接着上节视频压缩算法，今天来看看静态图像的压缩，相比视频压缩，图片压缩就太简单啦，let‘s go！！
jepg文件二进制格式
jpeg二进制文件分块表
| 分块标识 | 值 | 涵义 |
|---|---|---|
| SOI | ff d8 | 文件开始 |
| APP0 | ff e0 | 定义交换格式和图像识别信息 |
| DQT | ff db | 定义量化表 |
| SOF0 | ff c0 | 帧开始 |
| DHT | ff c4 | 霍夫曼(Huffman)表 |
| SOS | ff da | 扫描行开始 |
| EOI | ff d9 | 文件结束 |
jpeg文件是由0xffd8开头的，代表着文件的开头。
可以看到文件头信息，其实最重要的就是两张表了，量化表和huffman表，存储图像的压缩信息，至于文件的交换格式和图像识别信息就没什么特别的。
详细头部快信息见https://blog.csdn.net/sinat_26472165/article/details/85342766
jpeg的压缩过程，
1.先分块88或1616的块，进行DCT变换到频域；
2. 进行量化操作，去掉高频分量；
3. Z型扫描，
4. 进行熵编码：huffman编码。
量化表有两张：亮度量化表，色度量化表。
huffman表有亮度AC（交流）、亮度DC（直流）、色度AC、色度DC，四张huffman表；
jpeg中存储的是yCrCb色彩空间的数据，也就是yuv数据。使用jpeg_snoop工具查看下jpeg头信息;
JPEGsnoop 1.8.0 by Calvin Hass
http://www.impulseadventure.com/photo/
-------------------------------------
Filename: [C:\Users\IBM\Pictures\Camera Roll\0.jpg]
Filesize: [23643] Bytes
Start Offset: 0x00000000
*** Marker: SOI (xFFD8) ***
OFFSET: 0x00000000
*** Marker: APP0 (xFFE0) *** /*数据交换信息*/
OFFSET: 0x00000002
Length = 16 /*交换数据长度*/
Identifier = [JFIF] /*交换格式*/
version = [1.1] /*版本*/
density = 1 x 1 (aspect ratio)
thumbnail = 0 x 0
*** Marker: DQT (xFFDB) *** /*量化表*/
Define a Quantization Table.
OFFSET: 0x00000014
Table length = 67
----
Precision=8 bits
Destination ID=0 (Luminance) /*灰度量化表*/
DQT, Row #0: 2 1 1 2 2 4 5 6
DQT, Row #1: 1 1 1 2 3 6 6 6
DQT, Row #2: 1 1 2 2 4 6 7 6
DQT, Row #3: 1 2 2 3 5 9 8 6
DQT, Row #4: 2 2 4 6 7 11 10 8
DQT, Row #5: 2 4 6 6 8 10 11 9
DQT, Row #6: 5 6 8 9 10 12 12 10
DQT, Row #7: 7 9 10 10 11 10 10 10
Approx quality factor = 95.04 (scaling=9.93 variance=1.25)
*** Marker: DQT (xFFDB) ***
Define a Quantization Table.
OFFSET: 0x00000059
Table length = 67
----
Precision=8 bits
Destination ID=1 (Chrominance) /*色度量化表*/
DQT, Row #0: 2 2 2 5 10 10 10 10
DQT, Row #1: 2 2 3 7 10 10 10 10
DQT, Row #2: 2 3 6 10 10 10 10 10
DQT, Row #3: 5 7 10 10 10 10 10 10
DQT, Row #4: 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
DQT, Row #5: 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
DQT, Row #6: 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
DQT, Row #7: 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
Approx quality factor = 94.91 (scaling=10.18 variance=0.26)
*** Marker: SOF0 (Baseline DCT) (xFFC0) ***
OFFSET: 0x0000009E
Frame header length = 17
Precision = 8
Number of Lines = 180
Samples per Line = 320
Image Size = 320 x 180
Raw Image Orientation = Landscape
Number of Img components = 3 /*组件数yCrCb，所以是3*/
Component[1]: ID=0x01, Samp Fac=0x22 (Subsamp 1 x 1), Quant Tbl Sel=0x00 (Lum: Y) /*使用灰度量化表进行量化*/
Component[2]: ID=0x02, Samp Fac=0x11 (Subsamp 2 x 2), Quant Tbl Sel=0x01 (Chrom: Cb) /*使用色度量化表进行量化*/
Component[3]: ID=0x03, Samp Fac=0x11 (Subsamp 2 x 2), Quant Tbl Sel=0x01 (Chrom: Cr) /*使用色度量化表进行量化*/
*** Marker: DHT (Define Huffman Table) (xFFC4) ***
OFFSET: 0x000000B1
Huffman table length = 31
----
Destination ID = 0
Class = 0 (DC / Lossless Table) /*霍夫曼表，灰度的直流分量*/
Codes of length 01 bits (000 total):
Codes of length 02 bits (001 total): 00
Codes of length 03 bits (005 total): 01 02 03 04 05
Codes of length 04 bits (001 total): 06
Codes of length 05 bits (001 total): 07
Codes of length 06 bits (001 total): 08
Codes of length 07 bits (001 total): 09
Codes of length 08 bits (001 total): 0A
Codes of length 09 bits (001 total): 0B
Codes of length 10 bits (000 total):
Codes of length 11 bits (000 total):
Codes of length 12 bits (000 total):
Codes of length 13 bits (000 total):
Codes of length 14 bits (000 total):
Codes of length 15 bits (000 total):
Codes of length 16 bits (000 total):
Total number of codes: 012
*** Marker: DHT (Define Huffman Table) (xFFC4) ***
OFFSET: 0x000000D2
Huffman table length = 181
----
Destination ID = 0
Class = 1 (AC Table) /*霍夫曼表，灰度的交流分量*/
Codes of length 01 bits (000 total):
Codes of length 02 bits (002 total): 01 02
Codes of length 03 bits (001 total): 03
Codes of length 04 bits (003 total): 00 04 11
Codes of length 05 bits (003 total): 05 12 21
Codes of length 06 bits (002 total): 31 41
Codes of length 07 bits (004 total): 06 13 51 61
Codes of length 08 bits (003 total): 07 22 71
Codes of length 09 bits (005 total): 14 32 81 91 A1
Codes of length 10 bits (005 total): 08 23 42 B1 C1
Codes of length 11 bits (004 total): 15 52 D1 F0
Codes of length 12 bits (004 total): 24 33 62 72
Codes of length 13 bits (000 total):
Codes of length 14 bits (000 total):
Codes of length 15 bits (001 total): 82
Codes of length 16 bits (125 total): 09 0A 16 17 18 19 1A 25 26 27 28 29 2A 34 35 36
37 38 39 3A 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 4A 53 54 55 56
57 58 59 5A 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 6A 73 74 75 76
77 78 79 7A 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 8A 92 93 94 95
96 97 98 99 9A A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 A9 AA B2 B3
B4 B5 B6 B7 B8 B9 BA C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 C9 CA
D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 D8 D9 DA E1 E2 E3 E4 E5 E6 E7
E8 E9 EA F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 F8 F9 FA
Total number of codes: 162
*** Marker: DHT (Define Huffman Table) (xFFC4) ***
OFFSET: 0x00000189
Huffman table length = 31
----
Destination ID = 1
Class = 0 (DC / Lossless Table) /*霍夫曼表，色度的直流分量*/
Codes of length 01 bits (000 total):
Codes of length 02 bits (003 total): 00 01 02
Codes of length 03 bits (001 total): 03
Codes of length 04 bits (001 total): 04
Codes of length 05 bits (001 total): 05
Codes of length 06 bits (001 total): 06
Codes of length 07 bits (001 total): 07
Codes of length 08 bits (001 total): 08
Codes of length 09 bits (001 total): 09
Codes of length 10 bits (001 total): 0A
Codes of length 11 bits (001 total): 0B
Codes of length 12 bits (000 total):
Codes of length 13 bits (000 total):
Codes of length 14 bits (000 total):
Codes of length 15 bits (000 total):
Codes of length 16 bits (000 total):
Total number of codes: 012
*** Marker: DHT (Define Huffman Table) (xFFC4) ***
OFFSET: 0x000001AA
Huffman table length = 181
----
Destination ID = 1
Class = 1 (AC Table) /*霍夫曼表，色度的交流分量*/
Codes of length 01 bits (000 total):
Codes of length 02 bits (002 total): 00 01
Codes of length 03 bits (001 total): 02
Codes of length 04 bits (002 total): 03 11
Codes of length 05 bits (004 total): 04 05 21 31
Codes of length 06 bits (004 total): 06 12 41 51
Codes of length 07 bits (003 total): 07 61 71
Codes of length 08 bits (004 total): 13 22 32 81
Codes of length 09 bits (007 total): 08 14 42 91 A1 B1 C1
Codes of length 10 bits (005 total): 09 23 33 52 F0
Codes of length 11 bits (004 total): 15 62 72 D1
Codes of length 12 bits (004 total): 0A 16 24 34
Codes of length 13 bits (000 total):
Codes of length 14 bits (001 total): E1
Codes of length 15 bits (002 total): 25 F1
Codes of length 16 bits (119 total): 17 18 19 1A 26 27 28 29 2A 35 36 37 38 39 3A 43
44 45 46 47 48 49 4A 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 5A 63
64 65 66 67 68 69 6A 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 7A 82
83 84 85 86 87 88 89 8A 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99
9A A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 A9 AA B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7
B8 B9 BA C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 C9 CA D2 D3 D4 D5
D6 D7 D8 D9 DA E2 E3 E4 E5 E6 E7 E8 E9 EA F2 F3
F4 F5 F6 F7 F8 F9 FA
Total number of codes: 162
*** Marker: SOS (Start of Scan) (xFFDA) ***
OFFSET: 0x00000261
Scan header length = 12
Number of img components = 3
Component[1]: selector=0x01, table=0(DC),0(AC) /*组件1，即y分量，选择hufman表0*/
Component[2]: selector=0x02, table=1(DC),1(AC) /*组件2，即Cb分量，选择hufman表1*/
Component[3]: selector=0x03, table=1(DC),1(AC) /*组件3，即Cr分量，选择hufman表1*/
Spectral selection = 0 .. 63
Successive approximation = 0x00
/帧数据信息/
*** Decoding SCAN Data ***
OFFSET: 0x0000026F
Scan Decode Mode: No IDCT (DC only)
NOTE: Low-resolution DC component shown. Can decode full-res with [Options->Scan Segment->Full IDCT]
Scan Data encountered marker 0xFFD9 @ 0x00005C59.0
Compression stats:
Compression Ratio: 7.51:1 /*压缩比*/
Bits per pixel: 3.20:1 /*每个像素占比3.20位*/
Huffman code histogram stats: /*huffman编码的直方图统计，因为霍夫曼编码得实现知道没有每个字节数字出现的频次*/
Huffman Table: (Dest ID: 0, Class: DC)
# codes of length 01 bits: 0 ( 0%)
# codes of length 02 bits: 50 ( 5%)
# codes of length 03 bits: 426 ( 44%)
# codes of length 04 bits: 170 ( 18%)
# codes of length 05 bits: 187 ( 19%)
# codes of length 06 bits: 111 ( 12%)
# codes of length 07 bits: 16 ( 2%)
# codes of length 08 bits: 0 ( 0%)
# codes of length 09 bits: 0 ( 0%)
# codes of length 10 bits: 0 ( 0%)
# codes of length 11 bits: 0 ( 0%)
# codes of length 12 bits: 0 ( 0%)
# codes of length 13 bits: 0 ( 0%)
# codes of length 14 bits: 0 ( 0%)
# codes of length 15 bits: 0 ( 0%)
# codes of length 16 bits: 0 ( 0%)
Huffman Table: (Dest ID: 1, Class: DC)
# codes of length 01 bits: 0 ( 0%)
# codes of length 02 bits: 49 ( 10%)
# codes of length 03 bits: 49 ( 10%)
# codes of length 04 bits: 91 ( 19%)
# codes of length 05 bits: 101 ( 21%)
# codes of length 06 bits: 96 ( 20%)
# codes of length 07 bits: 70 ( 15%)
# codes of length 08 bits: 20 ( 4%)
# codes of length 09 bits: 4 ( 1%)
# codes of length 10 bits: 0 ( 0%)
# codes of length 11 bits: 0 ( 0%)
# codes of length 12 bits: 0 ( 0%)
# codes of length 13 bits: 0 ( 0%)
# codes of length 14 bits: 0 ( 0%)
# codes of length 15 bits: 0 ( 0%)
# codes of length 16 bits: 0 ( 0%)
Huffman Table: (Dest ID: 0, Class: AC)
# codes of length 01 bits: 0 ( 0%)
# codes of length 02 bits: 12107 ( 46%)
# codes of length 03 bits: 3396 ( 13%)
# codes of length 04 bits: 4828 ( 18%)
# codes of length 05 bits: 2883 ( 11%)
# codes of length 06 bits: 675 ( 3%)
# codes of length 07 bits: 1210 ( 5%)
# codes of length 08 bits: 598 ( 2%)
# codes of length 09 bits: 276 ( 1%)
# codes of length 10 bits: 207 ( 1%)
# codes of length 11 bits: 46 ( 0%)
# codes of length 12 bits: 26 ( 0%)
# codes of length 13 bits: 0 ( 0%)
# codes of length 14 bits: 0 ( 0%)
# codes of length 15 bits: 9 ( 0%)
# codes of length 16 bits: 65 ( 0%)
Huffman Table: (Dest ID: 1, Class: AC)
# codes of length 01 bits: 0 ( 0%)
# codes of length 02 bits: 1502 ( 38%)
# codes of length 03 bits: 687 ( 17%)
# codes of length 04 bits: 777 ( 20%)
# codes of length 05 bits: 616 ( 16%)
# codes of length 06 bits: 218 ( 5%)
# codes of length 07 bits: 35 ( 1%)
# codes of length 08 bits: 78 ( 2%)
# codes of length 09 bits: 28 ( 1%)
# codes of length 10 bits: 8 ( 0%)
# codes of length 11 bits: 8 ( 0%)
# codes of length 12 bits: 4 ( 0%)
# codes of length 13 bits: 0 ( 0%)
# codes of length 14 bits: 1 ( 0%)
# codes of length 15 bits: 1 ( 0%)
# codes of length 16 bits: 2 ( 0%)
YCC clipping in DC:
Y component: [<0= 0] [>255= 0]
Cb component: [<0= 0] [>255= 0]
Cr component: [<0= 0] [>255= 0]
RGB clipping in DC:
R component: [<0= 0] [>255= 0]
G component: [<0= 0] [>255= 0]
B component: [<0= 0] [>255= 0]
Average Pixel Luminance (Y):
Y=[ 57] (range: 0..255)
Brightest Pixel Search:
YCC=[ 316, 8, 104] RGB=[185,157,168] @ MCU[ 13, 4]
Finished Decoding SCAN Data
Number of RESTART markers decoded: 0
Next position in scan buffer: Offset 0x00005C58.4
*** Marker: EOI (End of Image) (xFFD9) ***
OFFSET: 0x00005C59
*** Searching Compression Signatures ***
Signature: 01E764F3ECB6C14A51FF83F1FF6D546B
Signature (Rotated): 01E6610D026E8E6FE4BECEA9B3328A63
File Offset: 0 bytes
Chroma subsampling: 2x2
EXIF Make/Model: NONE
EXIF Makernotes: NONE
EXIF Software: NONE
Searching Compression Signatures: (3347 built-in, 0 user(*) )
EXIF.Make / Software EXIF.Model Quality Subsamp Match?
------------------------- ----------------------------------- ---------------- --------------
CAM:[Minolta Co., Ltd. ] [DiMAGE F100 ] [ ] No
CAM:[NIKON ] [E2500 ] [FINE ] No
CAM:[NIKON ] [E4500 ] [FINE ] No
CAM:[NIKON ] [E5400 ] [FINE ] No
CAM:[NIKON ] [E5700 ] [FINE ] No
CAM:[NIKON ] [E775 ] [FINE ] No
CAM:[NIKON ] [E8700 ] [FINE ] No
CAM:[OLYMPUS CORPORATION ] [C8080WZ ] [ ] No
CAM:[PENTAX ] [PENTAX K10D ] [ ] No
CAM:[SAMSUNG TECHWIN ] [Pro 815 ] [ ] No
CAM:[SAMSUNG TECHWIN ] [VLUU NV 7, NV 7 ] [ ] No
CAM:[SAMSUNG TECHWIN ] [VLUU NV10, NV10 ] [ ] No
CAM:[SEIKO EPSON CORP. ] [PhotoPC 3000Z ] [ ] No
CAM:[SONY ] [DSC-F828 ] [ ] No
CAM:[SONY ] [DSC-H1 ] [ ] No
CAM:[SONY ] [DSC-H2 ] [ ] No
CAM:[SONY ] [DSC-H5 ] [ ] No
CAM:[SONY ] [DSC-H7 ] [ ] No
CAM:[SONY ] [DSC-H9 ] [ ] No
CAM:[SONY ] [DSC-L1 ] [ ] No
CAM:[SONY ] [DSC-N1 ] [ ] No
CAM:[SONY ] [DSC-P150 ] [ ] No
CAM:[SONY ] [DSC-P200 ] [ ] No
CAM:[SONY ] [DSC-S90 ] [ ] No
CAM:[SONY ] [DSC-V3 ] [ ] No
CAM:[SONY ] [DSC-W55 ] [ ] No
CAM:[SONY ] [DSC-W7 ] [ ] No
SW :[Apple ImageIO.framework ] [084 ]
SW :[IJG Library ] [095 ]
The following IJG-based editors also match this signature:
SW :[GIMP ] [095 ]
SW :[IrfanView ] [095 ]
SW :[idImager ] [095 ]
SW :[FastStone Image Viewer ] [095 ]
SW :[NeatImage ] [095 ]
SW :[Paint.NET ] [095 ]
SW :[Photomatix ] [095 ]
SW :[XnView ] [095 ]
Based on the analysis of compression characteristics and EXIF metadata:
ASSESSMENT: Class 1 - Image is processed/edited
This may be a new software editor for the database.
If this file is processed, and editor doesn't appear in list above,
PLEASE ADD TO DATABASE with [Tools->Add Camera to DB]
huffman表的生成可以看
https://www.xuebuyuan.com/1276291.html
libjpeg代码分析
一起来读一读libjpeg中编码部分的实现。源码来自libjpeg-9。
未完待续。。。
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