安装python
- 官网下载所需要的Python版本:https://www.python.org/downloads/windows/
- 安装时可以选择添加环境变量,add path 在安装过程中会自动添加环境变量,不过这添加的是用户变量,建议添加到系统变量当中,如果没有点击添加环境变量也可以自己配置,Python的默认目录一般在C盘,不知道具体目录可以搜索。
配置环境变量
- 环境变量在学习Python的时候应该已经配置过了,如果不会百度搜索一堆一堆的,再次不在讲述。
安装Django
- pip 命令安装
- 安装Django生成所以依赖的项目目录:pip install Django
- 新建一个项目:django-admin startproject 【项目名】
- 启动项目:Python manage.py runserver
认识Django目录
- mysite
- blog -app
- init.py python 中声明模块的文件,内容默认为空
- admin.py 该应用的后台管理系统配置文件
- apps.py 当前app的一些配置信息
- models.py 数据模型,用来设计和数据库相关的内容
- views.py 用来放置视图函数等操作。
- mysite
- init_.py python 中声明模块的文件,内容默认为空
- settings.py 项目的全局配置文件
- urls.py 项目的路由配置文件,这是一个Django项目的主入口文件。
- wsgi.py 存放python代码和web服务接口的配置文件
- manage.py 用来管理和操作你的Django项目
使用pycharm创建Django
Django的运行原理
启动第一个Django服务
- 配置为中文:settings.py 文件中 LANGUAGE_CODE = ‘zh-hans’
- 启动服务: python manage.py runserver
安装Django 虚拟环境
- pip 安装方式:
- 安装虚拟环境:pip install virtualenv
- 安装虚拟环境快捷方式:pip install virtualenvwrapper-win
- 创建可用虚拟环境:mkvirtualenv 【环境名】
- 查询已安装的虚拟环境:lsvirtualenv
- 切换/启用虚拟环境:workon 【环境名】
- 切换虚拟环境:cdvirtualenv
- 删除虚拟环境:rmvirtualenv
- 虚拟环境中指定python版本:mkvirtualenv 【环境名】–python=python3
- 安装Django:pip install django
- 构建实例化生产数据表:makemigrations、migrate
项目的调用
- urls.py
from django.contrib import admin from django.urls import path from user import views urlpatterns = [ path('admin/', admin.site.urls), 对于的地址,对应的试图函数 path('', views.index) ]
- views.py
from django.shortcuts import render def index(request): return render(request, 'index.html')
- index.html
<html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>我的第一个python网站</title> </head> <body> <h1>内容</h1> <hr> <p>this is welcome pages</p> </body> </html>
- 数据模型建立数据关系
- models.py
from django.db import models
from django.utils.timezone import now
class Tags(models.Model):
name = models.CharField("标签名", max_length=64)
create_time = models.CharField("创建时间", default=now(), max_length=60)
lest_mod_time = models.CharField("修改时间", default=now(), max_length=60)
# 方便查看
def __str__(self):
return self.name
# 对模型进行映射
class Meta:
ordering = ['name']
verbose_name = "标签"
verbose_name_plural = "标签列表"
db_table = 'tags'
class Category(models.Model):
name = models.CharField("分类名", max_length=64)
create_time = models.CharField("创建时间", default=now(), max_length=60)
lest_mod_time = models.CharField("修改时间", default=now(), max_length=60)
# 方便查看
def __str__(self):
return self.name
# 对模型进行映射
class Meta:
ordering = ['name']
verbose_name = "分类标签"
verbose_name_plural = "分类标签列表"
db_table = 'category'
class Article(models.Model):
STATUS_CHOICE = (
('p', '发表'),
('d', '草稿')
)
title = models.CharField("分类名", max_length=100)
content = models.TextField("正文")
status = models.TextField("状态", choices=STATUS_CHOICE, default='p', max_length=1)
views = models.CharField("浏览量", max_length=64)
create_time = models.CharField("创建时间", default=now(), max_length=60)
pub_time =models.DateTimeField("发布时间", default=now())
lest_mod_time = models.CharField("修改时间", default=now(), max_length=60)
category = models.ForeignKey(Category, on_delete=models.CASCADE, blank=False, null=False)
tages = models.ManyToManyField(Tags, verbose_name="标签", blank=True)
def __str__(self):
return self.title
class Meta:
ordering = ['-pub_time']
verbose_name = '文章'
verbose_name_plural = "文章列表"
db_table = 'article'
get_latest_by = 'create_time'
from django.contrib import admin
from django.urls import path
from user import views
urlpatterns = [
path('admin/', admin.site.urls),
对于的地址,对应的试图函数
path('', views.index)
]
在配置项目的过程中会报找不到MySQL数据库的操作,原因是因为Python3以后不支持安装MySQLdb
- 报错一:django.core.exceptions.ImproperlyConfigured: Error loading MySQLdb module.
Did you install mysqlclient? - 需要在项目__init__.py添加下列代码:原因是把ymysql代替 MySQLdb
import pymysql
pymysql.install_as_MySQLdb()
- 报错二:RuntimeError: ‘cryptography’ package is required for sha256_password or caching_sha2_password auth methods
- 没有cryptography此模块需要安装:pip install cryptography
- django.urls.exceptions.NoReverseMatch: Reverse for ‘app.models.Article’ not found. ‘app.models.Article’ is not a valid view function or pattern name. 没有简历项目关系链接
settings.py 在配置文件中配置数据库链接等,如 INSTALLED_APPS中添加模块关联,DATABASES添加数据库配置。
settings.py
"""
Django settings for djangoProject project.
Generated by 'django-admin startproject' using Django 3.2.6.
For more information on this file, see
https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/3.2/topics/settings/
For the full list of settings and their values, see
https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/3.2/ref/settings/
"""
import os
from pathlib import Path
# Build paths inside the project like this: BASE_DIR / 'subdir'.
BASE_DIR = Path(__file__).resolve().parent.parent
# Quick-start development settings - unsuitable for production
# See https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/3.2/howto/deployment/checklist/
# SECURITY WARNING: keep the secret key used in production secret!
SECRET_KEY = 'django-insecure-z*1*uh&q*z3!z95*ud)=p@=c_p=a$2qt(hn-cw+s(i0_!%%_^6'
# SECURITY WARNING: don't run with debug turned on in production!
DEBUG = True
ALLOWED_HOSTS = []
# Application definition
INSTALLED_APPS = [
'django.contrib.admin',
'django.contrib.auth',
'django.contrib.contenttypes',
'django.contrib.sessions',
'django.contrib.messages',
'django.contrib.staticfiles',
'app',
]
MIDDLEWARE = [
'django.middleware.security.SecurityMiddleware',
'django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware',
'django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware',
'django.middleware.csrf.CsrfViewMiddleware',
'django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware',
'django.contrib.messages.middleware.MessageMiddleware',
'django.middleware.clickjacking.XFrameOptionsMiddleware',
]
ROOT_URLCONF = 'djangoProject.urls'
TEMPLATES = [
{
'BACKEND': 'django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates',
'DIRS': [BASE_DIR / 'templates']
,
'APP_DIRS': True,
'OPTIONS': {
'context_processors': [
'django.template.context_processors.debug',
'django.template.context_processors.request',
'django.contrib.auth.context_processors.auth',
'django.contrib.messages.context_processors.messages',
],
},
},
]
WSGI_APPLICATION = 'djangoProject.wsgi.application'
# Database
# https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/3.2/ref/settings/#databases
DATABASES = {
'default': {
'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.mysql',
'NAME': 'djangodmo',
'USER': "root",
'PASSWORD': '123456',
'HOST': 'localhost',
'PORT': '3306'
}
}
# Password validation
# https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/3.2/ref/settings/#auth-password-validators
AUTH_PASSWORD_VALIDATORS = [
{
'NAME': 'django.contrib.auth.password_validation.UserAttributeSimilarityValidator',
},
{
'NAME': 'django.contrib.auth.password_validation.MinimumLengthValidator',
},
{
'NAME': 'django.contrib.auth.password_validation.CommonPasswordValidator',
},
{
'NAME': 'django.contrib.auth.password_validation.NumericPasswordValidator',
},
]
# Internationalization
# https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/3.2/topics/i18n/
LANGUAGE_CODE = 'zh-hans'
TIME_ZONE = 'Asia/Shanghai'
USE_I18N = True
USE_L10N = True
USE_TZ = False
# Static files (CSS, JavaScript, Images)
# https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/3.2/howto/static-files/
STATIC_URL = '/static/'
STATICFILES_DIRS = [
os.path.join(BASE_DIR, 'static'),
]
# Default primary key field type
# https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/3.2/ref/settings/#default-auto-field
DEFAULT_AUTO_FIELD = 'django.db.models.BigAutoField'
admin.py
from django.contrib import admin
from .models import *
admin.site.register(Article)
admin.site.register(Category)
admin.site.register(Tags)
-
使用构建实例化生产数据表:makemigrations和migrate时报错
-
在配置模型驱动的过程中会遇到许多问题,以前的代码更新后,百度也很少有资料讲解。
-
比如:
- AttributeError: type object ‘AdminSite’ has no attribute ‘reverse’,在site中没有reverse这个函数,是在AdminSite,网上许多写法是:admin.site.register(Tags),这里有坑,用这个也会报错,使用下图方法虽然不报错,但是无法映射,所以是其他错误,看看有没有关联项目
- AttributeError: type object ‘AdminSite’ has no attribute ‘reverse’,在site中没有reverse这个函数,是在AdminSite,网上许多写法是:admin.site.register(Tags),这里有坑,用这个也会报错,使用下图方法虽然不报错,但是无法映射,所以是其他错误,看看有没有关联项目
-
django.urls.exceptions.NoReverseMatch: Reverse for ‘app.models.Article’ not found. ‘app.models.Article’ is not a valid view function or pattern name.
- 和上面的差不多,因为没有关联项目导致找不到model模型
-
app.Article.create_time: (fields.E120) CharFields must define a ‘max_length’ attribute.这个错是说,在CharFields类型上必须指定长度max_length
写法:
-
HINT: It seems you set a fixed date / time / datetime value as default for this field. This may not be what you want. If you want to have the current date as default, use
django.utils.timezone.now
,now这个函数我加了()其实不需要加,去掉就可以了,但是不影响表的创建。 -
创建成功后:
-
存在文件:initial.py文件
查看数据库表:
创建完表后启动服务进入后入管理页面
-
目前还没有用户名密码所以创建一个管理员
-
createsuperuser:创建用户
-
用户名 (leave blank to use ‘administrator’): admin
-
电子邮件地址: 1593231300@qq.com
-
Warning: Password input may be echoed.
-
Password: 123456
-
Warning: Password input may be echoed.
-
Password (again): 123456
-
密码长度太短。密码必须包含至少 8 个字符。
-
这个密码太常见了。
-
密码只包含数字。
-
Bypass password validation and create user anyway? [y/N]: y
-
Superuser created successfully.
-
创建成功,进入后台页面
-
输入用户名密码进入后天管理
放了笔记 https://note.youdao.com/s/aulc5BfZ