python-collections模块学习

tuple

• keywords:不可变，可迭代，拆包

tuple=(a,b,c)
tuple[0]=d#错误
tuple=(a,[b,c])
tuple[1].append(d)#不可变不是绝对的
a,b,c=tuple#拆包
a,*others=tuple#只对a感兴趣

• tuple vs. list
  性能优化：元素全为tuple时显著加速
  线程安全：不可变
  可以作为dict的key:不变，可hash
  dict[(a,b,c)]=d#正确
  dict[[a,b,c]]=d#错误
  拆包特性
  与C语言相比，tuple对应struct,list对应array

namedtuple

创建类：

from collections import namedtuple
User=namedtuple("User",["name","age","height","weight"])
user=User(name="qiuxinling",age=18,height=165,weight=50)
name,age,*others=user
user_tuple=('qiuxinling',18,165)
user=User(*user_tuple,50)
user_dict={name='qiuxinling',age=18,height=165}
user=User(**user_dict,weight=50)
user_tuple=('qiuxinling',18,165,50)
user_list=['qiuxinling',18,165,50]
user_dict={name='qiuxinling',age=18,height=165,weight=50}
user=User._make(user_tuple)
user=User._make(user_list)
user=User._make(user_dict)#可迭代对象，参数必须全部赋值

defaultdict

dict.setdefaultdict(user,0)#等价于dict[user]=0
dict=defaultdict(list)#创建字典,value为list，默认为[]
dict=defaultdict(int)#创建字典,value为int,默认为0
users=[a,b,c]
for u in users:
	dict[u]+=1
#字典套字典
def gen_default():
	return {
	"name":"",
	"nums":0
	}
dict=defaultdict(gen_default)
print(dict["group1"])#{"group1":{"name":"","nums":0}}

deque

双端队列：对可迭代对象左右两边进行操作
deque是线程安全的，list非线程安全的

from collections import deque
user_deque=deque(["qiuxinling1","qiuxinling2","qiuxinling3"])
user_deque.appendleft("qiuxinling0")
print（user_deque[0])
user_deque1=user_deque.copy()#浅拷贝
user_deque1=copy.deepcopy(user_deque)#深拷贝

Counter

from collections import Counter
#对可迭代对象进行统计。字典的子类
user="n;sldvjoajdvoi"
user_counter=Counter(user)
user_counter2=Counter("ackhalkdvh;oahvoie")
user_counter.update(user_counter2)
#topn问题
user_counter.most_common(2)#出现次数最多的2个元素，用堆创建

OrderedDict

user_dict=OrderDict()
user_dict["a"]='qxl1'
user_dict["c"]='qxl2'
user_dict["b"]='qxl3'
#OrderedDict([('a','qxl1'),('c','qxl2'),('b','qxl3')])#与添加顺序一致，dict顺序是无序的
user_dict.popitem()#('b','qxl3')
user_dict.pop('a')#'qxl1'
user_dict.move_to_end('b'))#移到最后

ChainMap

from collections import ChainMap
user_dict1={"a":"qxl1","b":"qxl2"}
user_dict1={"c":"qxl3","d":"qxl4"}
new_dict=ChainMap(user_dict1,user_dict2)#将两个dict模拟为一个,[user_dict1,user_dict2]
new_dict.new_child({"aa":"aa"})#添加字典
print(new_dict.maps[0]["a"])#"qxl1"
for k,v in new_dict.items():
	pritn(k,v)