C++标准模板库

模板类vector

入门例子：

#include<iostream>
#include<vector>
#include<string>
using namespace std;
const int NUM = 5;
int main() {
	/*1*/
	//int n;
	//cin >> n;
	//vector<double> scores(n);
	//int* sc = new int[n];//原来都可以用变量来分配动态内存空间
	//for (int i = 0;i < n;i++)
	//{
	//	cin >> scores[i];
	//	cin >> sc[i];
	//}
	//for (int i = 0;i < n;i++)
	//	cout << scores[i] << endl;
	/*2*/
	//vector<int> ratings(NUM);
	//vector<string> titles(NUM);
	//cout << "You will do exactly as told.You will enter\n" << NUM << " book titles and your ratings (0-10).\n";
	//int i;
	//for (i = 0;i < NUM;i++) {
	//	cout << "Enter title #" << i + 1 << ": ";
	//	getline(cin, titles[i]);
	//	cout << "Enter your rating(0-10): ";
	//	cin >> ratings[i];
	//	cin.get();
	//}
	//cout << "Thank you.You entered the following:\n" << "Rating\tBook\n";
	//for (i = 0;i < NUM;i++)
	//	cout << ratings[i] << "\t" << titles[i] << endl;
	/*3*/
	//char a[3][100];
	//for (int i = 0;i < 3;i++)
	//	cin >> a[i];
	//cout << a[0] << "\n" << a[1];
	system("pause");
	return 0;
}

矢量操作

size(): 返回容器中元素数目

swap(): 交换两个容器的内容

begin(): 返回一个指向容器中第一个元素的迭代器

end(): 返回一个表示超过容器尾的迭代器

push_back(): 将元素添加到矢量末尾

erase(): 删除矢量中给定区间的元素(它接受两个迭代参数，第一个迭代器指向区间的起始处，第二个迭代器位于区间终止处的后一个位置)

insert(): 接受三个迭代器参数，第一个参数指定了新元素的插入位置，第二个和第三个迭代器参数定义了被插入区间，该区间通常是另一个容器对象的一部分。

oldv.insert(oldv.end(), newv.begin()+1, newv.end());

具体实例：

#include<iostream>
#include<string>
#include<vector>
using namespace std;

struct Review {
	string title;
	int rating;
};
bool FillReview(Review& rr)
{
	cout << "Enter book title(quit to quit): ";
	getline(cin, rr.title);
	if (rr.title == "quit")
		return false;
	cout << "Enter book rating: ";
	cin >> rr.rating;
	if (!cin)//如果上一条输入为a输入不匹配，cin调用返回false
		return false;
	//get rid of rest of input line
	while (cin.get() != '\n')
		continue;
	return true;
}
void ShowReview(const Review& rr)
{
	cout << rr.rating << '\t' << rr.title << endl;
}
void show(vector<Review> books)
{
	vector<Review>::iterator pr;
	for (pr = books.begin();pr != books.end();pr++)
		ShowReview(*pr);
}
int main()
{
	vector<Review> books;
	Review temp;
	while (FillReview(temp))
		books.push_back(temp);
	int num = books.size();
	if (num > 0)
	{
		cout << "Thank you.You entered the following:\n" << "Rating\tBook\n";
		for (int i = 0;i < num;i++)
			ShowReview(books[i]);
		cout << "Reprising:\n" << "Rating\tBook\n";
		vector<Review>::iterator pr;
		//1
		/*for (pr = books.begin();pr != books.end();pr++)
			ShowReview(*pr);*/
		//2
		//show(books);
		//3
		for (auto x : books) ShowReview(x);
		vector<Review> oldlist(books);//copy constructor used
		if (num > 3)
		{
			//remove 2 items
			books.erase(books.begin() + 1, books.begin() + 3);
			cout << "After erasure:\n";
			/*for (pr = books.begin();pr != books.end();pr++)
				ShowReview(*pr);*/
			//show(books);
			for (auto x : books) ShowReview(x);
			//insert 1 item
			books.insert(books.begin(), oldlist.begin() + 1, oldlist.begin() + 2);
			cout << "After insertion:\n";
			/*for (pr = books.begin();pr != books.end();pr++)
				ShowReview(*pr);*/
			//show(books);
			for (auto x : books) ShowReview(x);
		}
		books.swap(oldlist);
		cout << "Swapping oldlist with books:\n";
		/*for (pr = books.begin();pr != books.end();pr++)
			ShowReview(*pr);*/
		//show(books);
		for (auto x : books) ShowReview(x);
	}
	else
	{
		cout << "Nothing entered, nothing gained.\n";
	}
	system("pause");
	return 0;
}

对矢量可执行的其他操作

for_each(): 接受三个参数，前两个参数指定区间，最后一个参数是函数对象。

Random_shuffle(): 接受两个参数，指定随机打乱区间。

sort(): 接受三个参数，前两个指定区间，最后一个指比较函数，可省略（默认从小到大）

具体实现：

#include<iostream>
#include<string>
#include<vector>
#include<algorithm>
using namespace std;

struct Review {
	string title;
	int rating;
};
bool operator<(const Review& r1, const Review& r2)
{
	if (r1.title < r2.title)
		return true;
	else if (r1.title == r2.title && r1.rating < r2.rating)
		return true;
	else
		return false;
}
bool worseThan(const Review& r1, const Review& r2)
{
	if (r1.rating > r2.rating)
		return true;
	else
		return false;
}
bool FillReview(Review& rr)
{
	cout << "Enter book title(quit to quit): ";
	getline(cin, rr.title);
	if (rr.title == "quit")
		return false;
	cout << "Enter book rating: ";
	cin >> rr.rating;
	if (!cin)
		return false;
	while (cin.get() != '\n')
		continue;
	return true;
}
void ShowReview(const Review& rr)
{
	cout << rr.rating << '\t' << rr.title << endl;
}
int main() {
	vector<Review> books;
	Review temp;
	while (FillReview(temp))
		books.push_back(temp);
	if (books.size() > 0)
	{
		cout << "Thank you.You entered the following " << books.size() << " ratings:\n"
			<< "Rating\tBook\n";
		for_each(books.begin(), books.end(), ShowReview);
		//small->big
		sort(books.begin(), books.end());
		cout << "Sorted by title:\nRating\tBook\n";
		for_each(books.begin(), books.end(), ShowReview);
		//big->small
		sort(books.begin(), books.end(), worseThan);
		cout << "Sorted by rating:\nRating\tBook\n";
		for_each(books.begin(), books.end(), ShowReview);

		random_shuffle(books.begin(), books.end());
		cout << "After shuffling:\nRanting\tBook\n";
		for_each(books.begin(), books.end(), ShowReview);
	}
	system("pause");
	return 0;
}

基于范围的for循环

//basic
double prices[] = {1.23,2.34,3.45}
for(double x:prices)
    cout<<x<<" ";
//improve
for_each(books.begin(),books.end(),ShowReview);
//the same as
for(auto x:books) ShowReview(x);