RabbitMQ 入门教程

RabbitMQ 入门教程

1. 引言

RabbitMQ 是一个开源的消息代理和队列服务器，实现了 AMQP 0-9-1 标准。本教程将指导你如何安装、配置和使用 RabbitMQ 进行消息传递。

2. 安装 RabbitMQ

2.1 安装 RabbitMQ 服务器

2.1.1 Ubuntu/Debian

```bash

sudo apt-get update

sudo apt-get install rabbitmq-server

```

2.1.2 CentOS/RHEL

```bash

sudo yum install epel-release

sudo yum install rabbitmq-server

```

2.2 启动服务

```bash

sudo service rabbitmq-server start

```

2.3 配置管理插件

```bash

sudo rabbitmq-plugins enable rabbitmq_management

```

2.4 访问管理界面

- 浏览器访问: http://localhost:15672/

- 用户名/密码: guest/guest

3. 快速入门

3.1 创建 Python 虚拟环境

```bash

python3 -m venv venv

source venv/bin/activate

pip install pika

```

3.2 发送者 (sender.py)

```python

import pika

connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters('localhost'))

channel = connection.channel()

channel.queue_declare(queue='hello')

channel.basic_publish(exchange='',

routing_key='hello',

body='Hello World!')

print(" [x] Sent 'Hello World!'")

connection.close()

```

3.3 接收者 (receiver.py)

```python

import pika

def callback(ch, method, properties, body):

print(" [x] Received %r" % body)

connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters('localhost'))

channel = connection.channel()

channel.queue_declare(queue='hello')

channel.basic_consume(queue='hello',

on_message_callback=callback,

auto_ack=True)

print(' [*] Waiting for messages. To exit press CTRL+C')

channel.start_consuming()

```

4. 工作队列

工作队列允许我们将任务分配给多个工作者，实现负载均衡。

4.1 发送者 (work_queue_sender.py)

```python

import pika

import sys

message = ' '.join(sys.argv[1:]) or "Hello World!"

connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters('localhost'))

channel = connection.channel()

channel.queue_declare(queue='task_queue', durable=True)

channel.basic_publish(

exchange='',

routing_key='task_queue',

body=message,

properties=pika.BasicProperties(

delivery_mode=2, # make message persistent

))

print(" [x] Sent %r" % message)

connection.close()

```

4.2 接收者 (work_queue_receiver.py)

```python

import pika

import time

def callback(ch, method, properties, body):

print(" [x] Received %r" % body)

time.sleep(body.count(b'.'))

print(" [x] Done")

ch.basic_ack(delivery_tag=method.delivery_tag)

connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters('localhost'))

channel = connection.channel()

channel.queue_declare(queue='task_queue', durable=True)

print(' [*] Waiting for messages. To exit press CTRL+C')

channel.basic_qos(prefetch_count=1)

channel.basic_consume(queue='task_queue', on_message_callback=callback)

channel.start_consuming()

```

5. 发布/订阅模式

发布/订阅模式允许消息被广播到多个消费者。

5.1 发送者 (fanout_sender.py)

```python

import pika

connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters('localhost'))

channel = connection.channel()

channel.exchange_declare(exchange='logs', exchange_type='fanout')

message = "Info: Hello World!"

channel.basic_publish(exchange='logs', routing_key='', body=message)

print(" [x] Sent %r" % message)

connection.close()

```

5.2 接收者 (fanout_receiver.py)

```python

import pika

import uuid

def on_message(channel, method, props, body):

print(" [x] %r" % body)

connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters('localhost'))

channel = connection.channel()

channel.exchange_declare(exchange='logs', exchange_type='fanout')

result = channel.queue_declare(queue='', exclusive=True)

queue_name = result.method.queue

channel.queue_bind(exchange='logs', queue=queue_name)

print(' [*] Waiting for logs. To exit press CTRL+C')

channel.basic_consume(queue=queue_name, on_message_callback=on_message, auto_ack=True)

channel.start_consuming()

```

6. 路由模式

路由模式可以根据特定的键来发送消息。

6.1 发送者 (direct_sender.py)

```python

import pika

connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters('localhost'))

channel = connection.channel()

channel.exchange_declare(exchange='direct_logs', exchange_type='direct')

severity = 'info'

message = 'Info: Hello World!'

channel.basic_publish(exchange='direct_logs', routing_key=severity, body=message)

print(" [x] Sent %r:%r" % (severity, message))

connection.close()

```

6.2 接收者 (direct_receiver.py)

```python

import pika

def callback(ch, method, properties, body):

print(" [x] Received %r" % body)

connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters('localhost'))

channel = connection.channel()

channel.exchange_declare(exchange='direct_logs', exchange_type='direct')

result = channel.queue_declare(queue='', exclusive=True)

queue_name = result.method.queue

severities = ['error', 'warning']

for severity in severities:

channel.queue_bind(exchange='direct_logs', queue=queue_name, routing_key=severity)

channel.basic_consume(queue=queue_name, on_message_callback=callback, auto_ack=True)

print(' [*] Waiting for logs. To exit press CTRL+C')

channel.start_consuming()

```

7. 主题模式

主题模式允许更复杂的路由规则。

7.1 发送者 (topic_sender.py)

```python

import pika

connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters('localhost'))

channel = connection.channel()

channel.exchange_declare(exchange='topic_logs', exchange_type='topic')

routing_key = 'kern.critical'

message = 'A critical kernel error'

channel.basic_publish(exchange='topic_logs', routing_key=routing_key, body=message)

print(" [x] Sent %r:%r" % (routing_key, message))

connection.close()

```

7.2 接收者 (topic_receiver.py)

```python

import pika

def callback(ch, method, properties, body):

print(" [x] %r:%r" % (method.routing_key, body))

connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters('localhost'))

channel = connection.channel()

channel.exchange_declare(exchange='topic_logs', exchange_type='topic')

result = channel.queue_declare(queue='', exclusive=True)

queue_name = result.method.queue

binding_keys = ['kern.*', '*.critical']

for binding_key in binding_keys:

channel.queue_bind(exchange='topic_logs', queue=queue_name, routing_key=binding_key)

channel.basic_consume(queue=queue_name, on_message_callback=callback, auto_ack=True)

print(' [*] Waiting for logs. To exit press CTRL+C')

channel.start_consuming()