RabbitMQ 入门教程

引言

RabbitMQ 是一个开源的消息代理和队列服务器，它实现高级消息队列协议 (AMQP) 0-9-1 版本。RabbitMQ 可以在多种环境中使用，包括开发、测试和生产环境。

安装与配置

1. 安装 RabbitMQ

Ubuntu/Debian

```bash

sudo apt update

sudo apt install rabbitmq-server

```

CentOS/RHEL

```bash

sudo yum install epel-release

sudo yum install rabbitmq-server

```

2. 启动服务

```bash

sudo systemctl start rabbitmq-server

```

3. 配置管理插件

```bash

sudo rabbitmq-plugins enable rabbitmq_management

```

4. 访问管理界面

- 浏览器访问: http://localhost:15672

- 默认用户名密码: guest/guest

基础概念

- Exchange - 消息交换机，接收并转发消息。

- Queue - 消息队列，存储消息直到它们被处理。

- Binding - 绑定，将队列和交换机连接起来。

- Message - 消息，由发布者发送给交换机。

发布/订阅模型

创建发布者 (Publisher)

```python

import pika

connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters('localhost'))

channel = connection.channel()

channel.exchange_declare(exchange='logs', exchange_type='fanout')

message = "Hello, world!"

channel.basic_publish(exchange='logs', routing_key='', body=message)

print(" [x] Sent %r" % message)

connection.close()

```

创建消费者 (Consumer)

```python

import pika

def callback(ch, method, properties, body):

print(" [x] Received %r" % body)

connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters('localhost'))

channel = connection.channel()

channel.exchange_declare(exchange='logs', exchange_type='fanout')

result = channel.queue_declare(queue='', exclusive=True)

queue_name = result.method.queue

channel.queue_bind(exchange='logs', queue=queue_name)

print(' [*] Waiting for logs. To exit press CTRL+C')

channel.basic_consume(queue=queue_name, on_message_callback=callback, auto_ack=True)

channel.start_consuming()

```

工作队列

创建工作队列

```python

import pika

connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters('localhost'))

channel = connection.channel()

channel.queue_declare(queue='task_queue', durable=True)

message = "A new task"

channel.basic_publish(

exchange='',

routing_key='task_queue',

body=message,

properties=pika.BasicProperties(delivery_mode=2, ) # make message persistent

)

print(" [x] Sent %r" % message)

connection.close()

```

处理任务

```python

import pika

import time

def callback(ch, method, properties, body):

print(" [x] Received %r" % body.decode())

time.sleep(body.count(b'.'))

print(" [x] Done")

ch.basic_ack(delivery_tag=method.delivery_tag)

connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters('localhost'))

channel = connection.channel()

channel.queue_declare(queue='task_queue', durable=True)

print(' [*] Waiting for messages. To exit press CTRL+C')

channel.basic_qos(prefetch_count=1)

channel.basic_consume(queue='task_queue', on_message_callback=callback)

channel.start_consuming()

```

路由模型

创建路由发布者

```python

import pika

connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters('localhost'))

channel = connection.channel()

channel.exchange_declare(exchange='direct_logs', exchange_type='direct')

severity = 'info'

message = f'Info: Hello, world!'

channel.basic_publish(

exchange='direct_logs',

routing_key=severity,

body=message

)

print(" [x] Sent %r:%r" % (severity, message))

connection.close()

```

创建路由消费者

```python

import pika

def callback(ch, method, properties, body):

print(" [x] Received %r" % body)

connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters('localhost'))

channel = connection.channel()

channel.exchange_declare(exchange='direct_logs', exchange_type='direct')

severities = ['error', 'warning']

for severity in severities:

queue_name = f"{severity}_queue"

channel.queue_declare(queue=queue_name)

channel.queue_bind(exchange='direct_logs', queue=queue_name, routing_key=severity)

print(f' [*] Waiting for {severity} logs. To exit press CTRL+C')

channel.basic_consume(queue=queue_name, on_message_callback=callback, auto_ack=True)

channel.start_consuming()

```

主题模型

创建主题发布者

```python

import pika

connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters('localhost'))

channel = connection.channel()

channel.exchange_declare(exchange='topic_logs', exchange_type='topic')

routing_key = 'kern.critical'

message = "Kernel critical alert"

channel.basic_publish(exchange='topic_logs', routing_key=routing_key, body=message)

print(" [x] Sent %r:%r" % (routing_key, message))

connection.close()

```

创建主题消费者

```python

import pika

def callback(ch, method, properties, body):

print(" [x] %r:%r" % (method.routing_key, body))

connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters('localhost'))

channel = connection.channel()

channel.exchange_declare(exchange='topic_logs', exchange_type='topic')

result = channel.queue_declare(queue='', exclusive=True)

queue_name = result.method.queue

binding_keys = ['kern.*', '*.critical']

for binding_key in binding_keys:

channel.queue_bind(exchange='topic_logs', queue=queue_name, routing_key=binding_key)

print(' [*] Waiting for logs. To exit press CTRL+C')

channel.basic_consume(queue=queue_name, on_message_callback=callback, auto_ack=True)

channel.start_consuming()