【莫烦Python】Matplotlib Python画图教程

爱听歌的周童鞋

已于 2022-12-07 21:50:28 修改

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文章标签： python matplotlib numpy

于 2022-12-07 21:41:19 首次发布

原文链接：https://mofanpy.com/tutorials/data-manipulation/plt/

版权

前言

莫烦老师Matplotlib教程，将所有代码和对应的图记录在博客中，方便自己后续查看

作者：莫烦Python

转自：https://mofanpy.com/tutorials/data-manipulation/plt/

视频：【莫烦Python】Matplotlib Python画图教程

代码：https://github.com/MorvanZhou/tutorials/tree/master/matplotlibTUT

环境：python-3.9.13 matplotlib-3.5.2 numpy-1.21.5

1.基本使用

1.1 基本用法


# 3 - simple plot

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np

x = np.linspace(-1, 1, 50)
y = 2 * x + 1
y1 = x ** 2
plt.plot(x, y1)
plt.show()

在这里插入图片描述

simple_plot

1.2 figure图像

plt.figure() 新建一个画布，以下所有图像都在这个画布中
- num 画布名称
- figsize 画布大小，tuple类型
plt.plot()
- color 颜色，str类型
- linewidth 线宽，float类型
- linestyle 线类型 str类型


# 4 - figure

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np

x = np.linspace(-3, 3, 50)
y1 = 2 * x + 1
y2 = x ** 2

plt.figure()
plt.plot(x, y1)

plt.figure(num=3, figsize=(8,5))
plt.plot(x, y2)
# plot the second curve in this figure with certain parameters
plt.plot(x, y1, color='red', linewidth=1.0, linestyle='--')

plt.show()

在这里插入图片描述

figure_1

在这里插入图片描述

figure_2

1.3 设置坐标轴1

修改坐标轴的刻度和文字描述

plt.xlim() plt.ylim() 修改x/y坐标轴的范围，接收tuple类型
plt.xlabel() plt.ylabel() 修改x/y坐标轴的标签，接收str类型
plt.xticks() plt.yticks()
- 第一个参数修改新的刻度，接收list类型
- 第二个参数修改对应刻度的名称，接收list类型，为了字体一致可选择数学公式+r(正则表达形式)


# 5 - axis setting

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np

x = np.linspace(-3, 3, 50)
y1 = 2 * x + 1
y2 = x ** 2

plt.figure()
plt.plot(x, y2)
plt.plot(x, y1, color='red', linewidth=1.0, linestyle='--')
# set x limits
plt.xlim((-1, 2))
plt.ylim((-2, 3))
plt.xlabel('I am x')
plt.ylabel('I am y')

# set new sticks
new_ticks = np.linspace(-1, 2, 5)
print(new_ticks)
plt.xticks(new_ticks)
# set tick labels
plt.yticks([-2, -1.8, -1, 1.22, 3],
           [r'$really\ bad$', r'$bad$', r'$normal$', r'$good$', r'$really\ good$'])
plt.show()

在这里插入图片描述

axis setting1

1.4 设置坐标轴2

修改坐标轴位置

plt.gca() 获取当前的轴
plt.gca().xaxis.set_ticks_position() 设置x轴
plt.gca().spines[].set_position(()) 设置原点
设置刻度尺朝向参考自matplotlib:刻度线的方向调整


# 6 - axis setting

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np

# plt.rcParams['xtick.direction'] = 'in'  # 将x轴的刻度方向设置向内
# plt.rcParams['ytick.direction'] = 'in'  # 将y轴的刻度方向设置向内

x = np.linspace(-3, 3, 50)
y1 = 2 * x + 1
y2 = x ** 2

plt.figure()
plt.plot(x, y2)
# plot the second curve in this figure with certain parameters
plt.plot(x, y1, color='red', linewidth=1.0, linestyle='--')
# set x limits
plt.xlim((-1, 2))
plt.ylim((-2, 3))


# set new sticks
new_ticks = np.linspace(-1, 2, 5)
print(new_ticks)
plt.xticks(new_ticks)
# set tick labels
plt.yticks([-2, -1.8, -1, 1.22, 3],
           [r'$really\ bad$', r'$bad$', r'$normal$', r'$good$', r'$really\ good$'])
# to use '$ $' for math text and nice looking, e.g. '$\pi$'

# gca = 'get current axis'
ax = plt.gca()
ax.spines['right'].set_color('none')    # 去除右轴
ax.spines['top'].set_color('none')      # 去除上轴

ax.xaxis.set_ticks_position('bottom')   # 设置下轴为x轴
# ACCEPTS: [ 'top' | 'bottom' | 'both' | 'default' | 'none' ]

ax.spines['bottom'].set_position(('data', 0))   # 设置y轴原点为0
# the 1st is in 'outward' | 'axes' | 'data'
# axes: percentage of y axis
# data: depend on y data

ax.yaxis.set_ticks_position('left')     # 设置左轴为y轴
# ACCEPTS: [ 'left' | 'right' | 'both' | 'default' | 'none' ]

ax.spines['left'].set_position(('data', 0))   # 设置x轴原点为0
plt.show()

在这里插入图片描述

axis setting2

1.5 Legend图例

添加Legend图例，帮助展示出每个数据对应的图像名称

plt.legend()


# 7 - legend

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np

# plt.rcParams['xtick.direction'] = 'in'  # 将x轴的刻度方向设置向内
# plt.rcParams['ytick.direction'] = 'in'  # 将y轴的刻度方向设置向内

x = np.linspace(-3, 3, 50)
y1 = 2 * x + 1
y2 = x ** 2

plt.figure()
# set x limits
plt.xlim((-1, 2))
plt.ylim((-2, 3))

# set new sticks
new_ticks = np.linspace(-1, 2, 5)
print(new_ticks)
plt.xticks(new_ticks)
# set tick labels
plt.yticks([-2, -1.8, -1, 1.22, 3],
           [r'$really\ bad$', r'$bad$', r'$normal$', r'$good$', r'$really\ good$'])

l1, = plt.plot(x, y1, label='linear line')
l2, = plt.plot(x, y2, color='red', linewidth=1.0, linestyle='--', label='square line')

plt.legend(loc='upper right')
# plt.legend(handles=[l1, l2], labels=['up', 'down'], loc='best')
# the "," is very important in here l1, = plt... and l2, = plt... for this step
"""legend( handles=(line1, line2, line3),
           labels=('label1', 'label2', 'label3'),
           'upper right')
    The *loc* location codes are::

          'best' : 0,          (currently not supported for figure legends)
          'upper right'  : 1,
          'upper left'   : 2,
          'lower left'   : 3,
          'lower right'  : 4,
          'right'        : 5,
          'center left'  : 6,
          'center right' : 7,
          'lower center' : 8,
          'upper center' : 9,
          'center'       : 10,"""
plt.show()

在这里插入图片描述

legend

1.6 Annotation标注

plt.annotation() 加注释
plt.text() 加文字描述


# 8 - annotation

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np

# plt.rcParams['xtick.direction'] = 'in'  # 将x轴的刻度方向设置向内
# plt.rcParams['ytick.direction'] = 'in'  # 将y轴的刻度方向设置向内

x = np.linspace(-3, 3, 50)
y = 2 * x + 1

plt.figure(num=1, figsize=(8,5),)
plt.plot(x, y,)

ax = plt.gca()
ax.spines['right'].set_color('none')
ax.spines['top'].set_color('none')
ax.xaxis.set_ticks_position('bottom')
ax.spines['bottom'].set_position(('data', 0))
ax.yaxis.set_ticks_position('left')
ax.spines['left'].set_position(('data', 0))

x0 = 1
y0 = 2 * x0 + 1
plt.plot([x0, x0,], [0, y0,], 'k--', linewidth=2.5)
plt.scatter([x0, ], [y0, ], s=50, color='b')

# method 1:
#####################
plt.annotate(r'$2x+1=%s$' % y0, xy=(x0, y0), xycoords='data', xytext=(+30, -30),
             textcoords='offset points', fontsize=16,
             arrowprops=dict(arrowstyle='->', connectionstyle="arc3,rad=.2"))

# method 2:
########################
plt.text(-3.7, 3, r'$This\ is\ the\ some\ text. \mu\ \sigma_i\ \alpha_t$',
         fontdict={'size': 16, 'color': 'r'})
plt.show()

在这里插入图片描述

annotation

1.7 tick能见度


# 9 - tick_visibility

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np

# plt.rcParams['xtick.direction'] = 'in'  # 将x轴的刻度方向设置向内
# plt.rcParams['ytick.direction'] = 'in'  # 将y轴的刻度方向设置向内

x = np.linspace(-3, 3, 50)
y = 0.1 * x

plt.figure()
plt.plot(x, y, linewidth=10, zorder=1)      # set zorder for ordering the plot in plt 2.0.2 or higher
plt.ylim(-2, 2)
ax = plt.gca()
ax.spines['right'].set_color('none')
ax.spines['top'].set_color('none')
ax.xaxis.set_ticks_position('bottom')
ax.spines['bottom'].set_position(('data', 0))
ax.yaxis.set_ticks_position('left')
ax.spines['left'].set_position(('data', 0))

print(ax.get_xticklabels())
for label in ax.get_xticklabels() + ax.get_yticklabels():
    label.set_fontsize(12)
    # set zorder for ordering the plot in plt 2.0.2 or higher
    label.set_bbox(dict(facecolor='white', edgecolor='none', alpha=0.8, zorder=2))
plt.show()

在这里插入图片描述

tick visibility

2.画图种类

2.1 Scatter散点图


# 10 - scatter

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np

n = 1024    # data size
X = np.random.normal(0, 1, n)   # 均值为0方差为1的高斯分布
Y = np.random.normal(0, 1, n)
T = np.arctan2(Y, X)    # for color later on

plt.scatter(X, Y, s=75, c=T, alpha=.5)

plt.xlim(-1.5, 1.5)
plt.xticks(())  # ignore xticks
plt.ylim(-1.5, 1.5)
plt.yticks(())  # ignore yticks
plt.show()

在这里插入图片描述

scatter

2.2 Bar柱状图


# 11 - bar

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np

n = 12
X = np.arange(n)
Y1 = (1 - X / float(n)) * np.random.uniform(0.5, 1.0, n)
Y2 = (1 - X / float(n)) * np.random.uniform(0.5, 1.0, n)

plt.bar(X, +Y1, facecolor='#9999ff', edgecolor='white')
plt.bar(X, -Y2, facecolor='#ff9999', edgecolor='white')

for x, y in zip(X, Y1):
    # ha: horizontal alignment
    # va: vertical alignment
    plt.text(x + 0.04, y + 0.02, '%.2f' % y, ha='center', va='bottom')

for x, y in zip(X, Y2):
    # ha: horizontal alignment
    # va: vertical alignment
    plt.text(x + 0.04, -y - 0.02, '%.2f' % y, ha='center', va='top')

plt.xlim(-.5, n)
plt.xticks(())
plt.ylim(-1.1, 1.1)
plt.yticks(())
plt.show()

在这里插入图片描述

bar

2.3 Contours等高线图


# 12 - contours

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np

def f(x, y):
    # the height function
    return (1 - x / 2 + x**5 + y**3) * np.exp(-x**2 -y**2)

n = 256
x = np.linspace(-3, 3, n)
y = np.linspace(-3, 3, n)
X, Y = np.meshgrid(x, y)
print(X)
print(Y)

# use plt.contourf to filling contours
# X, Y and value for (X,Y) point
plt.contourf(X, Y, f(X, Y), 8, alpha=.75, cmap=plt.cm.hot)

# use plt.coutour to add contour lines
C = plt.contour(X, Y, f(X, Y), 8, colors='black', linewidth=.5)
# adding label
plt.clabel(C, inline=True, fontsize=10)

plt.xticks(())
plt.yticks(())
plt.show()

在这里插入图片描述

contours

2.4 Image图片


# 13 - image

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np

# image data
a = np.array([0.313660827978, 0.365348418405, 0.423733120134,
              0.365348418405, 0.439599930621, 0.525083754405,
              0.423733120134, 0.525083754405, 0.651536351379]).reshape(3,3)

"""
for the value of "interpolation", check this:
http://matplotlib.org/examples/images_contours_and_fields/interpolation_methods.html
for the value of "origin"= ['upper', 'lower'], check this:
http://matplotlib.org/examples/pylab_examples/image_origin.html
"""

plt.imshow(a, interpolation='nearest', cmap='bone', origin='lower')
plt.colorbar(shrink=.92)

plt.xticks(())
plt.yticks(())
plt.show()

在这里插入图片描述

image

2.5 3D数据


# 14 - 3d

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
from mpl_toolkits.mplot3d import Axes3D

fig = plt.figure()
ax = Axes3D(fig)
# X, Y value
X = np.arange(-4, 4, 0.25)
Y = np.arange(-4, 4, 0.25)
X, Y = np.meshgrid(X, Y)
R = np.sqrt(X ** 2 + Y ** 2)
# height value
Z = np.sin(R)

ax.plot_surface(X, Y, Z, rstride=1, cstride=1, cmap=plt.get_cmap('rainbow'))
"""
============= ================================================
        Argument      Description
        ============= ================================================
        *X*, *Y*, *Z* Data values as 2D arrays
        *rstride*     Array row stride (step size), defaults to 10
        *cstride*     Array column stride (step size), defaults to 10
        *color*       Color of the surface patches
        *cmap*        A colormap for the surface patches.
        *facecolors*  Face colors for the individual patches
        *norm*        An instance of Normalize to map values to colors
        *vmin*        Minimum value to map
        *vmax*        Maximum value to map
        *shade*       Whether to shade the facecolors
        ============= ================================================
"""

# This is different from plt12_contours
ax.contourf(X, Y, Z, zdir='z', offset=-2, cmap=plt.get_cmap('rainbow'))
"""
==========  ================================================
        Argument    Description
        ==========  ================================================
        *X*, *Y*,   Data values as numpy.arrays
        *Z*
        *zdir*      The direction to use: x, y or z (default)
        *offset*    If specified plot a projection of the filled contour
                    on this position in plane normal to zdir
        ==========  ================================================
"""

ax.set_zlim(-2, 2)
plt.show()

在这里插入图片描述

3.多图合并显示

3.1 Subplot多合一显示


# 15 - subplot

from dataclasses import dataclass
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

# example 1:
###############################
plt.figure(figsize=(6, 4))
# plt.subplot(n_rows, n_cols, plot_num)
plt.subplot(2, 2, 1)
plt.plot([0, 1], [0, 1])

plt.subplot(222)
plt.plot([0, 1], [0, 2])

plt.subplot(223)
plt.plot([0, 1], [0, 3])

plt.subplot(224)
plt.plot([0, 1], [0, 4])

plt.tight_layout()

# example 2:
###############################
plt.figure(figsize=(6, 4))
# plt.subplot(n_rows, n_cols, plot_num)
plt.subplot(2, 1, 1)
# figure splits into 2 rows, 1 col, plot to the 1st sub-fig
plt.plot([0, 1], [0, 1])

plt.subplot(234)
# figure splits into 2 rows, 3 col, plot to the 4th sub-fig
plt.plot([0, 1], [0, 2])

plt.subplot(235)
# figure splits into 2 rows, 3 col, plot to the 5th sub-fig
plt.plot([0, 1], [0, 3])

plt.subplot(236)
# figure splits into 2 rows, 3 col, plot to the 6th sub-fig
plt.plot([0, 1], [0, 4])


plt.tight_layout()
plt.show()

在这里插入图片描述

subplot1

在这里插入图片描述

subplot2

3.2 Subplot分格显示


# 16 - grid

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import matplotlib.gridspec as gridspec

# method 1: subplot2grid
##########################
plt.figure()
ax1 = plt.subplot2grid((3, 3), (0, 0), colspan=3)   # stands for axes
ax1.plot([1, 2], [1, 2])
ax1.set_title('ax1_title')
ax2 = plt.subplot2grid((3, 3), (1, 0), colspan=2)
ax3 = plt.subplot2grid((3, 3), (1, 2), rowspan=2)
ax4 = plt.subplot2grid((3, 3), (2, 0))
ax4.scatter([1, 2], [2, 2])
ax4.set_xlabel('ax4_x')
ax4.set_ylabel('ax4_y')
ax5 = plt.subplot2grid((3, 3), (2, 1))

# method 2: gridspec
#########################
plt.figure()
gs = gridspec.GridSpec(3, 3)
# use index form 0
ax6 = plt.subplot(gs[0, :])
ax7 = plt.subplot(gs[1, :2])
ax8 = plt.subplot(gs[1:, 2])
ax9 = plt.subplot(gs[-1, 0])
ax10 = plt.subplot(gs[-1, -2])

# method 3: easy to define structure
####################################
f, ((ax11, ax12), (ax13, ax14)) = plt.subplots(2, 2, sharex=True, sharey=True)
ax11.scatter([1, 2], [1, 2])

plt.tight_layout()
plt.show()

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grid1

在这里插入图片描述

grid2

在这里插入图片描述

grid3

3.3 图中图


# 17 - plot in plot
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

fig = plt.figure()
x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]
y = [1, 3, 4, 2, 5, 8, 6]

# below are all percentage
left, bottom, width, height = 0.1, 0.1, 0.8, 0.8
ax1 = fig.add_axes([left, bottom, width, height])   # main axes
ax1.plot(x, y, 'r')
ax1.set_xlabel('x')
ax1.set_ylabel('y')
ax1.set_title('title')

ax2 = fig.add_axes([0.2, 0.6, 0.25, 0.25])  # inside axes
ax2.plot(y, x, 'b')
ax2.set_xlabel('x')
ax2.set_ylabel('y')
ax2.set_title('title inside 1')


# different method to add axes
####################################
plt.axes([0.6, 0.2, 0.25, 0.25])
plt.plot(y[::-1], x, 'g')
plt.xlabel('x')
plt.ylabel('y')
plt.title('title inside 2')
plt.show()

在这里插入图片描述

plot in plot

3.4 次坐标轴


# 18 - secondary y axis

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np

x = np.arange(0, 10, 0.1)
y1 = 0.05 * x ** 2
y2 = -1 * y1

fig, ax1 = plt.subplots()

ax2 = ax1.twinx()   # mirror the ax1
ax1.plot(x, y1, 'g-')
ax2.plot(x, y2, 'b-')

ax1.set_xlabel('X data')
ax1.set_ylabel('Y1 data', color='g')
ax2.set_ylabel('Y2 data', color='b')
plt.savefig("18.png")
plt.show()

在这里插入图片描述

secondary y axis

4.动画

4.1 Animation动画


# 19 - animation

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from matplotlib import animation
import numpy as np

fig, ax = plt.subplots()

x = np.arange(0, 2 * np.pi, 0.01)
line, = ax.plot(x, np.sin(x))


def animate(i):
    line.set_ydata(np.sin(x + i/10.0))  # update the data
    return line,

def init():
    line.set_ydata(np.sin(x))
    return line,

# call the animator.  blit=True means only re-draw the parts that have changed.
# blit=True dose not work on Mac, set blit=False
# interval= update frequency
ani = animation.FuncAnimation(fig=fig, func=animate, frames=100, init_func=init, 
                              interval=20, blit=False)

# save the animation as an mp4.  This requires ffmpeg or mencoder to be
# installed.  The extra_args ensure that the x264 codec is used, so that
# the video can be embedded in html5.  You may need to adjust this for
# your system: for more information, see
# http://matplotlib.sourceforge.net/api/animation_api.html
# anim.save('basic_animation.mp4', fps=30, extra_args=['-vcodec', 'libx264'])

# ani.save("19.gif", writer='imagemagick')
plt.show()