UNIX环境高级编程学习笔记二_文件与目录

Unix文件和目录

一. 文件类型的判断

首先介绍 stat 结构体，其结构体中包含以下类型：

这些数据类型配合以下的宏定义用于使用户查看文件的各项信息

文件类型宏：

使用案例部分代码如下(判断是否为目录文件）：

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
struct stat buf;
char *ptr;
...
if(lstat(argv[1], &buf) < 0)   //获取文件信息
	err_ret("lstat error");
...
if (S_DIR(buf.st_mode))       //判断是否为目录文件
	ptr = "directory";
}
...

二. 文件模式屏蔽函数umask

函数原型：

#include<sys/stat.h>
mode_t umask(mode_t cmask);

此函数用于创建文件时给文件设置权限的屏蔽标志，对应八进制数中的每一位代表一位屏蔽。具体屏蔽位参考《UNIX高级环境编程》图4-10。

三. 其他一些函数

#include<unistd.h>

int chown(const char *pathname, uid_t owner, gid_t group);  //用户权限赋予函数
int trucate(const char *pathname, off_t length);  //文件截断函数
int link(const char *existingpath, const char *newpath);  //创建新链接
int unlink(const char *pathname);  //删除目录
int symlink(const char *actualpath, const char *sympath);  //创建符号链接
ssize_t readlink(const char *restrict pathname, char *restrict buf, size_t bufsize);  //解决open函数不能读取symlink的问题
int futimens(int fd, const struct timespec time[2]);  //更改访问时间和修改时间
int redir(const char *pathname);  //删除空目录

四. 遍历文件结构程序

1 程序代码

程序来源于《UNIX高级环境编程》

#include "apue.h"
#include <dirent.h>
#include <limits.h>

/* function type that is called for each filename */
typedef	int	Myfunc(const char *, const struct stat *, int);   //定义函数类型Myfunc

static Myfunc	myfunc;
static int		myftw(char *, Myfunc *);
static int		dopath(Myfunc *);

static long	nreg, ndir, nblk, nchr, nfifo, nslink, nsock, ntot;

int
main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
	int		ret;

	if (argc != 2)
		err_quit("usage:  ftw  <starting-pathname>");

	ret = myftw(argv[1], myfunc);		/* myfunc函数作为参数，myfunc参数由下面代码指定 */

	ntot = nreg + ndir + nblk + nchr + nfifo + nslink + nsock;
	if (ntot == 0)
		ntot = 1;		/* avoid divide by 0; print 0 for all counts */
	printf("regular files  = %7ld, %5.2f %%\n", nreg,
	  nreg*100.0/ntot);
	printf("directories    = %7ld, %5.2f %%\n", ndir,
	  ndir*100.0/ntot);
	printf("block special  = %7ld, %5.2f %%\n", nblk,
	  nblk*100.0/ntot);
	printf("char special   = %7ld, %5.2f %%\n", nchr,
	  nchr*100.0/ntot);
	printf("FIFOs          = %7ld, %5.2f %%\n", nfifo,
	  nfifo*100.0/ntot);
	printf("symbolic links = %7ld, %5.2f %%\n", nslink,
	  nslink*100.0/ntot);
	printf("sockets        = %7ld, %5.2f %%\n", nsock,
	  nsock*100.0/ntot);
	exit(ret);
}

/*
 * Descend through the hierarchy, starting at "pathname".
 * The caller's func() is called for every file.
 */
#define	FTW_F	1		/* file other than directory */
#define	FTW_D	2		/* directory */
#define	FTW_DNR	3		/* directory that can't be read */
#define	FTW_NS	4		/* file that we can't stat */

static char	*fullpath;		/* contains full pathname for every file */
static size_t pathlen;

static int					/* we return whatever func() returns */
myftw(char *pathname, Myfunc *func)
{
	fullpath = path_alloc(&pathlen);	/* malloc PATH_MAX+1 bytes */
										/* ({Prog pathalloc}) */
	if (pathlen <= strlen(pathname)) {
		pathlen = strlen(pathname) * 2;
		if ((fullpath = realloc(fullpath, pathlen)) == NULL)
			err_sys("realloc failed");
	}
	strcpy(fullpath, pathname);
	return(dopath(func));
}

/*
 * Descend through the hierarchy, starting at "fullpath".
 * If "fullpath" is anything other than a directory, we lstat() it,
 * call func(), and return.  For a directory, we call ourself
 * recursively for each name in the directory.
 */
static int					/* we return whatever func() returns */
dopath(Myfunc* func)
{
	struct stat		statbuf;
	struct dirent	*dirp;
	DIR				*dp;
	int				ret, n;

	if (lstat(fullpath, &statbuf) < 0)	/* stat error */
		return(func(fullpath, &statbuf, FTW_NS));
	if (S_ISDIR(statbuf.st_mode) == 0)	/* not a directory */
		return(func(fullpath, &statbuf, FTW_F));

	/*
	 * It's a directory.  First call func() for the directory,
	 * then process each filename in the directory.
	 */
	if ((ret = func(fullpath, &statbuf, FTW_D)) != 0)
		return(ret);

	n = strlen(fullpath);
	if (n + NAME_MAX + 2 > pathlen) {	/* expand path buffer */
		pathlen *= 2;
		if ((fullpath = realloc(fullpath, pathlen)) == NULL)
			err_sys("realloc failed");
	}
	fullpath[n++] = '/';   //加上‘/’号
	fullpath[n] = 0;       //删除后面目录

	if ((dp = opendir(fullpath)) == NULL)	/* can't read directory */
		return(func(fullpath, &statbuf, FTW_DNR));

	while ((dirp = readdir(dp)) != NULL) {     //目录中文件读完终止本轮读，跳出while循环
		if (strcmp(dirp->d_name, ".") == 0  ||
		    strcmp(dirp->d_name, "..") == 0)
				continue;		/* ignore dot and dot-dot */
		strcpy(&fullpath[n], dirp->d_name);	/* append name after "/" */
		if ((ret = dopath(func)) != 0)		/* recursive */
			break;	/* time to leave */
	}
	fullpath[n-1] = 0;	/* erase everything from slash onward */

	if (closedir(dp) < 0)
		err_ret("can't close directory %s", fullpath);
	return(ret);
}

static int
myfunc(const char *pathname, const struct stat *statptr, int type)
{
	switch (type) {
	case FTW_F:
		switch (statptr->st_mode & S_IFMT) {
		case S_IFREG:	nreg++;		break;
		case S_IFBLK:	nblk++;		break;
		case S_IFCHR:	nchr++;		break;
		case S_IFIFO:	nfifo++;	break;
		case S_IFLNK:	nslink++;	break;
		case S_IFSOCK:	nsock++;	break;
		case S_IFDIR:	/* directories should have type = FTW_D */
			err_dump("for S_IFDIR for %s", pathname);
		}
		break;
	case FTW_D:
		ndir++;
		break;
	case FTW_DNR:
		err_ret("can't read directory %s", pathname);
		break;
	case FTW_NS:
		err_ret("stat error for %s", pathname);
		break;
	default:
		err_dump("unknown type %d for pathname %s", type, pathname);
	}
	return(0);
}

2 执行思路

1. 首先在main函数中读入开始目录，并将其传递给pathname参数，同时将myfunc函数作为参数传递给myftw函数
2. 在myftw函数中给fullpath分配空间并接收pathname参数的值，再调用dopath函数正式开始计数
3. 在dopath函数中递归调用自身并遍历目录中的每个文件，同时调用myfunc函数判断文件种类并计算
4. 最后在主函数中打印各类文件数目和占比