（四）C++基础 静态成员、友元和常类型

一、目的和要求

1.掌握拷贝构造函数和赋值运算符的使用方法
2.掌握静态成员变量和静态成员函数的使用方法
3.了解C++友元机制和掌握友元的使用方法
4.掌握常类型的使用方法

二、具体内容

1.完成学生类的实现，并测试所有的成员函数。

#include "stdafx.h"
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

class Student
{
	public:
		enum Gender{Male,Female};
		friend ostream& operator<<(ostream& os, Gender gender);
		Student();
		Student(const char* name, Gender gender);
		Student(const Student& student);
		Student& operator=(const Student& student) {
			name_ = student.name_;
			gender_ = student.gender_;
			return *this;
		}
		~Student();
		void Show() const;
	 private:
		char* name_;
		Gender gender_;
};

Student::Student()
{
	name_ = NULL;
	gender_ = Male;
}

ostream& operator << (ostream& os, Student::Gender gender) {
	if (gender == Student::Female) {
		os << "Female";
	}
	else {
		os << "Male";
	}
	return os;
}

Student::Student(const char* name, Gender gender) {
	name_ = new char[strlen(name) + 1];
	strcpy(name_ , name);
	gender_ = gender;
}

Student::Student(const Student& student) {
	name_ = student.name_;
	gender_ = student.gender_;
}


Student::~Student() {
	delete[] name_;

}
void Student::Show() const {
	cout << "姓名：" << name_ << endl;
	cout << "性别：" << gender_ << endl;
}

int main()
{
	Student s1;
	Student s2("Nicolas ZhaoSi", Student::Gender::Male);
	Student s3("Jason GuoDa Statham", Student::Gender::Male);
	Student s4(s2);
	s1 = s3;
	s1.Show();
	s2.Show();
	s3.Show();
	s4.Show();
    return 0;
}

运行结果：

2.声明一个Student类，在该类中包含一个数据成员表示学生成绩、两个静态数据成员表示总成绩和学生人数；有参构造函数用于设置成绩、累计成绩之和、累计学生人数，一个静态函数用于返回学生的成绩之和，另一个静态成员函数用于取全部成绩的平均分。在main函数中输入某班同学的成绩，并求出全部学生的成绩之和和平均分。

#include "stdafx.h"
#include <iostream>
#include <time.h>
using namespace std;

class Student
{
	public:
		Student() {}
		Student(double score) {
			score_ = score;
			total_numbers_++;
			total_score_ += score_;
		}
		static double Sum() {
			return total_score_;
		}
		static double Average() {
			return total_score_ / total_numbers_;
		}
	 private:
		 int score_;
		 static double total_score_;
		 static double total_numbers_;
};

double Student::total_score_ = 0.0;
double Student::total_numbers_ = 0.0;
int main()
{
	int n;
	cin >> n;
	Student* student = new Student[n];
	srand((unsigned)time(NULL));
	for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
		student[i] = Student(rand() % 100);
	}
	cout << "总成绩：" << Student::Sum() << endl;
	cout << "平均成绩：" << Student::Average() << endl;
    return 0;
}

运行结果：

3.定义一个平面点的类Point，其中x和y坐标设为私有数据成员。定义线段类Line，数据成员包括线段的两个端点、线段的长度，定义线段类Line的常成员函数用于显示线段端点坐标和线段长度。完成两个类的构造函数和一些必要的成员函数，并在main函数中构建两条线段，调用常成员函数显示结果。

#include "pch.h"
#include <iostream>
#include <time.h>
#include <math.h>
using namespace std;

class Point
{
public:
    Point () {}
    Point (int x, int y) {
        x_ = x;
        y_ = y;
    }
    int get_x () const {
        return x_;
    }
    int get_y () const {
        return y_;
    }
    double Distance (const Point& point) {
        return sqrt (pow (point.x_ - x_, 2) + pow (point.y_ - y_, 2));
    }
    friend ostream& operator << (ostream& os, const Point& point) {
        os << "点 (" << point.x_ << "," << point.y_ << ")" << endl;
        return os;
    }
private:
    int x_;
    int y_;
};

class Line {
public:
    Line () {
        length_ = start_point_.Distance (end_point_);
    }
    Line (int x1, int y1, int x2, int y2) :start_point_ (x1, y1), end_point_ (x2, y2)
    {
        length_ = start_point_.Distance (end_point_);
    }
    Line (Point& p1, Point& p2) {
        start_point_ = p1;
        end_point_ = p2;
        length_ = start_point_.Distance (end_point_);
    }
    double Length () const {
        return length_;
    }
    void Show () const {
        cout << start_point_;
        cout << end_point_;
        cout << "两点距离：" << Length () << endl;
    }
private:
    Point start_point_;
    Point end_point_;
    double length_;
};

int main ()
{
    Point p1 (1, 1);
    Point p2 (2, 2);
    Line line1 (p1, p2);
    Line line2 (1, 2, 3, 4);
    line1.Show ();
    line2.Show ();
    return 0;
}

运行结果：