Java多线程-新特征-原子量
所谓的原子量即操作变量的操作是“原子的”,该操作不可再分,因此是线程安全的。
为何要使用原子变量呢,原因是多个线程对单个变量操作也会引起一些问题。在Java5之前,可以通过volatile、synchronized关键字来解决并发访问的安全问题,但这样太麻烦。
Java5之后,专门提供了用来进行单变量多线程并发安全访问的工具包java.util.concurrent.atomic,其中的类也很简单。
package cn.thread; import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicLong; public class AtomicRunnable implements Runnable { private static AtomicLong aLong = new AtomicLong(10000); // 原子量,每个线程都可以自由操作 private String name; // 操作人 private int x; // 操作数额 AtomicRunnable(String name, int x) { this.name = name; this.x = x; } public void run() { System.out.println(name + "执行了" + x + ",当前余额:" + aLong.addAndGet(x)); } }
package cn.thread; import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService; import java.util.concurrent.Executors; import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicLong; /** * 多线程-原子量 * * @author 林计钦 * @version 1.0 2013-7-26 下午04:13:45 */ public class ThreadAtomicTest { public static void main(String[] args) { ExecutorService pool = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(2); Runnable t1 = new AtomicRunnable("张三", 2000); Runnable t2 = new AtomicRunnable("李四", 3600); Runnable t3 = new AtomicRunnable("王五", 2700); Runnable t4 = new AtomicRunnable("老张", 600); Runnable t5 = new AtomicRunnable("老牛", 1300); Runnable t6 = new AtomicRunnable("胖子", 800); // 执行各个线程 pool.execute(t1); pool.execute(t2); pool.execute(t3); pool.execute(t4); pool.execute(t5); pool.execute(t6); // 关闭线程池 pool.shutdown(); } }
运行结果:
张三执行了2000,当前余额:12000 王五执行了2700,当前余额:14700 老张执行了600,当前余额:15300 老牛执行了1300,当前余额:16600 胖子执行了800,当前余额:17400 李四执行了3600,当前余额:21000
张三执行了2000,当前余额:12000 李四执行了3600,当前余额:15600 老张执行了600,当前余额:18900 老牛执行了1300,当前余额:20200 胖子执行了800,当前余额:21000 王五执行了2700,当前余额:18300
张三执行了2000,当前余额:12000 王五执行了2700,当前余额:14700 李四执行了3600,当前余额:18300 老牛执行了1300,当前余额:20200 胖子执行了800,当前余额:21000 老张执行了600,当前余额:18900
从运行结果可以看出,虽然使用了原子量,但是程序并发访问还是有问题,那究竟问题出在哪里了?
这里要注意的一点是,原子量虽然可以保证单个变量在某一个操作过程的安全,但无法保证你整个代码块,或者整个程序的安全性。因此,通常还应该使用锁等同步机制来控制整个程序的安全性。
下面是对这个错误修正:
package cn.thread; import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicLong; import java.util.concurrent.locks.Lock; public class AtomicRunnable2 implements Runnable { private static AtomicLong aLong = new AtomicLong(10000); // 原子量,每个线程都可以自由操作 private String name; // 操作人 private int x; // 操作数额 private Lock lock; AtomicRunnable2(String name, int x, Lock lock) { this.name = name; this.x = x; this.lock=lock; } public void run() { lock.lock(); System.out.println(name + "执行了" + x + ",当前余额:" + aLong.addAndGet(x)); lock.unlock(); } }
package cn.thread; import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService; import java.util.concurrent.Executors; import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicLong; import java.util.concurrent.locks.Lock; import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock; /** * 多线程-原子量 * * @author 林计钦 * @version 1.0 2013-7-26 下午04:13:45 */ public class ThreadAtomicTest2 { public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException { ExecutorService pool = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(2); Lock lock = new ReentrantLock(false); Runnable t1 = new AtomicRunnable2("张三", 2000, lock); Runnable t2 = new AtomicRunnable2("李四", 3600, lock); Runnable t3 = new AtomicRunnable2("王五", 2700, lock); Runnable t4 = new AtomicRunnable2("老张", 600, lock); Runnable t5 = new AtomicRunnable2("老牛", 1300, lock); Runnable t6 = new AtomicRunnable2("胖子", 800, lock); // 执行各个线程 pool.execute(t1); pool.execute(t2); pool.execute(t3); pool.execute(t4); pool.execute(t5); pool.execute(t6); // 关闭线程池 pool.shutdown(); } }