RabbitMQ 入门教程

1. 引言

RabbitMQ 是一个消息中间件平台，它实现了 AMQP (Advanced Message Queuing Protocol) 标准。本教程将指导你如何安装和使用 RabbitMQ。

2. 安装 RabbitMQ

2.1 安装 Erlang

RabbitMQ 基于 Erlang 开发，因此需要先安装 Erlang。

Linux:

```bash

sudo apt-get update

sudo apt-get install erlang

```

macOS:

```bash

brew install erlang

```

2.2 安装 RabbitMQ

Linux:

```bash

sudo apt-get install rabbitmq-server

```

macOS:

```bash

brew install rabbitmq

```

2.3 启动服务

```bash

rabbitmq-server

```

3. 使用 RabbitMQ

3.1 管理界面

- 打开浏览器访问: http://localhost:15672/

- 用户名/密码: guest/guest

3.2 创建虚拟主机

- 虚拟主机相当于隔离的环境。

- 在管理界面中创建一个新的虚拟主机。

3.3 Python 示例

3.3.1 安装 pika

```bash

pip install pika

```

3.3.2 发送消息

```python

import pika

connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters('localhost'))

channel = connection.channel()

channel.queue_declare(queue='hello')

channel.basic_publish(exchange='',

routing_key='hello',

body='Hello World!')

print(" [x] Sent 'Hello World!'")

connection.close()

```

3.3.3 接收消息

```python

import pika

def callback(ch, method, properties, body):

print(" [x] Received %r" % body)

connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters('localhost'))

channel = connection.channel()

channel.queue_declare(queue='hello')

channel.basic_consume(queue='hello',

on_message_callback=callback,

auto_ack=True)

print(' [*] Waiting for messages. To exit press CTRL+C')

channel.start_consuming()

```

4. 高级主题

4.1 工作队列

- 通过设置持久化来确保消息不会丢失。

- 分配消息给空闲的工作进程。

发送方

```python

import pika

connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters('localhost'))

channel = connection.channel()

channel.queue_declare(queue='task_queue', durable=True)

message = "A heavy task"

channel.basic_publish(exchange='',

routing_key='task_queue',

body=message,

properties=pika.BasicProperties(

delivery_mode=2, # make message persistent

))

print(" [x] Sent %r" % message)

connection.close()

```

接收方

```python

import pika

import time

def callback(ch, method, properties, body):

print(" [x] Received %r" % body)

time.sleep(body.count(b'.'))

print(" [x] Done")

ch.basic_ack(delivery_tag=method.delivery_tag)

connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters('localhost'))

channel = connection.channel()

channel.queue_declare(queue='task_queue', durable=True)

print(' [*] Waiting for messages. To exit press CTRL+C')

channel.basic_qos(prefetch_count=1)

channel.basic_consume(queue='task_queue', on_message_callback=callback)

channel.start_consuming()