计算机与互联网的发展史-初期

1 Internet History

6 Stages:

• Dawn of Electronic Computing
• Pre-Internet Communication
• Research Networks - 1960s - 1970’s
• The First “Internet” -  Mid 1980’s
• The Web Makes it Easy - Early 1990’s
• Ubiquity of the Internet - 1996 and beyond

Alan Turing and Bletchley Park:

• Top secret code breaking effort
• 10,000 people at the peak (team effort)
• BOMBE: Mechanical Computer
• Colossus: Electronic Computer

Post-War (1940s):

Alumni of the US and UK codebreaking efforts and other started building general purpose computers:

• Manchester Baby
• Ferranti Mark I
• Harvard Mark I
• US Army ENIAC

Post-War (1950s):

• Math / Science “Won the war”
• Broad-based investment in maintaining the US/West intellectual lead
• Mathemeticians were valued, recruited, brilliant, arrogant, and quirky
• "A Beautiful Mind" gives a sense of the culture of the time

John Forbes Nash:

• Received his Phd. Mathematics at Princeton in 1950 at 22 years old
• Mathematics faculty at MIT - 1951 - 1958
• Schizophrenia 1959 - 1995
• Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences - 1994

Dial-Up Access:

• You were happy to connect to one computer without having to walk across campus
• You could 'call' other computers long distance
• The characters were encoded as sound
• Pretty Common in the 1970’s

Data Transfer with Leased Lines:

• You could get a dedicated connection between two points from the phone company
• No dialing was needed leased lines are always connected
• Reserved dedicated phone wires and permanent connections
• Expensive because of limited copper - cost was based on distance
• Think bank branch offices and other places where cost is significant

Store and Forward Networking:

• Typically specialized in Mail
• E-Mail could make it across the country in six hours to about 2 days
• You generally focused your life on one computer
• Early 1980’s
• BITNET

Research Networks 1960-1980’s:

• How can we avoid having a direct connection between all pairs of computers or long snake-like connections?
• How can we dynamically handle outages switching between multiple paths?
• How to transport many messages simultaneously and efficiently?

Efficient Message Transmission “Packet Switching”:

• Challenge:  in a simple approach, like store-and-forward, large messages block small ones
• Break each message into packets
• Can allow the packets from a single message to travel over different paths, dynamically adjusting for use
• Use special-purpose computers, called routers, for the traffic control

Supercomputers:

• As science needed faster and faster computers, more universities asked for their own Multimillion dollar supercomputer
• The National Science Foundation asked, “Why not buy a few supercomputers, and build up a national shared network?”

NCSA - Innovation:

• We now “assume” the Internet and the Web - it was not so easy...
• A number of breakthrough innovations came from the National Center for Supercomputing Applications at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois
• High Performance Computing and the Internet were deeply linked

NFS Net:

• NSFNet was funded by the National Science Foundation
• Standardized on TCP/IP
• The first national TCP/IP network that was “inclusive”
• Initially the goal was all research universities

APRANET

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