网易《python全栈工程师》1.3.3 for循环

1. 课程目标

2. for循环

2.1 基本形式

示例

>>> h = 'hello'
>>> for i in h:
	print(i)

	
h
e
l
l
o
>>> lst = [1, 2, 3, 4]
>>> for i in lst:
	print(i)

	
1
2
3
4
>>> t = tuple(lst)
>>> t
(1, 2, 3, 4)
>>> for i in t:
	print(i)

	
1
2
3
4
>>>

通过for循环获得字典中键值对的键和值

>>> d = {'name':'zhangsan', 'lang':'python', 'age':39}
>>> for k in d:
	print(k)

	
name
lang
age
>>> for k in d:
	print(k, d[k])

	
name zhangsan
lang python
age 39
>>> 

通过字典中的items()方法获取键值对的键和值

>>> d
{'name': 'zhangsan', 'lang': 'python', 'age': 39}
>>> d.items()
dict_items([('name', 'zhangsan'), ('lang', 'python'), ('age', 39)])
>>> for k, v in d.items():
	print(k, v)

	
name zhangsan
lang python
age 39
>>> 

整数为不可迭代对象

>>> for i in 325:
	print(i)

	
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<pyshell#33>", line 1, in <module>
    for i in 325:
TypeError: 'int' object is not iterable
>>> 

通过内置函数hasattr()函数判断对象是否为可迭代对象，其中值为’iter’方法
可迭代对象中都有"iter"方法
用于for循环的都是可迭代对象

>>> d
{'name': 'zhangsan', 'lang': 'python', 'age': 39}
>>> hasattr(d, '__iter__')
True
>>> hasattr(325, '__iter__')
False
>>>  

通过collections.abc模块中的isinstance()来判断对象是否为可迭代对象
本质上通过isinstance()来判断某一个对象是否为某一个类的实例
示例，python3.8版本将停止运行该方法

>>> import collections
>>> isinstance(325, collections.Iterable)

Warning (from warnings module):
  File "<pyshell#40>", line 1
DeprecationWarning: Using or importing the ABCs from 'collections' instead of from 'collections.abc' is deprecated since Python 3.3, and in 3.9 it will stop working
False
>>> 

示例
判断325是否是collections.abc.Iterable类的实例

>>> import collections.abc
>>> isinstance(325, collections.abc.Iterable)
False
>>> 

2.2 相关函数

2.2.1 range函数

range()函数
[, step]代表可以省略 ，如果加上时，不能忘记添加逗号

>>> help(range)
Help on class range in module builtins:

class range(object)
 |  range(stop) -> range object
 |  range(start, stop[, step]) -> range object
 |  
 |  Return an object that produces a sequence of integers from start (inclusive)
 |  to stop (exclusive) by step.  range(i, j) produces i, i+1, i+2, ..., j-1.
 |  start defaults to 0, and stop is omitted!  range(4) produces 0, 1, 2, 3.
 |  These are exactly the valid indices for a list of 4 elements.
 |  When step is given, it specifies the increment (or decrement).
 |  
 |  Methods defined here:
 |  
 |  __bool__(self, /)
 |      self != 0
 |  
 |  __contains__(self, key, /)
 |      Return key in self.
 |  
 |  __eq__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self==value.
 |  
 |  __ge__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self>=value.
 |  
 |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)
 |      Return getattr(self, name).
 |  
 |  __getitem__(self, key, /)
 |      Return self[key].
 |  
 |  __gt__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self>value.
 |  
 |  __hash__(self, /)
 |      Return hash(self).
 |  
 |  __iter__(self, /)
 |      Implement iter(self).
 |  
 |  __le__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self<=value.
 |  
 |  __len__(self, /)
 |      Return len(self).
 |  
 |  __lt__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self<value.
 |  
 |  __ne__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self!=value.
 |  
 |  __reduce__(...)
 |      Helper for pickle.
 |  
 |  __repr__(self, /)
 |      Return repr(self).
 |  
 |  __reversed__(...)
 |      Return a reverse iterator.
 |  
 |  count(...)
 |      rangeobject.count(value) -> integer -- return number of occurrences of value
 |  
 |  index(...)
 |      rangeobject.index(value) -> integer -- return index of value.
 |      Raise ValueError if the value is not present.
 |  
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Static methods defined here:
 |  
 |  __new__(*args, **kwargs) from builtins.type
 |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.
 |  
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Data descriptors defined here:
 |  
 |  start
 |  
 |  step
 |  
 |  stop

>>> 

示例
使用range()时，当a未被使用时，不像list那样占据内存，因此range的值可以设很大

>>> a = range(10)
>>> a
range(0, 10)
>>> list(a)
[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
>>> 

>>> list(a)
[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
>>> b = range(1, 22, 2)
>>> list(b)
[1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21]
>>> 

range()函数使用示例
使用range()函数获取100以内的偶数

>>> for i in range(100):
	if i % 2 == 0: print(i)

	
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
38
40
42
44
46
48
50
52
54
56
58
60
62
64
66
68
70
72
74
76
78
80
82
84
86
88
90
92
94
96
98
>>> 

将100以内的偶数添加到列表中

>>> lst = []
>>> lst
[]
>>> for i in range(100):
	if i % 2 ==0:
		lst.append(i)

		
>>> lst
[0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50, 52, 54, 56, 58, 60, 62, 64, 66, 68, 70, 72, 74, 76, 78, 80, 82, 84, 86, 88, 90, 92, 94, 96, 98]
>>> list(range(0, 100,2))
[0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50, 52, 54, 56, 58, 60, 62, 64, 66, 68, 70, 72, 74, 76, 78, 80, 82, 84, 86, 88, 90, 92, 94, 96, 98]
>>> 

2.2.2 zip()函数

zip()函数

>>> a = [1, 2, 3, 4]
>>> b = [5, 6, 7, 8]
>>> z = zip(a, b)
>>> z
<zip object at 0x00000193430C4300>
>>> list(zip(a, b))
[(1, 5), (2, 6), (3, 7), (4, 8)]
>>> dict(zip(a, b))
{1: 5, 2: 6, 3: 7, 4: 8}
>>> 

通过zip实现两个相同长度列表的元素相加取和

>>> a
[1, 2, 3, 4]
>>> b
[5, 6, 7, 8]
>>> for i in range(len(a)):
	print(a[i] + b[i])

	
6
8
10
12
>>> lst = []
>>> for x, y in zip(a, b):
	lst.append(x + y)

	
>>> lst
[6, 8, 10, 12]
>>> 

>>> m = [1, 2, 3]
>>> n = [3, 4, 5, 6]
>>> list(zip(m,n))
[(1, 3), (2, 4), (3, 5)]
>>> 

2.2.3 enumerate()函数

enumerate()函数

>>> seasons = ['spring', 'summer', 'fall', 'winter']
>>> for i in range(len(seasons)):
	print(i , seasons[i])

	
0 spring
1 summer
2 fall
3 winter
>>> list(enumerate(seasons))
[(0, 'spring'), (1, 'summer'), (2, 'fall'), (3, 'winter')]
>>> for i, e in enumerate(seasons):
	print(i, e)

	
0 spring
1 summer
2 fall
3 winter
>>> 

3. 列表解析

列表解析的运算速度比for循环的速度要快
后面的是列表解析

列表解析示例二

>>> a
[1, 2, 3, 4]
>>> b
[5, 6, 7, 8]
>>> [x+y for x, y in zip(a, b)]
[6, 8, 10, 12]
>>> 

4. 其他解析

5. 例题1：使用列表解析统计字符串中每个单词的数量。

5.1 题目：

统计如下字符串中每个单词的数量。
——song = “When I am down and oh my soul so weary When troubles come and my heart burdened be Then I am still and wait here in the silence Until you come and sit awhile with me You raise me up so I can stand on mountainis You raise me up to walk on stormy seas I am strong when I am on your shoulders You raise me up to more than I can be You raise me up so I can stand on mountains You raise me up to walk on stormy seas I am strong when I am on your shoulders You raise me up to more than I can be You raise me up so I can stand on mountains”

5.2 程序代码

song = """When I am down and oh my soul so weary
When troubles come and my heart burdened be
Then I am still and  wait here in the silence
Until you come and sit awhile with me
You raise me up so I can stand on mountainis
You raise me up to walk on stormy seas
I am strong when I am on your shoulders 
You raise me up to more than I can be 
You raise me up so I can stand on mountains 
You raise me up to walk on stormy seas 
I am strong when I am on your shoulders
You raise me up to more than I can be 
You raise me up so I can stand on mountains"""
print(song)
slst = song.split()
print(slst)
d = {}

for word in slst:
    # 有的单词存在大小写，将单词统一转为小写
    word = word.lower()
    if word in d:
        d[word] += 1
    else:
        # 如果该单词从未在字典d中出现过，则将该单词以键值对（word:1）的方式存进字典中
        d[word] = 1
print(d)

5.3 运行结果

C:\Users\邢程\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python38\python.exe "D:/Python 项目/入门/1.3.3_for_example01.py"
When I am down and oh my soul so weary
When troubles come and my heart burdened be
Then I am still and  wait here in the silence
Until you come and sit awhile with me
You raise me up so I can stand on mountainis
You raise me up to walk on stormy seas
I am strong when I am on your shoulders 
You raise me up to more than I can be 
You raise me up so I can stand on mountains 
You raise me up to walk on stormy seas 
I am strong when I am on your shoulders
You raise me up to more than I can be 
You raise me up so I can stand on mountains
['When', 'I', 'am', 'down', 'and', 'oh', 'my', 'soul', 'so', 'weary', 'When', 'troubles', 'come', 'and', 'my', 'heart', 'burdened', 'be', 'Then', 'I', 'am', 'still', 'and', 'wait', 'here', 'in', 'the', 'silence', 'Until', 'you', 'come', 'and', 'sit', 'awhile', 'with', 'me', 'You', 'raise', 'me', 'up', 'so', 'I', 'can', 'stand', 'on', 'mountainis', 'You', 'raise', 'me', 'up', 'to', 'walk', 'on', 'stormy', 'seas', 'I', 'am', 'strong', 'when', 'I', 'am', 'on', 'your', 'shoulders', 'You', 'raise', 'me', 'up', 'to', 'more', 'than', 'I', 'can', 'be', 'You', 'raise', 'me', 'up', 'so', 'I', 'can', 'stand', 'on', 'mountains', 'You', 'raise', 'me', 'up', 'to', 'walk', 'on', 'stormy', 'seas', 'I', 'am', 'strong', 'when', 'I', 'am', 'on', 'your', 'shoulders', 'You', 'raise', 'me', 'up', 'to', 'more', 'than', 'I', 'can', 'be', 'You', 'raise', 'me', 'up', 'so', 'I', 'can', 'stand', 'on', 'mountains']
{'when': 4, 'i': 11, 'am': 6, 'down': 1, 'and': 4, 'oh': 1, 'my': 2, 'soul': 1, 'so': 4, 'weary': 1, 'troubles': 1, 'come': 2, 'heart': 1, 'burdened': 1, 'be': 3, 'then': 1, 'still': 1, 'wait': 1, 'here': 1, 'in': 1, 'the': 1, 'silence': 1, 'until': 1, 'you': 8, 'sit': 1, 'awhile': 1, 'with': 1, 'me': 8, 'raise': 7, 'up': 7, 'can': 5, 'stand': 3, 'on': 7, 'mountainis': 1, 'to': 4, 'walk': 2, 'stormy': 2, 'seas': 2, 'strong': 2, 'your': 2, 'shoulders': 2, 'more': 2, 'than': 2, 'mountains': 2}

Process finished with exit code 0

6. 例题2：将字典的键与值互换

6.1 题目

如下字典，将键和值对换，即键作为值，值作为建。
——d = {‘book’:[‘python’, ‘datascience’], ‘author’:‘laoqi’, ‘publisher’:‘phei’}

6.2 程序代码

'''
如下字典，将键和值对换，即键作为值，值作为建。
——d = {'book':['python', 'datascience'], 'author':'laoqi', 'publisher':'phei'}
'''
import collections.abc
d = {'book':['python', 'datascience'], 'author':'laoqi', 'publisher':'phei'}
d2 = {}
# for x,y in d.items():
#     # 由于d中book的值为列表，列表不能作为字典的键,判断字典的值是否为不可迭代对象
#     # (不可用)if isinstance(y,collections.abc.Iterable) == True:
#     if isinstance(y, collections.abc.Hashable) == False:
#         print(type(y))
#         y = tuple(y)
#     # d2.setdefault(y, x)
#     d2[y] = x
# print(d2)
# 字典解析方式
d2 = {y if isinstance(y, collections.abc.Hashable) else tuple(y):x for x,y in d.items()}
print(d2)

6.3 运行结果

C:\Users\邢程\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python38\python.exe "D:/Python 项目/入门/1.3.3_for_example02.py"
{('python', 'datascience'): 'book', 'laoqi': 'author', 'phei': 'publisher'}

Process finished with exit code 0

涉及知识:
判断对象是否为不可迭代对象
可哈希的对象可理解为不可变对象
不可哈希的对象为可变对象

>>> d = [1,2]
>>> isinstance(d, collections.abc.Iterable)
True
>>> d= 1
>>> isinstance(d, collections.abc.Iterable)
False
>>> d = 'hello'
>>> isinstance(d, collections.abc.Iterable)
True
>>> d = tuple()
>>> isinstance(d, collections.abc.Iterable)
True
>>> d = dict()
>>> isinstance(d, collections.abc.Iterable)
True
>>> 

>>> d= 1
>>> isinstance(d, collections.abc.Hashable)
True
>>> d = 'hello'
>>> isinstance(d, collections.abc.Hashable)
True
>>> d = tuple()
>>> isinstance(d, collections.abc.Hashable)
True
>>> d = dict()
>>> isinstance(d, collections.abc.Hashable)
False
>>> 

>>> d = 1
>>> 
>>> isinstance(d, collections.abc.Hashable)
True
>>> d = 'hello'
>>> isinstance(d, collections.abc.Hashable)
True
>>> d = [1, 2, 3]
>>> isinstance(d, collections.abc.Hashable)
False
>>> d = (1, 2, 3)
>>> type(d)
<class 'tuple'>
>>> isinstance(d, collections.abc.Hashable)
True
>>> dict = {1:"hello", 2:"python"}
>>> isinstance(d, collections.abc.Hashable)
True
>>> 

7. 作业

7.1 题目

有字符串:Life is short You need python
——显示每个单词大写和小写两种状态
——统计每个单词的长度

7.2 程序代码

'''
有字符串:Life is short You need python
    ——显示每个单词大写和小写两种状态
    ——统计每个单词的长度
'''
str1 = 'Life is short You need python'
lst = str1.split()
print(lst)
for i in range(len(lst)):
    print("单词为{0}".format(lst[i]))
    print("大写状态为{0}".format(lst[i].upper()))
    print("小写状态为{0}".format(lst[i].lower()))
    print("长度为{0}".format(len(list(lst[i]))))
    print("____________________________")

7.3 运行结果

C:\Users\邢程\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python38\python.exe "D:/Python 项目/入门/1.3.3_for_job.py"
['Life', 'is', 'short', 'You', 'need', 'python']
单词为Life
大写状态为LIFE
小写状态为life
长度为4
____________________________
单词为is
大写状态为IS
小写状态为is
长度为2
____________________________
单词为short
大写状态为SHORT
小写状态为short
长度为5
____________________________
单词为You
大写状态为YOU
小写状态为you
长度为3
____________________________
单词为need
大写状态为NEED
小写状态为need
长度为4
____________________________
单词为python
大写状态为PYTHON
小写状态为python
长度为6
____________________________

Process finished with exit code 0