col in df.select_dtypes(include=['object']).columns:
    print ("Column {} has {} unique instances".format( col, len(df[col].unique())) )

Column term has 2 unique instances Column grade has 7 unique instances Column sub_grade has 35 unique instances Column home_ownership has 4 unique instances Column verification_status has 3 unique instances Column issue_d has 3 unique instances Column loan_status has 7 unique instances Column pymnt_plan has 2 unique instances Column desc has 6 unique instances Column purpose has 13 unique instances Column title has 13 unique instances Column zip_code has 873 unique instances Column addr_state has 50 unique instances Column earliest_cr_line has 614 unique instances Column revol_util has 1087 unique instances Column initial_list_status has 2 unique instances Column last_pymnt_d has 13 unique instances Column next_pymnt_d has 4 unique instances Column last_credit_pull_d has 14 unique instances Column application_type has 3 unique instances Column verification_status_joint has 2 unique instances

# 处理对象类型的缺失，unique
df.select_dtypes(include=['O']).describe().T.\
assign(missing_pct=df.apply(lambda x : (len(x)-x.count())/float(len(x))))

	count	unique	top	freq	missing_pct
term	99120	2	36 months	73898	0.000000
grade	99120	7	C	32846	0.000000
sub_grade	99120	35	B5	8322	0.000000
home_ownership	99120	4	MORTGAGE	46761	0.000000
verification_status	99120	3	Source Verified	40781	0.000000
issue_d	99120	3	Aug-16	36280	0.000000
loan_status	99120	7	Current	79445	0.000000
pymnt_plan	99120	2	n	99074	0.000000
desc	6	5		2	0.999939
purpose	99120	13	debt_consolidation	57682	0.000000
title	93693	12	Debt consolidation	53999	0.054752
zip_code	99120	873	112xx	1125	0.000000
addr_state	99120	50	CA	13352	0.000000
earliest_cr_line	99120	614	Aug-03	796	0.000000
revol_util	99060	1086	0%	440	0.000605
initial_list_status	99120	2	w	71869	0.000000
last_pymnt_d	98991	12	Jun-17	81082	0.001301
next_pymnt_d	83552	3	Jul-17	83527	0.157062
last_credit_pull_d	99115	13	Jun-17	89280	0.000050
application_type	99120	3	INDIVIDUAL	98565	0.000000
verification_status_joint	517	1	Not Verified	517	0.994784

df.revol_util = pd.Series(df.revol_util).str.replace('%', '').astype(float)

# missing_pct
df.drop('desc',1,inplace=True)
df.drop('verification_status_joint',1,inplace=True)

df.drop('zip_code',1,inplace=True)
df.drop('addr_state',1,inplace=True)
df.drop('earliest_cr_line',1,inplace=True)
df.drop('revol_util',1,inplace=True)
df.drop('purpose',1,inplace=True)
df.drop('title',1,inplace=True)
df.drop('term',1,inplace=True)
df.drop('issue_d',1,inplace=True)
# df.drop('',1,inplace=True)
# 贷后相关的字段
df.drop(['out_prncp','out_prncp_inv','total_pymnt',
         'total_pymnt_inv','total_rec_prncp', 'grade', 'sub_grade'] ,1, inplace=True)
df.drop(['total_rec_int','total_rec_late_fee',
         'recoveries','collection_recovery_fee',
         'collection_recovery_fee' ],1, inplace=True)
df.drop(['last_pymnt_d','last_pymnt_amnt',
         'next_pymnt_d','last_credit_pull_d'],1, inplace=True)
df.drop(['policy_code'],1, inplace=True)

df.info()

df.ix[:5,:10]

	loan_amnt	funded_amnt	funded_amnt_inv	int_rate	installment	emp_length	home_ownership	annual_inc	verification_status	loan_status
0	15000.0	15000.0	15000.0	13.99	512.60	2	RENT	55000.0	Not Verified	Current
1	2600.0	2600.0	2600.0	8.99	82.67	3	RENT	35000.0	Source Verified	Fully Paid
2	32200.0	32200.0	32200.0	21.49	880.02	10	MORTGAGE	65000.0	Not Verified	Fully Paid
3	10000.0	10000.0	10000.0	11.49	329.72	10	OWN	55900.0	Not Verified	Current
4	6000.0	6000.0	6000.0	13.49	203.59	5	RENT	33000.0	Not Verified	Current
5	30000.0	30000.0	30000.0	13.99	697.90	10	MORTGAGE	109000.0	Source Verified	Current

df.ix[:5,10:21]

	pymnt_plan	dti	delinq_2yrs	inq_last_6mths	mths_since_last_delinq	mths_since_last_record	open_acc	pub_rec	revol_bal	total_acc	initial_list_status
0	n	23.78	1.0	0.0	7.0	NaN	22.0	0.0	21345.0	43.0	f
1	n	6.73	0.0	0.0	NaN	NaN	14.0	0.0	720.0	24.0	w
2	n	11.71	0.0	1.0	NaN	87.0	17.0	1.0	11987.0	34.0	w
3	n	26.21	0.0	2.0	NaN	NaN	15.0	0.0	17209.0	62.0	w
4	n	19.05	0.0	0.0	NaN	NaN	3.0	0.0	4576.0	11.0	f
5	n	16.24	0.0	0.0	NaN	NaN	17.0	0.0	11337.0	39.0	w

print df.columns
print df.head(1).values
df.info()

Index([u’loan_amnt’, u’funded_amnt’, u’funded_amnt_inv’, u’int_rate’, u’installment’, u’emp_length’, u’home_ownership’, u’annual_inc’, u’verification_status’, u’loan_status’, u’pymnt_plan’, u’dti’, u’delinq_2yrs’, u’inq_last_6mths’, u’mths_since_last_delinq’, u’mths_since_last_record’, u’open_acc’, u’pub_rec’, u’revol_bal’, u’total_acc’, u’initial_list_status’, u’collections_12_mths_ex_med’, u’mths_since_last_major_derog’, u’application_type’, u’annual_inc_joint’, u’dti_joint’, u’acc_now_delinq’, u’tot_coll_amt’, u’tot_cur_bal’, u’open_acc_6m’, u’open_il_6m’, u’open_il_12m’, u’open_il_24m’, u’mths_since_rcnt_il’, u’total_bal_il’, u’il_util’, u’open_rv_12m’, u’open_rv_24m’, u’max_bal_bc’, u’all_util’, u’total_rev_hi_lim’, u’inq_fi’, u’total_cu_tl’, u’inq_last_12m’, u’acc_open_past_24mths’, u’avg_cur_bal’, u’bc_open_to_buy’, u’bc_util’, u’chargeoff_within_12_mths’, u’delinq_amnt’, u’mo_sin_old_il_acct’, u’mo_sin_old_rev_tl_op’, u’mo_sin_rcnt_rev_tl_op’, u’mo_sin_rcnt_tl’, u’mort_acc’, u’mths_since_recent_bc’, u’mths_since_recent_bc_dlq’, u’mths_since_recent_inq’, u’mths_since_recent_revol_delinq’, u’num_accts_ever_120_pd’, u’num_actv_bc_tl’, u’num_actv_rev_tl’, u’num_bc_sats’, u’num_bc_tl’, u’num_il_tl’, u’num_op_rev_tl’, u’num_rev_accts’, u’num_rev_tl_bal_gt_0’, u’num_sats’, u’num_tl_120dpd_2m’, u’num_tl_30dpd’, u’num_tl_90g_dpd_24m’, u’num_tl_op_past_12m’, u’pct_tl_nvr_dlq’, u’percent_bc_gt_75’, u’pub_rec_bankruptcies’, u’tax_liens’, u’tot_hi_cred_lim’, u’total_bal_ex_mort’, u’total_bc_limit’, u’total_il_high_credit_limit’], dtype=’object’) [[15000.0 15000.0 15000.0 13.99 512.6 2 ‘RENT’ 55000.0 ‘Not Verified’ ‘Current’ ‘n’ 23.78 1.0 0.0 7.0 nan 22.0 0.0 21345.0 43.0 ‘f’ 0.0 nan ‘INDIVIDUAL’ nan nan 0.0 0.0 140492.0 3.0 10.0 2.0 3.0 11.0 119147.0 101.0 3.0 4.0 14612.0 83.0 39000.0 1.0 6.0 0.0 7.0 6386.0 9645.0 73.1 0.0 0.0 157.0 248.0 4.0 4.0 0.0 4.0 7.0 22.0 7.0 0.0 5.0 9.0 6.0 7.0 25.0 11.0 18.0 9.0 22.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.0 100.0 33.3 0.0 0.0 147587.0 140492.0 30200.0 108587.0]]

df.select_dtypes(include=['float']).describe().T.\
assign(missing_pct=df.apply(lambda x : (len(x)-x.count())/float(len(x))))

/Users/ting/anaconda/lib/python2.7/site-packages/numpy/lib/function_base.py:3834: RuntimeWarning: Invalid value encountered in percentile RuntimeWarning)

	count	mean	std	min	25%	50%	75%	max	missing_pct
loan_amnt	99120.0	14170.570521	8886.138758	1000.00	7200.00	12000.00	20000.00	40000.00	0.000000
funded_amnt	99120.0	14170.570521	8886.138758	1000.00	7200.00	12000.00	20000.00	40000.00	0.000000
funded_amnt_inv	99120.0	14166.087823	8883.301328	1000.00	7200.00	12000.00	20000.00	40000.00	0.000000
int_rate	99120.0	13.723641	4.873910	5.32	10.49	12.79	15.59	30.99	0.000000
installment	99120.0	432.718654	272.678596	30.12	235.24	361.38	569.83	1535.71	0.000000
annual_inc	99120.0	78488.850081	72694.186060	0.00	48000.00	65448.00	94000.00	8400000.00	0.000000
dti	99120.0	18.348651	64.057603	0.00	11.91	17.60	23.90	9999.00	0.000000
delinq_2yrs	99120.0	0.381901	0.988996	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	21.00	0.000000
inq_last_6mths	99120.0	0.570521	0.863796	0.00	0.00	0.00	1.00	5.00	0.000000
mths_since_last_delinq	53366.0	33.229172	21.820407	0.00	NaN	NaN	NaN	142.00	0.461602
mths_since_last_record	19792.0	67.267886	24.379343	0.00	NaN	NaN	NaN	119.00	0.800323
open_acc	99120.0	11.718251	5.730585	1.00	8.00	11.00	15.00	86.00	0.000000
pub_rec	99120.0	0.266596	0.719193	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	61.00	0.000000
revol_bal	99120.0	15536.628047	21537.790599	0.00	5657.00	10494.00	18501.50	876178.00	0.000000
total_acc	99120.0	24.033545	11.929761	2.00	15.00	22.00	31.00	119.00	0.000000
collections_12_mths_ex_med	99120.0	0.021640	0.168331	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	10.00	0.000000
mths_since_last_major_derog	29372.0	44.449612	22.254529	0.00	NaN	NaN	NaN	165.00	0.703672
annual_inc_joint	517.0	118120.418472	51131.323819	26943.12	NaN	NaN	NaN	400000.00	0.994784
dti_joint	517.0	18.637621	6.602016	2.56	NaN	NaN	NaN	48.58	0.994784
acc_now_delinq	99120.0	0.006709	0.086902	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	4.00	0.000000
tot_coll_amt	99120.0	281.797639	1840.699443	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	172575.00	0.000000
tot_cur_bal	99120.0	138845.606144	156736.843591	0.00	28689.00	76447.50	207194.75	3764968.00	0.000000
open_acc_6m	99120.0	0.978743	1.176973	0.00	0.00	1.00	2.00	13.00	0.000000
open_il_6m	99120.0	2.825888	3.109225	0.00	1.00	2.00	3.00	43.00	0.000000
open_il_12m	99120.0	0.723467	0.973888	0.00	0.00	0.00	1.00	13.00	0.000000
open_il_24m	99120.0	1.624818	1.656628	0.00	0.00	1.00	2.00	26.00	0.000000
mths_since_rcnt_il	96469.0	21.362531	26.563455	0.00	NaN	NaN	NaN	503.00	0.026745
total_bal_il	99120.0	35045.324193	41981.617996	0.00	9179.00	23199.00	45672.00	1547285.00	0.000000
il_util	85480.0	71.599158	23.306731	0.00	NaN	NaN	NaN	1000.00	0.137611
open_rv_12m	99120.0	1.408142	1.570068	0.00	0.00	1.00	2.00	24.00	0.000000
…	…	…	…	…	…	…	…	…	…
mo_sin_old_rev_tl_op	99120.0	177.634322	95.327498	3.00	115.00	160.00	227.00	901.00	0.000000
mo_sin_rcnt_rev_tl_op	99120.0	13.145369	16.695022	0.00	3.00	8.00	16.00	274.00	0.000000
mo_sin_rcnt_tl	99120.0	7.833232	8.649843	0.00	3.00	5.00	10.00	268.00	0.000000
mort_acc	99120.0	1.467585	1.799513	0.00	0.00	1.00	2.00	45.00	0.000000
mths_since_recent_bc	98067.0	23.623512	31.750632	0.00	NaN	NaN	NaN	546.00	0.010623
mths_since_recent_bc_dlq	26018.0	38.095280	22.798229	0.00	NaN	NaN	NaN	162.00	0.737510
mths_since_recent_inq	89254.0	6.626504	5.967648	0.00	NaN	NaN	NaN	25.00	0.099536
mths_since_recent_revol_delinq	36606.0	34.393132	22.371813	0.00	NaN	NaN	NaN	165.00	0.630690
num_accts_ever_120_pd	99120.0	0.594703	1.508027	0.00	0.00	0.00	1.00	36.00	0.000000
num_actv_bc_tl	99120.0	3.628218	2.302668	0.00	2.00	3.00	5.00	47.00	0.000000
num_actv_rev_tl	99120.0	5.625272	3.400185	0.00	3.00	5.00	7.00	59.00	0.000000
num_bc_sats	99120.0	4.645581	3.013399	0.00	3.00	4.00	6.00	61.00	0.000000
num_bc_tl	99120.0	7.416041	4.546112	0.00	4.00	7.00	10.00	67.00	0.000000
num_il_tl	99120.0	8.597437	7.528533	0.00	4.00	7.00	11.00	107.00	0.000000
num_op_rev_tl	99120.0	8.198820	4.710348	0.00	5.00	7.00	10.00	79.00	0.000000
num_rev_accts	99120.0	13.726312	7.963791	2.00	8.00	12.00	18.00	104.00	0.000000
num_rev_tl_bal_gt_0	99120.0	5.566293	3.286135	0.00	3.00	5.00	7.00	59.00	0.000000
num_sats	99120.0	11.673497	5.709513	1.00	8.00	11.00	14.00	85.00	0.000000
num_tl_120dpd_2m	95661.0	0.001108	0.035695	0.00	NaN	NaN	NaN	4.00	0.034897
num_tl_30dpd	99120.0	0.004348	0.068650	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	3.00	0.000000
num_tl_90g_dpd_24m	99120.0	0.101332	0.567112	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	20.00	0.000000
num_tl_op_past_12m	99120.0	2.254752	1.960084	0.00	1.00	2.00	3.00	24.00	0.000000
pct_tl_nvr_dlq	99120.0	93.262828	9.696646	0.00	90.00	96.90	100.00	100.00	0.000000
percent_bc_gt_75	98006.0	42.681332	36.296425	0.00	NaN	NaN	NaN	100.00	0.011239
pub_rec_bankruptcies	99120.0	0.150262	0.407706	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	8.00	0.000000
tax_liens	99120.0	0.075393	0.517275	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	61.00	0.000000
tot_hi_cred_lim	99120.0	172185.283394	175273.669652	2500.00	49130.75	108020.50	248473.25	3953111.00	0.000000
total_bal_ex_mort	99120.0	50818.694078	48976.640478	0.00	20913.00	37747.50	64216.25	1548128.00	0.000000
total_bc_limit	99120.0	20862.228420	20721.900664	0.00	7700.00	14700.00	27000.00	520500.00	0.000000
total_il_high_credit_limit	99120.0	44066.340375	44473.458730	0.00	15750.00	33183.00	58963.25	2000000.00	0.000000

74 rows × 9 columns

df.drop('annual_inc_joint',1,inplace=True)
df.drop('dti_joint',1,inplace=True)

df.select_dtypes(include=['int']).describe().T.\
assign(missing_pct=df.apply(lambda x : (len(x)-x.count())/float(len(x))))

	count	mean	std	min	25%	50%	75%	max	missing_pct
emp_length	99120.0	5.757092	3.770359	0.0	2.0	6.0	10.0	10.0	0.0

Target: Loan Statuses

df['loan_status'].value_counts()
# .plot(kind='bar')

Current               79445
Fully Paid            13066
Charged Off            2502
Late (31-120 days)     2245
In Grace Period        1407
Late (16-30 days)       454
Default                   1
Name: loan_status, dtype: int64

df.loan_status.replace('Fully Paid', int(1),inplace=True)
df.loan_status.replace('Current', int(1),inplace=True)
df.loan_status.replace('Late (16-30 days)', int(0),inplace=True)
df.loan_status.replace('Late (31-120 days)', int(0),inplace=True)
df.loan_status.replace('Charged Off', np.nan,inplace=True)
df.loan_status.replace('In Grace Period', np.nan,inplace=True)
df.loan_status.replace('Default', np.nan,inplace=True)
# df.loan_status.astype('int')
df.loan_status.value_counts()

1.0    92511
0.0     2699
Name: loan_status, dtype: int64

# df.loan_status
df.dropna(subset=['loan_status'],inplace=True)

Highly Correlated Data

cor = df.corr()
cor.loc[:,:] = np.tril(cor, k=-1) # below main lower triangle of an array
cor = cor.stack()
cor[(cor > 0.55) | (cor < -0.55)]

funded_amnt                     loan_amnt                      1.000000
funded_amnt_inv                 loan_amnt                      0.999994
                                funded_amnt                    0.999994
installment                     loan_amnt                      0.953380
                                funded_amnt                    0.953380
                                funded_amnt_inv                0.953293
mths_since_last_delinq          delinq_2yrs                   -0.551275
total_acc                       open_acc                       0.722950
mths_since_last_major_derog     mths_since_last_delinq         0.685642
open_il_24m                     open_il_12m                    0.760219
total_bal_il                    open_il_6m                     0.566551
open_rv_12m                     open_acc_6m                    0.623975
open_rv_24m                     open_rv_12m                    0.774954
max_bal_bc                      revol_bal                      0.551409
all_util                        il_util                        0.594925
total_rev_hi_lim                revol_bal                      0.815351
inq_last_12m                    inq_fi                         0.563011
acc_open_past_24mths            open_acc_6m                    0.553181
                                open_il_24m                    0.570853
                                open_rv_12m                    0.657606
                                open_rv_24m                    0.848964
avg_cur_bal                     tot_cur_bal                    0.828457
bc_open_to_buy                  total_rev_hi_lim               0.626380
bc_util                         all_util                       0.569469
mo_sin_rcnt_tl                  mo_sin_rcnt_rev_tl_op          0.606065
mort_acc                        tot_cur_bal                    0.551198
mths_since_recent_bc            mo_sin_rcnt_rev_tl_op          0.614262
mths_since_recent_bc_dlq        mths_since_last_delinq         0.751613
                                mths_since_last_major_derog    0.553022
mths_since_recent_revol_delinq  mths_since_last_delinq         0.853573
                                                                 ...   
num_sats                        total_acc                      0.720022
                                num_actv_bc_tl                 0.552957
                                num_actv_rev_tl                0.665429
                                num_bc_sats                    0.630778
                                num_op_rev_tl                  0.826946
                                num_rev_accts                  0.663595
                                num_rev_tl_bal_gt_0            0.668573
num_tl_30dpd                    acc_now_delinq                 0.801444
num_tl_90g_dpd_24m              delinq_2yrs                    0.669267
num_tl_op_past_12m              open_acc_6m                    0.722131
                                open_il_12m                    0.557902
                                open_rv_12m                    0.844841
                                open_rv_24m                    0.660265
                                acc_open_past_24mths           0.774867
pct_tl_nvr_dlq                  num_accts_ever_120_pd         -0.592502
percent_bc_gt_75                bc_util                        0.844108
pub_rec_bankruptcies            pub_rec                        0.580798
tax_liens                       pub_rec                        0.752084
tot_hi_cred_lim                 tot_cur_bal                    0.982693
                                avg_cur_bal                    0.795652
                                mort_acc                       0.560840
total_bal_ex_mort               total_bal_il                   0.902486
total_bc_limit                  max_bal_bc                     0.581536
                                total_rev_hi_lim               0.775151
                                bc_open_to_buy                 0.834159
                                num_bc_sats                    0.633461
total_il_high_credit_limit      open_il_6m                     0.552023
                                total_bal_il                   0.960349
                                num_il_tl                      0.583329
                                total_bal_ex_mort              0.889238
dtype: float64

df.drop(['funded_amnt','funded_amnt_inv', 'installment'], axis=1, inplace=True)

2. Our Model

from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
from sklearn.model_selection import GridSearchCV
from sklearn import ensemble
from sklearn.preprocessing import OneHotEncoder #https://ljalphabeta.gitbooks.io/python-/content/categorical_data.html

Y = df.loan_status
X = df.drop('loan_status',1,inplace=False)

print Y.shape
print sum(Y)

(95210,)
92511.0

X = pd.get_dummies(X)

print X.columns
print X.head(1).values
X.info()

Index([u'loan_amnt', u'int_rate', u'emp_length', u'annual_inc', u'dti',
       u'delinq_2yrs', u'inq_last_6mths', u'mths_since_last_delinq',
       u'mths_since_last_record', u'open_acc', u'pub_rec', u'revol_bal',
       u'total_acc', u'collections_12_mths_ex_med',
       u'mths_since_last_major_derog', u'acc_now_delinq', u'tot_coll_amt',
       u'tot_cur_bal', u'open_acc_6m', u'open_il_6m', u'open_il_12m',
       u'open_il_24m', u'mths_since_rcnt_il', u'total_bal_il', u'il_util',
       u'open_rv_12m', u'open_rv_24m', u'max_bal_bc', u'all_util',
       u'total_rev_hi_lim', u'inq_fi', u'total_cu_tl', u'inq_last_12m',
       u'acc_open_past_24mths', u'avg_cur_bal', u'bc_open_to_buy', u'bc_util',
       u'chargeoff_within_12_mths', u'delinq_amnt', u'mo_sin_old_il_acct',
       u'mo_sin_old_rev_tl_op', u'mo_sin_rcnt_rev_tl_op', u'mo_sin_rcnt_tl',
       u'mort_acc', u'mths_since_recent_bc', u'mths_since_recent_bc_dlq',
       u'mths_since_recent_inq', u'mths_since_recent_revol_delinq',
       u'num_accts_ever_120_pd', u'num_actv_bc_tl', u'num_actv_rev_tl',
       u'num_bc_sats', u'num_bc_tl', u'num_il_tl', u'num_op_rev_tl',
       u'num_rev_accts', u'num_rev_tl_bal_gt_0', u'num_sats',
       u'num_tl_120dpd_2m', u'num_tl_30dpd', u'num_tl_90g_dpd_24m',
       u'num_tl_op_past_12m', u'pct_tl_nvr_dlq', u'percent_bc_gt_75',
       u'pub_rec_bankruptcies', u'tax_liens', u'tot_hi_cred_lim',
       u'total_bal_ex_mort', u'total_bc_limit', u'total_il_high_credit_limit',
       u'home_ownership_ANY', u'home_ownership_MORTGAGE',
       u'home_ownership_OWN', u'home_ownership_RENT',
       u'verification_status_Not Verified',
       u'verification_status_Source Verified', u'verification_status_Verified',
       u'pymnt_plan_n', u'pymnt_plan_y', u'initial_list_status_f',
       u'initial_list_status_w', u'application_type_DIRECT_PAY',
       u'application_type_INDIVIDUAL', u'application_type_JOINT'],
      dtype='object')
[[  1.50000000e+04   1.39900000e+01   2.00000000e+00   5.50000000e+04
    2.37800000e+01   1.00000000e+00   0.00000000e+00   7.00000000e+00
               nan   2.20000000e+01   0.00000000e+00   2.13450000e+04
    4.30000000e+01   0.00000000e+00              nan   0.00000000e+00
    0.00000000e+00   1.40492000e+05   3.00000000e+00   1.00000000e+01
    2.00000000e+00   3.00000000e+00   1.10000000e+01   1.19147000e+05
    1.01000000e+02   3.00000000e+00   4.00000000e+00   1.46120000e+04
    8.30000000e+01   3.90000000e+04   1.00000000e+00   6.00000000e+00
    0.00000000e+00   7.00000000e+00   6.38600000e+03   9.64500000e+03
    7.31000000e+01   0.00000000e+00   0.00000000e+00   1.57000000e+02
    2.48000000e+02   4.00000000e+00   4.00000000e+00   0.00000000e+00
    4.00000000e+00   7.00000000e+00   2.20000000e+01   7.00000000e+00
    0.00000000e+00   5.00000000e+00   9.00000000e+00   6.00000000e+00
    7.00000000e+00   2.50000000e+01   1.10000000e+01   1.80000000e+01
    9.00000000e+00   2.20000000e+01   0.00000000e+00   0.00000000e+00
    0.00000000e+00   5.00000000e+00   1.00000000e+02   3.33000000e+01
    0.00000000e+00   0.00000000e+00   1.47587000e+05   1.40492000e+05
    3.02000000e+04   1.08587000e+05   0.00000000e+00   0.00000000e+00
    0.00000000e+00   1.00000000e+00   1.00000000e+00   0.00000000e+00
    0.00000000e+00   1.00000000e+00   0.00000000e+00   1.00000000e+00
    0.00000000e+00   0.00000000e+00   1.00000000e+00   0.00000000e+00]]
<class 'pandas.core.frame.DataFrame'>
Int64Index: 95210 entries, 0 to 99119
Data columns (total 84 columns):
loan_amnt                              95210 non-null float64
int_rate                               95210 non-null float64
emp_length                             95210 non-null int64
annual_inc                             95210 non-null float64
dti                                    95210 non-null float64
delinq_2yrs                            95210 non-null float64
inq_last_6mths                         95210 non-null float64
mths_since_last_delinq                 51229 non-null float64
mths_since_last_record                 18903 non-null float64
open_acc                               95210 non-null float64
pub_rec                                95210 non-null float64
revol_bal                              95210 non-null float64
total_acc                              95210 non-null float64
collections_12_mths_ex_med             95210 non-null float64
mths_since_last_major_derog            28125 non-null float64
acc_now_delinq                         95210 non-null float64
tot_coll_amt                           95210 non-null float64
tot_cur_bal                            95210 non-null float64
open_acc_6m                            95210 non-null float64
open_il_6m                             95210 non-null float64
open_il_12m                            95210 non-null float64
open_il_24m                            95210 non-null float64
mths_since_rcnt_il                     92660 non-null float64
total_bal_il                           95210 non-null float64
il_util                                82017 non-null float64
open_rv_12m                            95210 non-null float64
open_rv_24m                            95210 non-null float64
max_bal_bc                             95210 non-null float64
all_util                               95204 non-null float64
total_rev_hi_lim                       95210 non-null float64
inq_fi                                 95210 non-null float64
total_cu_tl                            95210 non-null float64
inq_last_12m                           95210 non-null float64
acc_open_past_24mths                   95210 non-null float64
avg_cur_bal                            95210 non-null float64
bc_open_to_buy                         94160 non-null float64
bc_util                                94126 non-null float64
chargeoff_within_12_mths               95210 non-null float64
delinq_amnt                            95210 non-null float64
mo_sin_old_il_acct                     92660 non-null float64
mo_sin_old_rev_tl_op                   95210 non-null float64
mo_sin_rcnt_rev_tl_op                  95210 non-null float64
mo_sin_rcnt_tl                         95210 non-null float64
mort_acc                               95210 non-null float64
mths_since_recent_bc                   94212 non-null float64
mths_since_recent_bc_dlq               24968 non-null float64
mths_since_recent_inq                  85581 non-null float64
mths_since_recent_revol_delinq         35158 non-null float64
num_accts_ever_120_pd                  95210 non-null float64
num_actv_bc_tl                         95210 non-null float64
num_actv_rev_tl                        95210 non-null float64
num_bc_sats                            95210 non-null float64
num_bc_tl                              95210 non-null float64
num_il_tl                              95210 non-null float64
num_op_rev_tl                          95210 non-null float64
num_rev_accts                          95210 non-null float64
num_rev_tl_bal_gt_0                    95210 non-null float64
num_sats                               95210 non-null float64
num_tl_120dpd_2m                       91951 non-null float64
num_tl_30dpd                           95210 non-null float64
num_tl_90g_dpd_24m                     95210 non-null float64
num_tl_op_past_12m                     95210 non-null float64
pct_tl_nvr_dlq                         95210 non-null float64
percent_bc_gt_75                       94156 non-null float64
pub_rec_bankruptcies                   95210 non-null float64
tax_liens                              95210 non-null float64
tot_hi_cred_lim                        95210 non-null float64
total_bal_ex_mort                      95210 non-null float64
total_bc_limit                         95210 non-null float64
total_il_high_credit_limit             95210 non-null float64
home_ownership_ANY                     95210 non-null float64
home_ownership_MORTGAGE                95210 non-null float64
home_ownership_OWN                     95210 non-null float64
home_ownership_RENT                    95210 non-null float64
verification_status_Not Verified       95210 non-null float64
verification_status_Source Verified    95210 non-null float64
verification_status_Verified           95210 non-null float64
pymnt_plan_n                           95210 non-null float64
pymnt_plan_y                           95210 non-null float64
initial_list_status_f                  95210 non-null float64
initial_list_status_w                  95210 non-null float64
application_type_DIRECT_PAY            95210 non-null float64
application_type_INDIVIDUAL            95210 non-null float64
application_type_JOINT                 95210 non-null float64
dtypes: float64(83), int64(1)
memory usage: 61.7 MB

X.fillna(0.0,inplace=True)
X.fillna(0,inplace=True)

Train Data & Test Data

x_train, x_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(X, Y, test_size=.3, random_state=123)

print(x_train.shape)
print(y_train.shape)
print(x_test.shape)
print(y_test.shape)

(66647, 84)
(66647,)
(28563, 84)
(28563,)

print y_train.value_counts()
print y_test.value_counts()

1.0    64712
0.0     1935
Name: loan_status, dtype: int64
1.0    27799
0.0      764
Name: loan_status, dtype: int64

Gradient Boosting Regression Tree

# param_grid = {'learning_rate': [0.1, 0.05, 0.02, 0.01],
#               'max_depth': [1,2,3,4],
#               'min_samples_split': [50,100,200,400],
#               'n_estimators': [100,200,400,800]
#               }

param_grid = {'learning_rate': [0.1],
              'max_depth': [2],
              'min_samples_split': [50,100],
              'n_estimators': [100,200]
              }
# param_grid = {'learning_rate': [0.1],
#               'max_depth': [4],
#               'min_samples_leaf': [3],
#               'max_features': [1.0],
#               }

est = GridSearchCV(ensemble.GradientBoostingRegressor(),
                   param_grid, n_jobs=4, refit=True)

est.fit(x_train, y_train)

best_params = est.best_params_
print best_params

print best_params

{'min_samples_split': 100, 'n_estimators': 100, 'learning_rate': 0.1, 'max_depth': 3}

%%time
est = ensemble.GradientBoostingRegressor(min_samples_split=50,n_estimators=300,
                                         learning_rate=0.1,max_depth=1, random_state=0,loss='ls').\
fit(x_train, y_train)

CPU times: user 24.2 s, sys: 251 ms, total: 24.4 s
Wall time: 25.6 s

est.score(x_test,y_test)

0.028311715416075908

%%time
est = ensemble.GradientBoostingRegressor(min_samples_split=50,n_estimators=100,
                                         learning_rate=0.1,max_depth=2, random_state=0,loss='ls').\
fit(x_train, y_train)

CPU times: user 20 s, sys: 272 ms, total: 20.3 s
Wall time: 21.6 s

est.score(x_test,y_test)

0.029210266192750467

def compute_ks(data):

    sorted_list = data.sort_values(['predict'], ascending=[True])

    total_bad = sorted_list['label'].sum(axis=None, skipna=None, level=None, numeric_only=None) / 3
    total_good = sorted_list.shape[0] - total_bad

    # print "total_bad = ", total_bad
    # print "total_good = ", total_good

    max_ks = 0.0
    good_count = 0.0
    bad_count = 0.0
    for index, row in sorted_list.iterrows():
        if row['label'] == 3:
            bad_count += 1.0
        else:
            good_count += 1.0

        val = bad_count/total_bad - good_count/total_good
        max_ks = max(max_ks, val)

    return max_ks

test_pd = pd.DataFrame()
test_pd['predict'] = est.predict(x_test)
test_pd['label'] = y_test
# df['predict'] = est.predict(x_test)
print compute_ks(test_pd[['label','predict']])

0.0

# Top Ten
feature_importance = est.feature_importances_
feature_importance = 100.0 * (feature_importance / feature_importance.max())

indices = np.argsort(feature_importance)[-10:]
plt.barh(np.arange(10), feature_importance[indices],color='dodgerblue',alpha=.4)
plt.yticks(np.arange(10 + 0.25), np.array(X.columns)[indices])
_ = plt.xlabel('Relative importance'), plt.title('Top Ten Important Variables')

png

Other Model

import xgboost as xgb
from sklearn.ensemble import ExtraTreesRegressor, RandomForestRegressor

# XGBoost
clf2 = xgb.XGBClassifier(n_estimators=50, max_depth=1, 
                            learning_rate=0.01, subsample=0.8, colsample_bytree=0.3,scale_pos_weight=3.0, 
                             silent=True, nthread=-1, seed=0, missing=None,objective='binary:logistic', 
                             reg_alpha=1, reg_lambda=1, 
                             gamma=0, min_child_weight=1, 
                             max_delta_step=0,base_score=0.5)

clf2.fit(x_train, y_train)
print clf2.score(x_test, y_test)
test_pd2 = pd.DataFrame()
test_pd2['predict'] = clf2.predict(x_test)
test_pd2['label'] = y_test
print compute_ks(test_pd[['label','predict']])
print clf2.feature_importances_
# Top Ten
feature_importance = clf2.feature_importances_
feature_importance = 100.0 * (feature_importance / feature_importance.max())

indices = np.argsort(feature_importance)[-10:]
plt.barh(np.arange(10), feature_importance[indices],color='dodgerblue',alpha=.4)
plt.yticks(np.arange(10 + 0.25), np.array(X.columns)[indices])
_ = plt.xlabel('Relative importance'), plt.title('Top Ten Important Variables')

0.973252109372
0.0
[ 0.          0.30769232  0.          0.          0.          0.          0.
  0.          0.          0.          0.          0.          0.          0.
  0.          0.          0.          0.          0.          0.          0.
  0.          0.          0.          0.          0.          0.          0.
  0.          0.          0.          0.          0.          0.05128205
  0.          0.          0.          0.          0.          0.          0.
  0.          0.          0.          0.          0.          0.          0.
  0.          0.          0.          0.          0.          0.          0.
  0.          0.          0.          0.          0.          0.          0.
  0.          0.          0.          0.          0.          0.          0.
  0.          0.          0.          0.          0.          0.          0.
  0.05128205  0.30769232  0.2820513   0.          0.          0.          0.
  0.        ]

png

# RFR
clf3 = RandomForestRegressor(n_jobs=-1, max_depth=10,random_state=0)
clf3.fit(x_train, y_train)
print clf3.score(x_test, y_test)
test_pd3 = pd.DataFrame()
test_pd3['predict'] = clf3.predict(x_test)
test_pd3['label'] = y_test
print compute_ks(test_pd[['label','predict']])
print clf3.feature_importances_
# Top Ten
feature_importance = clf3.feature_importances_
feature_importance = 100.0 * (feature_importance / feature_importance.max())

indices = np.argsort(feature_importance)[-10:]
plt.barh(np.arange(10), feature_importance[indices],color='dodgerblue',alpha=.4)
plt.yticks(np.arange(10 + 0.25), np.array(X.columns)[indices])
_ = plt.xlabel('Relative importance'), plt.title('Top Ten Important Variables')

0.0148713087517
0.0
[ 0.02588781  0.10778862  0.00734994  0.02090219  0.02231172  0.00778016
  0.00556834  0.01097013  0.00734689  0.0017027   0.00622544  0.01140843
  0.00530896  0.00031185  0.01135318  0.          0.01488991  0.01840559
  0.00585621  0.00652523  0.0066759   0.00727607  0.00955013  0.01004672
  0.01785864  0.00855197  0.00985739  0.01477432  0.02184904  0.01816184
  0.00878854  0.02078236  0.01310288  0.00844302  0.01596395  0.01825196
  0.01817367  0.00297759  0.00084823  0.02808718  0.02917066  0.00897034
  0.01139324  0.01532409  0.01467681  0.0032855   0.01066291  0.00581661
  0.00955357  0.00417743  0.01333577  0.00489264  0.0128039   0.01340195
  0.01286394  0.01619219  0.00395603  0.00508973  0.          0.00234757
  0.00378329  0.00502684  0.01732834  0.01178674  0.00030035  0.01189509
  0.00942532  0.00841645  0.01571355  0.00288054  0.          0.0011667
  0.00106548  0.00488734  0.          0.00200132  0.00062765  0.04130873
  0.10076558  0.00022293  0.00165858  0.00308408  0.0008255   0.        ]

png

# XTR
clf4 = ExtraTreesRegressor(n_jobs=-1, max_depth=10,random_state=0)
clf4.fit(x_train, y_train)
print clf4.score(x_test, y_test)
test_pd4 = pd.DataFrame()
test_pd4['predict'] = clf4.predict(x_test)
test_pd4['label'] = y_test
print compute_ks(test_pd[['label','predict']])
print clf4.feature_importances_
# Top Ten
feature_importance = clf4.feature_importances_
feature_importance = 100.0 * (feature_importance / feature_importance.max())

indices = np.argsort(feature_importance)[-10:]
plt.barh(np.arange(10), feature_importance[indices],color='dodgerblue',alpha=.4)
plt.yticks(np.arange(10 + 0.25), np.array(X.columns)[indices])
_ = plt.xlabel('Relative importance'), plt.title('Top Ten Important Variables')

0.020808034579
0.0
[ 0.00950112  0.17496689  0.00476969  0.00538677  0.00898343  0.01604885
  0.0139889   0.00605683  0.0042762   0.00358536  0.0144985   0.00915189
  0.00643305  0.00637134  0.0050764   0.00218012  0.00925068  0.00363339
  0.00988441  0.00645297  0.00662444  0.00934969  0.00739012  0.00635592
  0.00633908  0.00923972  0.01263829  0.01190224  0.00914159  0.00402144
  0.00917841  0.01456563  0.01161155  0.01097394  0.00506868  0.00772159
  0.00560163  0.01132941  0.00172528  0.0085601   0.01282485  0.00970629
  0.00956066  0.00731205  0.02087289  0.00430205  0.0062769   0.00765693
  0.00922104  0.00296456  0.00563208  0.00459181  0.0133819   0.00548208
  0.00450864  0.0132415   0.00677772  0.00509891  0.00108962  0.00578448
  0.00934323  0.00715127  0.01078137  0.00855071  0.00695096  0.01488993
  0.00317962  0.00485367  0.00476553  0.00509674  0.          0.00733654
  0.00097223  0.00380448  0.00534715  0.00356893  0.0128526   0.11944538
  0.11758343  0.00195945  0.00225379  0.00243429  0.0007562   0.        ]

png

作业：

1. feature-engineering

2. stacking

3. 画出ROC曲线和KS曲线对比

# 特征工程方法1：histogram
def get_histogram_features(full_dataset):
    def extract_histogram(x):
        count, _ = np.histogram(x, bins=[0, 10, 100, 1000, 10000, 100000, 1000000, 9000000])
        return count
    column_names = ["hist_{}".format(i) for i in range(8)]
    hist = full_dataset.apply(lambda row: pd.Series(extract_histogram(row)), axis=1)
    hist.columns= column_names
    RETURN hist
# 特征工程方法2：quantile
q = [0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9]
column_names = ["quantile_{}".format(i) for i in q]
# print pd.DataFrame(train_x)
quantile = pd.DataFrame(x_train).quantile(q=q, axis=1).T
quantile.columns = column_names
# 特征工程方法3：cumsum
def get_cumsum_features(all_features):
    column_names = ["cumsum_{}".format(i) for i in range(len(all_features))]
    cumsum = full_dataset[all_features].cumsum(axis=1)
    cumsum.columns = column_names
    return cumsum
# 特征工程方法4：特征归一化
from sklearn.preprocessing import MinMaxScaler
Scaler = MinMaxScaler()
x_train_normal = Scaler.fit_transform(x_train_normal)

qq_39956625

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## 1. DataLending Club 2016年Q3数据：https://www.lendingclub.com/info/download-data.action参考：http://kldavenport.com/lending-club-data-analysis-revisted-with-python/import pandas as pdimport numpy as npi
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