如何使用线程安全的HashMap

最新推荐文章于 2024-09-11 15:49:45 发布

Williamwhc

最新推荐文章于 2024-09-11 15:49:45 发布

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本文探讨了HashMap为何在多线程环境下不安全，主要原因是并发put可能导致数据丢失，以及扩容时可能产生死循环。为了实现线程安全，可以使用HashTable、Collections.synchronizedMap或ConcurrentHashMap。尽管HashTable和Collections.synchronizedMap通过加锁实现同步，但效率较低。ConcurrentHashMap在Java 8中采用CAS算法，提供高效并发性能。通过示例代码展示了ConcurrentHashMap在多线程累加操作中的线程安全性。

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HashMap为什么线程不安全

导致HashMap线程不安全的原因可能有两种：

1、当多个线程同时使用put方法添加元素的时候，正巧存在两个put的key发生了碰撞（根据hash值计算的bucket一样），那么根据HashMap的存储原理，这两个key会添加多数组的同一个位置，这样一定会导致其中一个线程put的数据被覆盖丢失

2、当多个线程同时检测到元素个数超过哈希表的size*loadFloat的时候,这样会发生多个线程同时对Node数组进行扩容的操作(java1.8中HashMap使用Node实体来存放内容)，都在重新计算元素位置以及拷贝数据，但最后只能有一个线程能成功的将扩容后的数组赋值给table，也就是说其他线程的都会丢失，并且各自线程的数据也会丢失。关于hashMap线程不安全这一点，《java并发编程的艺术》一书中是这么描述的：“hashMap在并发执行put操作会引起死循环，导致CPU利用率接近100%。因为多线程会导致HashMap的Node链表形成环数据结构，一旦形成环数据结构，Node的next节点永远不为空，就会在获取Node时产生死循环”。由此可知，HashMap的死循环是发生在扩容时。关于hashMap的死循环可参看一下文章：

何如使用线程安全的HashMap
实现线程安全的方式有三种，分别是使用HashTable、Collections.SynchronizeMap、ConcurrentHashMap。

我们先分别来看看三种数据结构的部分源码：

hashtable

[java] view plain copy

<code class="language-java"> public <span style="color:#ff0000;">synchronized </span>V get(Object key) {
Entry<?,?> tab[] = table;
int hash = key.hashCode();
int index = (hash & 0x7FFFFFFF) % tab.length;
for (Entry<?,?> e = tab[index] ; e != null ; e = e.next) {
if ((e.hash == hash) && e.key.equals(key)) {
return (V)e.value;
}
}
return null;
}</code>

public synchronized V put(K key, V value) { // Make sure the value is not null if (value == null) { throw new NullPointerException(); } // Makes sure the key is not already in the hashtable. Entry<?,?> tab[] = table; int hash = key.hashCode(); int index = (hash & 0x7FFFFFFF) % tab.length; @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") Entry<K,V> entry = (Entry<K,V>)tab[index]; for(; entry != null ; entry = entry.next) { if ((entry.hash == hash) && entry.key.equals(key)) { V old = entry.value; entry.value = value; return old; } } addEntry(hash, key, value, index); return null; } publicsynchronizedV remove(Object key) { Entry<?,?> tab[] = table; int hash = key.hashCode(); int index = (hash & 0x7FFFFFFF) % tab.length; @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") Entry<K,V> e = (Entry<K,V>)tab[index]; for(Entry<K,V> prev = null ; e != null ; prev = e, e = e.next) { if ((e.hash == hash) && e.key.equals(key)) { modCount++; if (prev != null) { prev.next = e.next; } else { tab[index] = e.next; } count--; V oldValue = e.value; e.value = null; return oldValue; } } return null; }

SynchronizeMap

public V put(K key, V value) {
synchronized (mutex) {return m.put(key, value);}
}
public V remove(Object key) {
synchronized (mutex) {return m.remove(key);}
}
public void putAll(Map<? extends K, ? extends V> map) {
synchronized (mutex) {m.putAll(map);}
}
public void clear() {
synchronized (mutex) {m.clear();}
}

通过这部分源码可知，HashTable、Collections.SynchronizeMap都是通过对读写进行加锁操作来保证线程的安全，一个线程进行读写数据，其余线程等等，可想而知，性能可想而知。

ConcurrentHashMap

在java8中，ConcurrentHashMap摒弃了Segment,启用了一种新的算法实现CAS。关于ConcurrentHashMap工作机制请参考深入浅出ConcurrentHashMap1.8。

下面我们通过一些代码来验证他们之前的线程安全以及效率问题：

[java] view plain copy

<code class="language-java">package com.iresearch.idata.common.util.demo;
import org.slf4j.Logger;
import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;
import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentMap;
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException;
/**
* @author: htc
* @date: Created in 18:18 2017/12/20.
*/
public class ConcurrentMapWithMap {
private static Map<String, Long> mapWordCounts = new HashMap<>();
private static ConcurrentMap<String, Long> concurrentMapWordCounts = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();
public static Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(ConcurrentMapWithMap.class);
public static int count = 0;
public static long mapIncrease(String word) {
Long oldValue = mapWordCounts.get(word);
Long newValue = (oldValue == null) ? 1L : oldValue + 1;
mapWordCounts.put(word, newValue);
return newValue;
}
public static long ConcurrentMapIncrease(String word) {
Long oldValue, newValue;
while (true) {
oldValue = concurrentMapWordCounts.get(word);
if (oldValue == null) {
// Add the word firstly, initial the value as 1
newValue = 1L;
if (concurrentMapWordCounts.putIfAbsent(word, newValue) == null) {
break;
}
} else {
newValue = oldValue + 1;
if (concurrentMapWordCounts.replace(word, oldValue, newValue)) {
break;
}
}
}
return newValue;
}
public static void mapWordCount() throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException {
new Thread(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
int count = 0;
while (count++ < 10000) {
logger.info("mapIncrease num is " + ConcurrentMapWithMap.mapIncrease("work"));
}
}
}).start();
new Thread(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
int count = 0;
while (count++ < 10000) {
logger.info("mapIncrease num is " + ConcurrentMapWithMap.mapIncrease("work"));
}
}
}).start();
new Thread(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
int count = 0;
while (count++ < 10000) {
logger.info("mapIncrease num is " + ConcurrentMapWithMap.mapIncrease("work"));
}
}
}).start();
new Thread(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
int count = 0;
while (count++ < 10000) {
logger.info("mapIncrease num is " + ConcurrentMapWithMap.mapIncrease("work"));
}
}
}).start();
}
public static void concurrentWordCount() throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException {
new Thread(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
int count = 0;
while (count++ < 10000) {
logger.info("mapIncrease num is " + ConcurrentMapWithMap.ConcurrentMapIncrease("work"));
}
}
}).start();
new Thread(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
int count = 0;
while (count++ < 10000) {
logger.info("mapIncrease num is " + ConcurrentMapWithMap.ConcurrentMapIncrease("work"));
}
}
}).start();
new Thread(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
int count = 0;
while (count++ < 10000) {
logger.info("mapIncrease num is " + ConcurrentMapWithMap.ConcurrentMapIncrease("work"));
}
}
}).start();
new Thread(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
int count = 0;
while (count++ < 10000) {
logger.info("mapIncrease num is " + ConcurrentMapWithMap.ConcurrentMapIncrease("work"));
}
}
}).start();
}
public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException {
ConcurrentMapWithMap.mapWordCount();
Thread.sleep(10000);
//多线程累加，每次都少于40000，故线程不安全
logger.info("final count map" + ConcurrentMapWithMap.mapWordCounts.get("work"));
ConcurrentMapWithMap.concurrentWordCount();
Thread.sleep(10000);
//多线程累加，每次都是40000
logger.info("final count concurrentMap" + ConcurrentMapWithMap.concurrentMapWordCounts.get("work"));
}
}
</code>