RabbitMQ 入门教程

介绍

RabbitMQ 是一个开源的消息代理和队列服务器，实现高级消息队列协议 (AMQP)。它可以在多台机器之间共享任务，或者在服务出现问题时作为缓冲。

安装与配置

安装 RabbitMQ

1. Ubuntu:

```bash

sudo apt-get update

sudo apt-get install rabbitmq-server

```

2. MacOS (通过 Homebrew):

```bash

brew install rabbitmq

```

启动服务

```bash

rabbitmq-server

```

配置

编辑 `rabbitmq.config` 文件以进行配置:

```erlang

[

{rabbit, [

{loopback_users, []}

]}

].

```

基础概念

- Exchange - 消息交换器，决定消息发送到哪些队列。

- Queue - 消息队列，用于存储消息直到被消费。

- Binding - 绑定关系，将交换器与队列连接起来。

- Routing Key - 路由键，用于绑定交换器和队列。

Python 示例

创建环境

```bash

pip install pika

```

生产者

```python

import pika

def send_message(host: str, queue_name: str, message: str):

connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters(host=host))

channel = connection.channel()

channel.queue_declare(queue=queue_name)

channel.basic_publish(exchange='', routing_key=queue_name, body=message)

print(f" [x] Sent '{message}'")

connection.close()

if __name__ == '__main__':

send_message('localhost', 'hello', 'Hello World!')

```

消费者

```python

import pika

def callback(ch, method, properties, body):

print(f" [x] Received {body}")

def receive_messages(host: str, queue_name: str):

connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters(host=host))

channel = connection.channel()

channel.queue_declare(queue=queue_name)

channel.basic_consume(queue=queue_name, on_message_callback=callback, auto_ack=True)

print(' [*] Waiting for messages. To exit press CTRL+C')

channel.start_consuming()

if __name__ == '__main__':

receive_messages('localhost', 'hello')

```

发布/订阅模式

创建 Exchange

```python

channel.exchange_declare(exchange='logs', exchange_type='fanout')

```

生产者

```python

channel.basic_publish(exchange='logs', routing_key='', body=message)

```

消费者

```python

result = channel.queue_declare(queue='', exclusive=True)

queue_name = result.method.queue

channel.queue_bind(exchange='logs', queue=queue_name)

channel.basic_consume(queue=queue_name, on_message_callback=callback, auto_ack=True)

```

工作队列

生产者

```python

channel.queue_declare(queue='task_queue', durable=True)

channel.basic_publish(exchange='', routing_key='task_queue', body=message,

properties=pika.BasicProperties(delivery_mode=2,))

```

消费者

```python

channel.basic_qos(prefetch_count=1)

channel.basic_consume(queue='task_queue', on_message_callback=callback, auto_ack=False)