pandas 第三章 索引

第三章 索引

import numpy as np
import pandas as pd

一、索引器

1. 表的列索引

列索引是最常见的索引形式，一般通过[]来实现。通过[列名]可以从DataFrame中取出相应的列，返回值为Series，例如从表中取出姓名一列：

df = pd.read_csv('../data/learn_pandas.csv', usecols = ['School', 'Grade', 'Name', 'Gender', 'Weight', 'Transfer'])
df['Name'].head()

0      Gaopeng Yang
1    Changqiang You
2           Mei Sun
3      Xiaojuan Sun
4       Gaojuan You
Name: Name, dtype: object

如果要取出多个列，则可以通过[列名组成的列表]，其返回值为一个DataFrame，例如从表中取出性别和姓名两列：

df[['Gender', 'Name']].head()

	Gender	Name
0	Female	Gaopeng Yang
1	Male	Changqiang You
2	Male	Mei Sun
3	Female	Xiaojuan Sun
4	Male	Gaojuan You

此外，若要取出单列，且列名中不包含空格，则可以用.列名取出，这和[列名]是等价的：

df.Name.head()

0      Gaopeng Yang
1    Changqiang You
2           Mei Sun
3      Xiaojuan Sun
4       Gaojuan You
Name: Name, dtype: object

2. 序列的行索引

【a】以字符串为索引的Series

如果取出单个索引的对应元素，则可以使用[item]，若Series只有单个值对应，则返回这个标量值，如果有多个值对应，则返回一个Series：

s = pd.Series([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6], index=['a', 'b', 'a', 'a', 'a', 'c'])
s['a']

a    1
a    3
a    4
a    5
dtype: int64

s['b']

2

如果取出多个索引的对应元素，则可以使用[items的列表]：

s[['c', 'b']]

c    6
b    2
dtype: int64

如果想要取出某两个索引之间的元素，并且这两个索引是在整个索引中唯一出现，则可以使用切片,，同时需要注意这里的切片会包含两个端点：

s['c': 'b': -2]

c    6
a    4
b    2
dtype: int64

s['c': 'b': -1]

c    6
a    5
a    4
a    3
b    2
dtype: int64

如果前后端点的值重复出现，那么需要经过排序才能使用切片：

try:
    s['a': 'b']
except Exception as e:
    Err_Msg = e
Err_Msg

KeyError("Cannot get left slice bound for non-unique label: 'a'")

s.sort_index()['a': 'b']

a    1
a    3
a    4
a    5
b    2
dtype: int64

【b】以整数为索引的Series

在使用数据的读入函数时，如果不特别指定所对应的列作为索引，那么会生成从0开始的整数索引作为默认索引。当然，任意一组符合长度要求的整数都可以作为索引。

和字符串一样，如果使用[int]或[int_list]，则可以取出对应索引元素的值：

s = pd.Series(['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f'], index=[1, 3, 1, 2, 5, 4])
s[1]

1    a
1    c
dtype: object

s[[2,3]]

2    d
3    b
dtype: object

如果使用整数切片，则会取出对应索引位置的值，注意这里的整数切片同Python中的切片一样不包含右端点：

s[1:-1:2] # 从s的第一个元素b开始（包含），到s的倒数第一个元素f结束（不包含），每隔两个取一个

3    b
2    d
dtype: object

【WARNING】关于索引类型的说明

如果不想陷入麻烦，那么请不要把纯浮点以及任何混合类型（字符串、整数、浮点类型等的混合）作为索引，否则可能会在具体的操作时报错或者返回非预期的结果，并且在实际的数据分析中也不存在这样做的动机。

【END】

3. loc索引器

前面讲到了对DataFrame的列进行选取，下面要讨论其行的选取。对于表而言，有两种索引器，一种是基于元素的loc索引器，另一种是基于位置的iloc索引器。

loc索引器的一般形式是loc[*, *]，其中第一个*代表行的选择，第二个*代表列的选择，如果省略第二个位置写作loc[*]，这个*是指行的筛选。其中，*的位置一共有五类合法对象，分别是：单个元素、元素列表、元素切片、布尔列表以及函数，下面将依次说明。

为了演示相应操作，先利用set_index方法把Name列设为索引，关于该函数的其他用法将在多级索引一章介绍。

df_demo = df.set_index('Name')
df_demo.head()

	School	Grade	Gender	Weight	Transfer
Name
Gaopeng Yang	Shanghai Jiao Tong University	Freshman	Female	46.0	N
Changqiang You	Peking University	Freshman	Male	70.0	N
Mei Sun	Shanghai Jiao Tong University	Senior	Male	89.0	N
Xiaojuan Sun	Fudan University	Sophomore	Female	41.0	N
Gaojuan You	Fudan University	Sophomore	Male	74.0	N

【a】*为单个元素

此时，直接取出相应的行或列，如果该元素在索引中重复则结果为DataFrame，否则为Series：

df_demo.loc['Qiang Sun'] # 多个人叫此名字

	School	Grade	Gender	Weight	Transfer
Name
Qiang Sun	Tsinghua University	Junior	Female	53.0	N
Qiang Sun	Tsinghua University	Sophomore	Female	40.0	N
Qiang Sun	Shanghai Jiao Tong University	Junior	Female	NaN	N

df_demo.loc['Quan Zhao'] # 名字唯一，返回Series

School      Shanghai Jiao Tong University
Grade                              Junior
Gender                             Female
Weight                               53.0
Transfer                                N
Name: Quan Zhao, dtype: object

也可以同时选择行和列：

df_demo.loc['Qiang Sun', 'School'] # 返回Series

Name
Qiang Sun              Tsinghua University
Qiang Sun              Tsinghua University
Qiang Sun    Shanghai Jiao Tong University
Name: School, dtype: object

df_demo.loc['Quan Zhao', 'School'] # 返回单个元素

'Shanghai Jiao Tong University'

【b】*为元素列表

此时，取出列表中所有元素值对应的行或列：

df_demo.loc[['Qiang Sun','Quan Zhao'], ['School','Gender']]

	School	Gender
Name
Qiang Sun	Tsinghua University	Female
Qiang Sun	Tsinghua University	Female
Qiang Sun	Shanghai Jiao Tong University	Female
Quan Zhao	Shanghai Jiao Tong University	Female

【c】*为切片

之前的Series使用字符串索引时提到，如果是唯一值的起点和终点字符，那么就可以使用切片，并且包含两个端点，如果不唯一则报错：

df_demo.loc['Gaojuan You':'Gaoqiang Qian', 'School':'Gender']

	School	Grade	Gender
Name
Gaojuan You	Fudan University	Sophomore	Male
Xiaoli Qian	Tsinghua University	Freshman	Female
Qiang Chu	Shanghai Jiao Tong University	Freshman	Female
Gaoqiang Qian	Tsinghua University	Junior	Female

需要注意的是，如果DataFrame使用整数索引，其使用整数切片的时候和上面字符串索引的要求一致，都是元素切片，包含端点且起点、终点不允许有重复值。

df_loc_slice_demo = df_demo.copy()
df_loc_slice_demo.index = range(0,df_demo.shape[0],1)
df_loc_slice_demo.loc[3:5]

	School	Grade	Gender	Weight	Transfer
3	Fudan University	Sophomore	Female	41.0	N
4	Fudan University	Sophomore	Male	74.0	N
5	Tsinghua University	Freshman	Female	51.0	N

df_loc_slice_demo.loc[5:3] # 没有返回，说明不是整数位置切片

	School	Grade	Gender	Weight	Transfer

【d】*为布尔列表

在实际的数据处理中，根据条件来筛选行是极其常见的，此处传入loc的布尔列表与DataFrame长度相同，且列表为True的位置所对应的行会被选中，False则会被剔除。

例如，选出体重超过70kg的学生：

df_demo.loc[df_demo.Weight>70].head()

	School	Grade	Gender	Weight	Transfer
Name
Mei Sun	Shanghai Jiao Tong University	Senior	Male	89.0	N
Gaojuan You	Fudan University	Sophomore	Male	74.0	N
Xiaopeng Zhou	Shanghai Jiao Tong University	Freshman	Male	74.0	N
Xiaofeng Sun	Tsinghua University	Senior	Male	71.0	N
Qiang Zheng	Shanghai Jiao Tong University	Senior	Male	87.0	N

前面所提到的传入元素列表，也可以通过isin方法返回的布尔列表等价写出，例如选出所有大一和大四的同学信息：

df_demo.loc[df_demo.Grade.isin(['Freshman', 'Senior'])].head()

	School	Grade	Gender	Weight	Transfer
Name
Gaopeng Yang	Shanghai Jiao Tong University	Freshman	Female	46.0	N
Changqiang You	Peking University	Freshman	Male	70.0	N
Mei Sun	Shanghai Jiao Tong University	Senior	Male	89.0	N
Xiaoli Qian	Tsinghua University	Freshman	Female	51.0	N
Qiang Chu	Shanghai Jiao Tong University	Freshman	Female	52.0	N

对于复合条件而言，可以用|（或）, &（且）, ~（取反）的组合来实现，例如选出复旦大学中体重超过70kg的大四学生，或者北大男生中体重超过80kg的非大四的学生：

condition_1_1 = df_demo.School == 'Fudan University' #复旦
condition_1_2 = df_demo.Grade == 'Senior' # 大四
condition_1_3 = df_demo.Weight > 70 #体重超过70kg
condition_1 = condition_1_1 & condition_1_2 & condition_1_3
condition_2_1 = df_demo.School == 'Peking University'
condition_2_2 = df_demo.Grade == 'Senior'
condition_2_3 = df_demo.Weight > 80
condition_2 = condition_2_1 & (~condition_2_2) & condition_2_3
df_demo.loc[condition_1 | condition_2]

	School	Grade	Gender	Weight	Transfer
Name
Qiang Han	Peking University	Freshman	Male	87.0	N
Chengpeng Zhou	Fudan University	Senior	Male	81.0	N
Changpeng Zhao	Peking University	Freshman	Male	83.0	N
Chengpeng Qian	Fudan University	Senior	Male	73.0	Y

【练一练】

select_dtypes是一个实用函数，它能够从表中选出相应类型的列，若要选出所有数值型的列，只需使用.select_dtypes('number')，请利用布尔列表选择的方法结合DataFrame的dtypes属性在learn_pandas数据集上实现这个功能。

【END】

df.loc[:,df.dtypes==float]

	Weight
0	46.0
1	70.0
2	89.0
3	41.0
4	74.0
...	...
195	46.0
196	50.0
197	45.0
198	71.0
199	51.0

200 rows × 1 columns

df.select_dtypes("number")

	Weight
0	46.0
1	70.0
2	89.0
3	41.0
4	74.0
...	...
195	46.0
196	50.0
197	45.0
198	71.0
199	51.0

200 rows × 1 columns

【e】*为函数

这里的函数，必须以前面的四种合法形式之一为返回值，并且函数的输入值为DataFrame本身。假设仍然是上述复合条件筛选的例子，可以把逻辑写入一个函数中再返回，需要注意的是函数的形式参数x本质上即为df_demo：

def condition(x):
    condition_1_1 = x.School == 'Fudan University'
    condition_1_2 = x.Grade == 'Senior'
    condition_1_3 = x.Weight > 70
    condition_1 = condition_1_1 & condition_1_2 & condition_1_3
    condition_2_1 = x.School == 'Peking University'
    condition_2_2 = x.Grade == 'Senior'
    condition_2_3 = x.Weight > 80
    condition_2 = condition_2_1 & (~condition_2_2) & condition_2_3
    result = condition_1 | condition_2
    return result
df_demo.loc[condition]

	School	Grade	Gender	Weight	Transfer
Name
Qiang Han	Peking University	Freshman	Male	87.0	N
Chengpeng Zhou	Fudan University	Senior	Male	81.0	N
Changpeng Zhao	Peking University	Freshman	Male	83.0	N
Chengpeng Qian	Fudan University	Senior	Male	73.0	Y

此外，还支持使用lambda表达式，其返回值也同样必须是先前提到的四种形式之一：

df_demo.loc[lambda x:'Quan Zhao', lambda x:'Gender']

'Female'

由于函数无法返回如start: end: step的切片形式，故返回切片时要用slice对象进行包装：

df_demo.loc[lambda x: slice('Gaojuan You', 'Gaoqiang Qian')]

	School	Grade	Gender	Weight	Transfer
Name
Gaojuan You	Fudan University	Sophomore	Male	74.0	N
Xiaoli Qian	Tsinghua University	Freshman	Female	51.0	N
Qiang Chu	Shanghai Jiao Tong University	Freshman	Female	52.0	N
Gaoqiang Qian	Tsinghua University	Junior	Female	50.0	N

最后需要指出的是，对于Series也可以使用loc索引，其遵循的原则与DataFrame中用于行筛选的loc[*]完全一致，此处不再赘述。

【WARNING】不要使用链式赋值

在对表或者序列赋值时，应当在使用一层索引器后直接进行赋值操作，这样做是由于进行多次索引后赋值是赋在临时返回的copy副本上的，而没有真正修改元素从而报出SettingWithCopyWarning警告。例如，下面给出的例子：

df_chain = pd.DataFrame([[0,0],[1,0],[-1,0]], columns=list('AB'))
df_chain
import warnings
with warnings.catch_warnings():
    warnings.filterwarnings('error')
    try:
        df_chain[df_chain.A!=0].B = 1 # 使用方括号列索引后，再使用点的列索引
    except Warning as w:
        Warning_Msg = w
print(Warning_Msg)
df_chain

A value is trying to be set on a copy of a slice from a DataFrame.
Try using .loc[row_indexer,col_indexer] = value instead

See the caveats in the documentation: https://pandas.pydata.org/pandas-docs/stable/user_guide/indexing.html#returning-a-view-versus-a-copy

	A	B
0	0	0
1	1	0
2	-1	0

df_chain.loc[df_chain.A!=0,'B'] = 1
df_chain

	A	B
0	0	0
1	1	1
2	-1	1

【END】

4. iloc索引器

iloc的使用与loc完全类似，只不过是针对位置进行筛选，在相应的*位置处一共也有五类合法对象，分别是：整数、整数列表、整数切片、布尔列表以及函数，函数的返回值必须是前面的四类合法对象中的一个，其输入同样也为DataFrame本身。

df_demo.iloc[1, 1] # 第二行第二列

'Freshman'

df_demo.iloc[[0, 1], [0, 1]] # 前两行前两列

	School	Grade
Name
Gaopeng Yang	Shanghai Jiao Tong University	Freshman
Changqiang You	Peking University	Freshman

df_demo.iloc[1: 4, 2:4] # 切片不包含结束端点

	Gender	Weight
Name
Changqiang You	Male	70.0
Mei Sun	Male	89.0
Xiaojuan Sun	Female	41.0

df_demo.iloc[lambda x: slice(1, 4)] # 传入切片为返回值的函数

	School	Grade	Gender	Weight	Transfer
Name
Changqiang You	Peking University	Freshman	Male	70.0	N
Mei Sun	Shanghai Jiao Tong University	Senior	Male	89.0	N
Xiaojuan Sun	Fudan University	Sophomore	Female	41.0	N

在使用布尔列表的时候要特别注意，不能传入Series而必须传入序列的values，否则会报错。因此，在使用布尔筛选的时候还是应当优先考虑loc的方式。

例如，选出体重超过80kg的学生：

df_demo.iloc[(df_demo.Weight>80).values].head()

	School	Grade	Gender	Weight	Transfer
Name
Mei Sun	Shanghai Jiao Tong University	Senior	Male	89.0	N
Qiang Zheng	Shanghai Jiao Tong University	Senior	Male	87.0	N
Qiang Han	Peking University	Freshman	Male	87.0	N
Chengpeng Zhou	Fudan University	Senior	Male	81.0	N
Feng Han	Shanghai Jiao Tong University	Sophomore	Male	82.0	N

对Series而言同样也可以通过iloc返回相应位置的值或子序列：

df_demo.School.iloc[1]

'Peking University'

df_demo.School.iloc[1:5:2]

Name
Changqiang You    Peking University
Xiaojuan Sun       Fudan University
Name: School, dtype: object

5. query方法

在pandas中，支持把字符串形式的查询表达式传入query方法来查询数据，其表达式的执行结果必须返回布尔列表。在进行复杂索引时，由于这种检索方式无需像普通方法一样重复使用DataFrame的名字来引用列名，一般而言会使代码长度在不降低可读性的前提下有所减少。

例如，将loc一节中的复合条件查询例子可以如下改写：

df.query('((School == "Fudan University")&'
         ' (Grade == "Senior")&'
         ' (Weight > 70))|'
         '((School == "Peking University")&'
         ' (Grade != "Senior")&'
         ' (Weight > 80))')

	School	Grade	Name	Gender	Weight	Transfer
38	Peking University	Freshman	Qiang Han	Male	87.0	N
66	Fudan University	Senior	Chengpeng Zhou	Male	81.0	N
99	Peking University	Freshman	Changpeng Zhao	Male	83.0	N
131	Fudan University	Senior	Chengpeng Qian	Male	73.0	Y

在query表达式中，帮用户注册了所有来自DataFrame的列名，所有属于该Series的方法都可以被调用，和正常的函数调用并没有区别，例如查询体重超过均值的学生：

df.query('Weight > Weight.mean()').head()

	School	Grade	Name	Gender	Weight	Transfer
1	Peking University	Freshman	Changqiang You	Male	70.0	N
2	Shanghai Jiao Tong University	Senior	Mei Sun	Male	89.0	N
4	Fudan University	Sophomore	Gaojuan You	Male	74.0	N
10	Shanghai Jiao Tong University	Freshman	Xiaopeng Zhou	Male	74.0	N
14	Tsinghua University	Senior	Xiaomei Zhou	Female	57.0	N

【NOTE】query中引用带空格的列名

对于含有空格的列名，需要使用`col name`的方式进行引用。

【END】

同时，在query中还注册了若干英语的字面用法，帮助提高可读性，例如：or, and, or, is in, not in。例如，筛选出男生中不是大一大二的学生：

df.query('(Grade not in ["Freshman", "Sophomore"]) and (Gender == "Male")').head()

	School	Grade	Name	Gender	Weight	Transfer
2	Shanghai Jiao Tong University	Senior	Mei Sun	Male	89.0	N
16	Tsinghua University	Junior	Xiaoqiang Qin	Male	68.0	N
17	Tsinghua University	Junior	Peng Wang	Male	65.0	N
18	Tsinghua University	Senior	Xiaofeng Sun	Male	71.0	N
21	Shanghai Jiao Tong University	Senior	Xiaopeng Shen	Male	62.0	NaN

此外，在字符串中出现与列表的比较时，==和!=分别表示元素出现在列表和没有出现在列表，等价于is in和not in，例如查询所有大三和大四的学生：

df.query('Grade == ["Junior", "Senior"]').head()

	School	Grade	Name	Gender	Weight	Transfer
2	Shanghai Jiao Tong University	Senior	Mei Sun	Male	89.0	N
7	Tsinghua University	Junior	Gaoqiang Qian	Female	50.0	N
9	Peking University	Junior	Juan Xu	Female	NaN	N
11	Tsinghua University	Junior	Xiaoquan Lv	Female	43.0	N
12	Shanghai Jiao Tong University	Senior	Peng You	Female	48.0	NaN

对于query中的字符串，如果要引用外部变量，只需在变量名前加@符号。例如，取出体重位于70kg到80kg之间的学生：

low,high = 70,80
df.query("(@low < Weight) & (Weight  < @high)")

	School	Grade	Name	Gender	Weight	Transfer
4	Fudan University	Sophomore	Gaojuan You	Male	74.0	N
10	Shanghai Jiao Tong University	Freshman	Xiaopeng Zhou	Male	74.0	N
18	Tsinghua University	Senior	Xiaofeng Sun	Male	71.0	N
35	Peking University	Freshman	Gaoli Zhao	Male	78.0	N
36	Peking University	Freshman	Xiaojuan Qin	Male	79.0	Y
40	Tsinghua University	Sophomore	Li Wang	Male	79.0	N
41	Fudan University	Junior	Chunqiang Chu	Male	72.0	N
48	Fudan University	Sophomore	Mei Xu	Male	79.0	N
73	Fudan University	Freshman	Feng Wang	Male	74.0	N
74	Tsinghua University	Sophomore	Yanli Qin	Male	74.0	Y
82	Fudan University	Junior	Changfeng Lv	Male	76.0	N
95	Tsinghua University	Junior	Yanfeng Qian	Male	75.0	N
127	Peking University	Senior	Changquan Han	Male	77.0	N
131	Fudan University	Senior	Chengpeng Qian	Male	73.0	Y
153	Shanghai Jiao Tong University	Freshman	Changmei Lv	Male	75.0	N
158	Tsinghua University	Junior	Chengqiang Zhang	Male	76.0	N
160	Tsinghua University	Junior	Chunfeng Zhao	Male	72.0	N
177	Tsinghua University	Junior	Gaoqiang Qin	Male	71.0	N
178	Tsinghua University	Sophomore	Li Qin	Male	76.0	N
179	Tsinghua University	Senior	Peng Wang	Male	73.0	N
182	Tsinghua University	Sophomore	Xiaoqiang Qian	Male	73.0	N
193	Tsinghua University	Senior	Xiaoqiang Qin	Male	79.0	N
198	Shanghai Jiao Tong University	Senior	Chengmei Shen	Male	71.0	N

6. 随机抽样

如果把DataFrame的每一行看作一个样本，或把每一列看作一个特征，再把整个DataFrame看作总体，想要对样本或特征进行随机抽样就可以用sample函数。有时在拿到大型数据集后，想要对统计特征进行计算来了解数据的大致分布，但是这很费时间。同时，由于许多统计特征在等概率不放回的简单随机抽样条件下，是总体统计特征的无偏估计，比如样本均值和总体均值，那么就可以先从整张表中抽出一部分来做近似估计。

sample函数中的主要参数为n, axis, frac, replace, weights，前三个分别是指抽样数量、抽样的方向（0为行、1为列）和抽样比例（0.3则为从总体中抽出30%的样本）。

replace和weights分别是指是否放回和每个样本的抽样相对概率，当replace = True则表示有放回抽样。例如，对下面构造的df_sample以value值的相对大小为抽样概率进行有放回抽样，抽样数量为3。

df_sample = pd.DataFrame({'id': list('abcde'), 'value': [1, 2, 3, 4, 90]})
df_sample

	id	value
0	a	1
1	b	2
2	c	3
3	d	4
4	e	90

df_sample.sample(3, replace = True, weights = df_sample.value)

	id	value
4	e	90
4	e	90
4	e	90

二、多级索引

1. 多级索引及其表的结构

为了更加清晰地说明具有多级索引的DataFrame结构，下面新构造一张表，读者可以忽略这里的构造方法，它们将会在第4小节被更详细地讲解。

np.random.seed(0)
multi_index = pd.MultiIndex.from_product([list('ABCD'), df.Gender.unique()], names=('School', 'Gender'))
multi_column = pd.MultiIndex.from_product([['Height', 'Weight'], df.Grade.unique()], names=('Indicator', 'Grade'))
df_multi = pd.DataFrame(np.c_[(np.random.randn(8,4)*5 + 163).tolist(), (np.random.randn(8,4)*5 + 65).tolist()],
                        index = multi_index, columns = multi_column).round(1)
df_multi

	Indicator	Height				Weight
	Grade	Freshman	Senior	Sophomore	Junior	Freshman	Senior	Sophomore	Junior
School	Gender
A	Female	171.8	165.0	167.9	174.2	60.6	55.1	63.3	65.8
	Male	172.3	158.1	167.8	162.2	71.2	71.0	63.1	63.5
B	Female	162.5	165.1	163.7	170.3	59.8	57.9	56.5	74.8
	Male	166.8	163.6	165.2	164.7	62.5	62.8	58.7	68.9
C	Female	170.5	162.0	164.6	158.7	56.9	63.9	60.5	66.9
	Male	150.2	166.3	167.3	159.3	62.4	59.1	64.9	67.1
D	Female	174.3	155.7	163.2	162.1	65.3	66.5	61.8	63.2
	Male	170.7	170.3	163.8	164.9	61.6	63.2	60.9	56.4

下图通过颜色区分，标记了DataFrame的结构。与单层索引的表一样，具备元素值、行索引和列索引三个部分。其中，这里的行索引和列索引都是MultiIndex类型，只不过索引中的一个元素是元组而不是单层索引中的标量。例如，行索引的第四个元素为("B", "Male")，列索引的第二个元素为("Height", "Senior")，这里需要注意，外层连续出现相同的值时，第一次之后出现的会被隐藏显示，使结果的可读性增强。

与单层索引类似，MultiIndex也具有名字属性，图中的School和Gender分别对应了表的第一层和第二层行索引的名字，Indicator和Grade分别对应了第一层和第二层列索引的名字。

索引的名字和值属性分别可以通过names和values获得：

df_multi.index.names

FrozenList(['School', 'Gender'])

df_multi.columns.names

FrozenList(['Indicator', 'Grade'])

df_multi.index.values

array([('A', 'Female'), ('A', 'Male'), ('B', 'Female'), ('B', 'Male'),
       ('C', 'Female'), ('C', 'Male'), ('D', 'Female'), ('D', 'Male')],
      dtype=object)

df_multi.columns.values

array([('Height', 'Freshman'), ('Height', 'Senior'),
       ('Height', 'Sophomore'), ('Height', 'Junior'),
       ('Weight', 'Freshman'), ('Weight', 'Senior'),
       ('Weight', 'Sophomore'), ('Weight', 'Junior')], dtype=object)

如果想要得到某一层的索引，则需要通过get_level_values获得：

df_multi.index.get_level_values(0)

Index(['A', 'A', 'B', 'B', 'C', 'C', 'D', 'D'], dtype='object', name='School')

但对于索引而言，无论是单层还是多层，用户都无法通过index_obj[0] = item的方式来修改元素，也不能通过index_name[0] = new_name的方式来修改名字，关于如何修改这些属性的话题将在第三节被讨论。

2. 多级索引中的loc索引器

熟悉了结构后，现在回到原表，将学校和年级设为索引，此时的行为多级索引，列为单级索引，由于默认状态的列索引不含名字，因此对应于刚刚图中Indicator和Grade的索引名位置是空缺的。

df_multi = df.set_index(['School', 'Grade'])
df_multi.head()

		Name	Gender	Weight	Transfer
School	Grade
Shanghai Jiao Tong University	Freshman	Gaopeng Yang	Female	46.0	N
Peking University	Freshman	Changqiang You	Male	70.0	N
Shanghai Jiao Tong University	Senior	Mei Sun	Male	89.0	N
Fudan University	Sophomore	Xiaojuan Sun	Female	41.0	N
	Sophomore	Gaojuan You	Male	74.0	N

由于多级索引中的单个元素以元组为单位，因此之前在第一节介绍的 loc 和 iloc 方法完全可以照搬，只需把标量的位置替换成对应的元组。

当传入元组列表或单个元组或返回前二者的函数时，需要先进行索引排序以避免性能警告：

with warnings.catch_warnings():
    warnings.filterwarnings('error')
    try:
        df_multi.loc[('Fudan University', 'Junior')].head()
    except Warning as w:
        Warning_Msg = w
Warning_Msg

pandas.errors.PerformanceWarning('indexing past lexsort depth may impact performance.')

df_sorted = df_multi.sort_index()
df_sorted.loc[('Fudan University', 'Junior')].head()

		Name	Gender	Weight	Transfer
School	Grade
Fudan University	Junior	Yanli You	Female	48.0	N
	Junior	Chunqiang Chu	Male	72.0	N
	Junior	Changfeng Lv	Male	76.0	N
	Junior	Yanjuan Lv	Female	49.0	NaN
	Junior	Gaoqiang Zhou	Female	43.0	N

df_sorted.loc[[('Fudan University', 'Senior'), ('Shanghai Jiao Tong University', 'Freshman')]]

		Name	Gender	Weight	Transfer
School	Grade
Fudan University	Senior	Chengpeng Zheng	Female	38.0	N
	Senior	Feng Zhou	Female	47.0	N
	Senior	Gaomei Lv	Female	34.0	N
	Senior	Chunli Lv	Female	56.0	N
	Senior	Chengpeng Zhou	Male	81.0	N
	Senior	Gaopeng Qin	Female	52.0	N
	Senior	Chunjuan Xu	Female	47.0	N
	Senior	Juan Zhang	Female	47.0	N
	Senior	Chengpeng Qian	Male	73.0	Y
	Senior	Xiaojuan Qian	Female	50.0	N
	Senior	Quan Xu	Female	44.0	N
Shanghai Jiao Tong University	Freshman	Gaopeng Yang	Female	46.0	N
	Freshman	Qiang Chu	Female	52.0	N
	Freshman	Xiaopeng Zhou	Male	74.0	N
	Freshman	Yanpeng Lv	Male	65.0	N
	Freshman	Xiaopeng Zhao	Female	53.0	N
	Freshman	Chunli Zhao	Male	83.0	N
	Freshman	Peng Zhang	Female	NaN	N
	Freshman	Xiaoquan Sun	Female	40.0	N
	Freshman	Chunmei Shi	Female	52.0	N
	Freshman	Xiaomei Yang	Female	49.0	N
	Freshman	Xiaofeng Qian	Female	49.0	N
	Freshman	Changmei Lv	Male	75.0	N
	Freshman	Qiang Feng	Male	80.0	N

df.loc[df.Weight > 70].head() # 布尔列表也是可用的

	School	Grade	Name	Gender	Weight	Transfer
2	Shanghai Jiao Tong University	Senior	Mei Sun	Male	89.0	N
4	Fudan University	Sophomore	Gaojuan You	Male	74.0	N
10	Shanghai Jiao Tong University	Freshman	Xiaopeng Zhou	Male	74.0	N
18	Tsinghua University	Senior	Xiaofeng Sun	Male	71.0	N
23	Shanghai Jiao Tong University	Senior	Qiang Zheng	Male	87.0	N

df_sorted.loc[lambda x:('Fudan University','Junior')].head()

		Name	Gender	Weight	Transfer
School	Grade
Fudan University	Junior	Yanli You	Female	48.0	N
	Junior	Chunqiang Chu	Male	72.0	N
	Junior	Changfeng Lv	Male	76.0	N
	Junior	Yanjuan Lv	Female	49.0	NaN
	Junior	Gaoqiang Zhou	Female	43.0	N

当使用切片时需要注意，在单级索引中只要切片端点元素是唯一的，那么就可以进行切片，但在多级索引中，无论元组在索引中是否重复出现，都必须经过排序才能使用切片，否则报错：

try:
    df_multi.loc[('Fudan University', 'Senior'):].head()
except Exception as e:
    Err_Msg = e
Err_Msg

pandas.errors.UnsortedIndexError('Key length (2) was greater than MultiIndex lexsort depth (0)')

df_sorted.loc[('Fudan University', 'Senior'):].head()

		Name	Gender	Weight	Transfer
School	Grade
Fudan University	Senior	Chengpeng Zheng	Female	38.0	N
	Senior	Feng Zhou	Female	47.0	N
	Senior	Gaomei Lv	Female	34.0	N
	Senior	Chunli Lv	Female	56.0	N
	Senior	Chengpeng Zhou	Male	81.0	N

df_unique = df.drop_duplicates(subset=['School','Grade']).set_index(['School', 'Grade'])
df_unique.head()

		Name	Gender	Weight	Transfer
School	Grade
Shanghai Jiao Tong University	Freshman	Gaopeng Yang	Female	46.0	N
Peking University	Freshman	Changqiang You	Male	70.0	N
Shanghai Jiao Tong University	Senior	Mei Sun	Male	89.0	N
Fudan University	Sophomore	Xiaojuan Sun	Female	41.0	N
Tsinghua University	Freshman	Xiaoli Qian	Female	51.0	N

try:
    df_unique.loc[('Fudan University', 'Senior'):].head()
except Exception as e:
    Err_Msg = e
Err_Msg

pandas.errors.UnsortedIndexError('Key length (2) was greater than MultiIndex lexsort depth (0)')

df_unique.sort_index().loc[('Fudan University', 'Senior'):].head()

		Name	Gender	Weight	Transfer
School	Grade
Fudan University	Senior	Chengpeng Zheng	Female	38.0	N
	Sophomore	Xiaojuan Sun	Female	41.0	N
Peking University	Freshman	Changqiang You	Male	70.0	N
	Junior	Juan Xu	Female	NaN	N
	Senior	Changli Lv	Female	41.0	N

此外，在多级索引中的元组有一种特殊的用法，可以对多层的元素进行交叉组合后索引，但同时需要指定loc的列，全选则用:表示。其中，每一层需要选中的元素用列表存放，传入loc的形式为[(level_0_list, level_1_list), cols]。例如，想要得到所有北大和复旦的大二大三学生，可以如下写出：

res = df_multi.loc[(['Peking University', 'Fudan University'], ['Sophomore', 'Junior']), :]
res.head()

		Name	Gender	Weight	Transfer
School	Grade
Peking University	Sophomore	Changmei Xu	Female	43.0	N
	Sophomore	Xiaopeng Qin	Male	NaN	N
	Sophomore	Mei Xu	Female	39.0	N
	Sophomore	Xiaoli Zhou	Female	55.0	N
	Sophomore	Peng Han	Female	34.0	NaN

res.shape

(33, 4)

下面的语句和上面类似，但仍然传入的是元素（这里为元组）的列表，它们的意义是不同的，表示的是选出北大的大三学生和复旦的大二学生：

res = df_multi.loc[[('Peking University', 'Junior'), ('Fudan University', 'Sophomore')]]
res.head()

		Name	Gender	Weight	Transfer
School	Grade
Peking University	Junior	Juan Xu	Female	NaN	N
	Junior	Changjuan You	Female	47.0	N
	Junior	Gaoli Xu	Female	48.0	N
	Junior	Gaoquan Zhou	Male	70.0	N
	Junior	Qiang You	Female	56.0	N

res.shape

(16, 4)

3. IndexSlice对象

前面介绍的方法，即使在索引不重复的时候，也只能对元组整体进行切片，而不能对每层进行切片，也不允许将切片和布尔列表混合使用，引入IndexSlice对象就能解决这个问题。Slice对象一共有两种形式，第一种为loc[idx[*,*]]型，第二种为loc[idx[*,*],idx[*,*]]型，下面将进行介绍。为了方便演示，下面构造一个索引不重复的DataFrame：

np.random.seed(0)
L1,L2 = ['A','B','C'],['a','b','c']
mul_index1 = pd.MultiIndex.from_product([L1,L2],names=('Upper', 'Lower'))
L3,L4 = ['D','E','F'],['d','e','f']
mul_index2 = pd.MultiIndex.from_product([L3,L4],names=('Big', 'Small'))
df_ex = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randint(-9,10,(9,9)), index=mul_index1, columns=mul_index2)
df_ex

	Big	D			E			F
	Small	d	e	f	d	e	f	d	e	f
Upper	Lower
A	a	3	6	-9	-6	-6	-2	0	9	-5
	b	-3	3	-8	-3	-2	5	8	-4	4
	c	-1	0	7	-4	6	6	-9	9	-6
B	a	8	5	-2	-9	-8	0	-9	1	-6
	b	2	9	-7	-9	-9	-5	-4	-3	-1
	c	8	6	-5	0	1	-8	-8	-2	0
C	a	-6	-3	2	5	9	-9	5	-6	3
	b	1	2	-5	-3	-5	6	-6	3	-5
	c	-1	5	6	-6	6	4	7	8	-4

为了使用silce对象，先要进行定义：

idx = pd.IndexSlice

【a】loc[idx[*,*]]型

这种情况并不能进行多层分别切片，前一个*表示行的选择，后一个*表示列的选择，与单纯的loc是类似的：

df_ex.loc[idx['C':, ('D', 'f'):]]

	Big	D	E			F
	Small	f	d	e	f	d	e	f
Upper	Lower
C	a	2	5	9	-9	5	-6	3
	b	-5	-3	-5	6	-6	3	-5
	c	6	-6	6	4	7	8	-4

另外，也支持布尔序列的索引：

df_ex.loc[idx[:'A', lambda x:x.sum()>0]] # 列和大于0

	Big	D		F
	Small	d	e	e
Upper	Lower
A	a	3	6	9
	b	-3	3	-4
	c	-1	0	9

【b】loc[idx[*,*],idx[*,*]]型

这种情况能够分层进行切片，前一个idx指代的是行索引，后一个是列索引。

df_ex.loc[idx[:'A', 'b':], idx['E':, 'e':]]

	Big	E		F
	Small	e	f	e	f
Upper	Lower
A	b	-2	5	-4	4
	c	6	6	9	-6

但需要注意的是，此时不支持使用函数：

try:
    df_ex.loc[idx[:'A', lambda x: 'b'], idx['E':, 'e':]]
except Exception as e:
    Err_Msg = e
Err_Msg

KeyError(<function __main__.<lambda>(x)>)

4. 多级索引的构造

前面提到了多级索引表的结构和切片，那么除了使用set_index之外，如何自己构造多级索引呢？常用的有from_tuples, from_arrays, from_product三种方法，它们都是pd.MultiIndex对象下的函数。

from_tuples指根据传入由元组组成的列表进行构造：

my_tuple = [('a','cat'),('a','dog'),('b','cat'),('b','dog')]
pd.MultiIndex.from_tuples(my_tuple, names=['First','Second'])

MultiIndex([('a', 'cat'),
            ('a', 'dog'),
            ('b', 'cat'),
            ('b', 'dog')],
           names=['First', 'Second'])

from_arrays指根据传入列表中，对应层的列表进行构造：

my_array = [list('aabb'), ['cat', 'dog']*2]
pd.MultiIndex.from_arrays(my_array, names=['First','Second'])

MultiIndex([('a', 'cat'),
            ('a', 'dog'),
            ('b', 'cat'),
            ('b', 'dog')],
           names=['First', 'Second'])

from_product指根据给定多个列表的笛卡尔积进行构造：

my_list1 = ['a','b']
my_list2 = ['cat','dog']
pd.MultiIndex.from_product([my_list1, my_list2], names=['First','Second'])

MultiIndex([('a', 'cat'),
            ('a', 'dog'),
            ('b', 'cat'),
            ('b', 'dog')],
           names=['First', 'Second'])

三、索引的常用方法

1. 索引层的交换和删除

为了方便理解交换的过程，这里构造一个三级索引的例子：

np.random.seed(0)
L1,L2,L3 = ['A','B'],['a','b'],['alpha','beta']
mul_index1 = pd.MultiIndex.from_product([L1,L2,L3], names=('Upper', 'Lower','Extra'))
L4,L5,L6 = ['C','D'],['c','d'],['cat','dog']
mul_index2 = pd.MultiIndex.from_product([L4,L5,L6], names=('Big', 'Small', 'Other'))
df_ex = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randint(-9,10,(8,8)), index=mul_index1,  columns=mul_index2)
df_ex

		Big	C				D
		Small	c		d		c		d
		Other	cat	dog	cat	dog	cat	dog	cat	dog
Upper	Lower	Extra
A	a	alpha	3	6	-9	-6	-6	-2	0	9
		beta	-5	-3	3	-8	-3	-2	5	8
	b	alpha	-4	4	-1	0	7	-4	6	6
		beta	-9	9	-6	8	5	-2	-9	-8
B	a	alpha	0	-9	1	-6	2	9	-7	-9
		beta	-9	-5	-4	-3	-1	8	6	-5
	b	alpha	0	1	-8	-8	-2	0	-6	-3
		beta	2	5	9	-9	5	-6	3	1

索引层的交换由swaplevel和reorder_levels完成，前者只能交换两个层，而后者可以交换任意层，两者都可以指定交换的是轴是哪一个，即行索引或列索引：

df_ex.swaplevel(0,2,axis=1).head() # 列索引的第一层和第三层交换

		Other	cat	dog	cat	dog	cat	dog	cat	dog
		Small	c	c	d	d	c	c	d	d
		Big	C	C	C	C	D	D	D	D
Upper	Lower	Extra
A	a	alpha	3	6	-9	-6	-6	-2	0	9
		beta	-5	-3	3	-8	-3	-2	5	8
	b	alpha	-4	4	-1	0	7	-4	6	6
		beta	-9	9	-6	8	5	-2	-9	-8
B	a	alpha	0	-9	1	-6	2	9	-7	-9

df_ex.reorder_levels([2,0,1],axis=0).head() # 列表数字指代原来索引中的层

		Big	C				D
		Small	c		d		c		d
		Other	cat	dog	cat	dog	cat	dog	cat	dog
Extra	Upper	Lower
alpha	A	a	3	6	-9	-6	-6	-2	0	9
beta	A	a	-5	-3	3	-8	-3	-2	5	8
alpha	A	b	-4	4	-1	0	7	-4	6	6
beta	A	b	-9	9	-6	8	5	-2	-9	-8
alpha	B	a	0	-9	1	-6	2	9	-7	-9

【NOTE】轴之间的索引交换

这里只涉及行或列索引内部的交换，不同方向索引之间的交换将在第五章中被讨论。

【END】

若想要删除某一层的索引，可以使用droplevel方法：

df_ex.droplevel(1,axis=1)

		Big	C				D
		Other	cat	dog	cat	dog	cat	dog	cat	dog
Upper	Lower	Extra
A	a	alpha	3	6	-9	-6	-6	-2	0	9
		beta	-5	-3	3	-8	-3	-2	5	8
	b	alpha	-4	4	-1	0	7	-4	6	6
		beta	-9	9	-6	8	5	-2	-9	-8
B	a	alpha	0	-9	1	-6	2	9	-7	-9
		beta	-9	-5	-4	-3	-1	8	6	-5
	b	alpha	0	1	-8	-8	-2	0	-6	-3
		beta	2	5	9	-9	5	-6	3	1

df_ex.droplevel([0,1],axis=0)

Big	C				D
Small	c		d		c		d
Other	cat	dog	cat	dog	cat	dog	cat	dog
Extra
alpha	3	6	-9	-6	-6	-2	0	9
beta	-5	-3	3	-8	-3	-2	5	8
alpha	-4	4	-1	0	7	-4	6	6
beta	-9	9	-6	8	5	-2	-9	-8
alpha	0	-9	1	-6	2	9	-7	-9
beta	-9	-5	-4	-3	-1	8	6	-5
alpha	0	1	-8	-8	-2	0	-6	-3
beta	2	5	9	-9	5	-6	3	1

2. 索引属性的修改

通过rename_axis可以对索引层的名字进行修改，常用的修改方式是传入字典的映射：

df_ex.rename_axis(index={'Upper':'Changed_row'}, columns={'Other':'Changed_Col'}).head()

		Big	C				D
		Small	c		d		c		d
		Changed_Col	cat	dog	cat	dog	cat	dog	cat	dog
Changed_row	Lower	Extra
A	a	alpha	3	6	-9	-6	-6	-2	0	9
		beta	-5	-3	3	-8	-3	-2	5	8
	b	alpha	-4	4	-1	0	7	-4	6	6
		beta	-9	9	-6	8	5	-2	-9	-8
B	a	alpha	0	-9	1	-6	2	9	-7	-9

通过rename可以对索引的值进行修改，如果是多级索引需要指定修改的层号level：

df_ex.rename(columns={'cat':'not_cat'}, level=2).head()

		Big	C				D
		Small	c		d		c		d
		Other	not_cat	dog	not_cat	dog	not_cat	dog	not_cat	dog
Upper	Lower	Extra
A	a	alpha	3	6	-9	-6	-6	-2	0	9
		beta	-5	-3	3	-8	-3	-2	5	8
	b	alpha	-4	4	-1	0	7	-4	6	6
		beta	-9	9	-6	8	5	-2	-9	-8
B	a	alpha	0	-9	1	-6	2	9	-7	-9

传入参数也可以是函数，其输入值就是索引元素：

df_ex.rename(index=lambda x:str.upper(x), level=2).head()

		Big	C				D
		Small	c		d		c		d
		Other	cat	dog	cat	dog	cat	dog	cat	dog
Upper	Lower	Extra
A	a	ALPHA	3	6	-9	-6	-6	-2	0	9
		BETA	-5	-3	3	-8	-3	-2	5	8
	b	ALPHA	-4	4	-1	0	7	-4	6	6
		BETA	-9	9	-6	8	5	-2	-9	-8
B	a	ALPHA	0	-9	1	-6	2	9	-7	-9

【练一练】

尝试在rename_axis中使用函数完成与例子中一样的功能，即把Upper和Other分别替换为Changed_row和Changed_col。

【END】

df_ex.rename_axis(index = (lambda :{"Upper":"changed_row"})(),columns = (lambda :{"Other":"changed_col"})())

		Big	C				D
		Small	c		d		c		d
		changed_col	cat	dog	cat	dog	cat	dog	cat	dog
changed_row	Lower	Extra
A	a	alpha	3	6	-9	-6	-6	-2	0	9
		beta	-5	-3	3	-8	-3	-2	5	8
	b	alpha	-4	4	-1	0	7	-4	6	6
		beta	-9	9	-6	8	5	-2	-9	-8
B	a	alpha	0	-9	1	-6	2	9	-7	-9
		beta	-9	-5	-4	-3	-1	8	6	-5
	b	alpha	0	1	-8	-8	-2	0	-6	-3
		beta	2	5	9	-9	5	-6	3	1

对于整个索引的元素替换，可以利用迭代器实现：

new_values = iter(list('abcdefgh')) # 迭代器
df_ex.rename(index=lambda x:next(new_values), level=2)

		Big	C				D
		Small	c		d		c		d
		Other	cat	dog	cat	dog	cat	dog	cat	dog
Upper	Lower	Extra
A	a	a	3	6	-9	-6	-6	-2	0	9
		b	-5	-3	3	-8	-3	-2	5	8
	b	c	-4	4	-1	0	7	-4	6	6
		d	-9	9	-6	8	5	-2	-9	-8
B	a	e	0	-9	1	-6	2	9	-7	-9
		f	-9	-5	-4	-3	-1	8	6	-5
	b	g	0	1	-8	-8	-2	0	-6	-3
		h	2	5	9	-9	5	-6	3	1

若想要对某个位置的元素进行修改，在单层索引时容易实现，即先取出索引的values属性，再给对得到的列表进行修改，最后再对index对象重新赋值。但是如果是多级索引的话就有些麻烦，一个解决的方案是先把某一层索引临时转为表的元素，然后再进行修改，最后重新设定为索引，下面一节将介绍这些操作。

另外一个需要介绍的函数是map，它是定义在Index上的方法，与前面rename方法中层的函数式用法是类似的，只不过它传入的不是层的标量值，而是直接传入索引的元组，这为用户进行跨层的修改提供了遍历。例如，可以等价地写出上面的字符串转大写的操作：

df_temp = df_ex.copy()
new_idx = df_temp.index.map(lambda x: (x[0], x[1], str.upper(x[2])))
df_temp.index = new_idx
df_temp.head()

		Big	C				D
		Small	c		d		c		d
		Other	cat	dog	cat	dog	cat	dog	cat	dog
Upper	Lower	Extra
A	a	ALPHA	3	6	-9	-6	-6	-2	0	9
		BETA	-5	-3	3	-8	-3	-2	5	8
	b	ALPHA	-4	4	-1	0	7	-4	6	6
		BETA	-9	9	-6	8	5	-2	-9	-8
B	a	ALPHA	0	-9	1	-6	2	9	-7	-9

关于map的另一个使用方法是对多级索引的压缩，这在第四章和第五章的一些操作中是有用的：

df_temp = df_ex.copy()
new_idx = df_temp.index.map(lambda x: (x[0]+'-'+x[1]+'-'+x[2]))
df_temp.index = new_idx
df_temp.head() # 单层索引

Big	C				D
Small	c		d		c		d
Other	cat	dog	cat	dog	cat	dog	cat	dog
A-a-alpha	3	6	-9	-6	-6	-2	0	9
A-a-beta	-5	-3	3	-8	-3	-2	5	8
A-b-alpha	-4	4	-1	0	7	-4	6	6
A-b-beta	-9	9	-6	8	5	-2	-9	-8
B-a-alpha	0	-9	1	-6	2	9	-7	-9

同时，也可以反向地展开：

new_idx = df_temp.index.map(lambda x:tuple(x.split('-')))
df_temp.index = new_idx
df_temp.head() # 三层索引

		Big	C				D
		Small	c		d		c		d
		Other	cat	dog	cat	dog	cat	dog	cat	dog
A	a	alpha	3	6	-9	-6	-6	-2	0	9
		beta	-5	-3	3	-8	-3	-2	5	8
	b	alpha	-4	4	-1	0	7	-4	6	6
		beta	-9	9	-6	8	5	-2	-9	-8
B	a	alpha	0	-9	1	-6	2	9	-7	-9

3. 索引的设置与重置

为了说明本节的函数，下面构造一个新表：

df_new = pd.DataFrame({'A':list('aacd'), 'B':list('PQRT'), 'C':[1,2,3,4]})
df_new

	A	B	C
0	a	P	1
1	a	Q	2
2	c	R	3
3	d	T	4

索引的设置可以使用set_index完成，这里的主要参数是append，表示是否来保留原来的索引，直接把新设定的添加到原索引的内层：

df_new.set_index('A')

	B	C
A
a	P	1
a	Q	2
c	R	3
d	T	4

df_new.set_index('A', append=True)

		B	C
	A
0	a	P	1
1	a	Q	2
2	c	R	3
3	d	T	4

可以同时指定多个列作为索引：

df_new.set_index(['A', 'B'])

		C
A	B
a	P	1
	Q	2
c	R	3
d	T	4

如果想要添加索引的列没有出现在其中，那么可以直接在参数中传入相应的Series：

my_index = pd.Series(list('WXYZ'), name='D')
df_new = df_new.set_index(['A', my_index])
df_new

		B	C
A	D
a	W	P	1
	X	Q	2
c	Y	R	3
d	Z	T	4

reset_index是set_index的逆函数，其主要参数是drop，表示是否要把去掉的索引层丢弃，而不是添加到列中：

df_new.reset_index(['D'])

	D	B	C
A
a	W	P	1
a	X	Q	2
c	Y	R	3
d	Z	T	4

df_new.reset_index(['D'], drop=True)

	B	C
A
a	P	1
a	Q	2
c	R	3
d	T	4

如果重置了所有的索引，那么pandas会直接重新生成一个默认索引：

df_new.reset_index()

	A	D	B	C
0	a	W	P	1
1	a	X	Q	2
2	c	Y	R	3
3	d	Z	T	4

4. 索引的变形

在某些场合下，需要对索引做一些扩充或者剔除，更具体地要求是给定一个新的索引，把原表中相应的索引对应元素填充到新索引构成的表中。例如，下面的表中给出了员工信息，需要重新制作一张新的表，要求增加一名员工的同时去掉身高列并增加性别列：

df_reindex = pd.DataFrame({"Weight":[60,70,80], "Height":[176,180,179]}, index=['1001','1003','1002'])
df_reindex

	Weight	Height
1001	60	176
1003	70	180
1002	80	179

df_reindex.reindex(index=['1001','1002','1003','1004'], columns=['Weight','Gender'])

	Weight	Gender
1001	60.0	NaN
1002	80.0	NaN
1003	70.0	NaN
1004	NaN	NaN

这种需求常出现在时间序列索引的时间点填充以及ID编号的扩充。另外，需要注意的是原来表中的数据和新表中会根据索引自动对齐，例如原先的1002号位置在1003号之后，而新表中相反，那么reindex中会根据元素对齐，与位置无关。

还有一个与reindex功能类似的函数是reindex_like，其功能是仿照传入的表索引来进行被调用表索引的变形。例如，现在已经存在一张表具备了目标索引的条件，那么上述功能可采用下述代码得到：

df_existed = pd.DataFrame(index=['1001','1002','1003','1004'], columns=['Weight','Gender'])
df_reindex.reindex_like(df_existed)

	Weight	Gender
1001	60.0	NaN
1002	80.0	NaN
1003	70.0	NaN
1004	NaN	NaN

四、索引运算

1. 集合的运算法则

经常会有一种利用集合运算来取出符合条件行的需求，例如有两张表A和B，它们的索引都是员工编号，现在需要筛选出两表索引交集的所有员工信息，此时通过Index上的运算操作就很容易实现。

不过在此之前，不妨先复习一下常见的四种集合运算：

S A . i n t e r s e c t i o n ( S B ) = S A ∩ S B ⇔ { x ∣ x ∈ S A   a n d   x ∈ S B } \rm S_A.intersection(S_B) = \rm S_A \cap S_B \Leftrightarrow \rm \{x|x\in S_A\, and\, x\in S_B\} SA​.intersection(SB​)=SA​∩SB​⇔{x∣x∈SA​andx∈SB​}
S A . u n i o n ( S B ) = S A ∪ S B ⇔ { x ∣ x ∈ S A   o r   x ∈ S B } \rm S_A.union(S_B) = \rm S_A \cup S_B \Leftrightarrow \rm \{x|x\in S_A\, or\, x\in S_B\} SA​.union(SB​)=SA​∪SB​⇔{x∣x∈SA​orx∈SB​}
S A . d i f f e r e n c e ( S B ) = S A − S B ⇔ { x ∣ x ∈ S A   a n d   x ∉ S B } \rm S_A.difference(S_B) = \rm S_A - S_B \Leftrightarrow \rm \{x|x\in S_A\, and\, x\notin S_B\} SA​.difference(SB​)=SA​−SB​⇔{x∣x∈SA​andx∈/​SB​}
S A . s y m m e t r i c _ d i f f e r e n c e ( S B ) = S A △ S B ⇔ { x ∣ x ∈ S A ∪ S B − S A ∩ S B } \rm S_A.symmetric\_difference(S_B) = \rm S_A\triangle S_B\Leftrightarrow \rm \{x|x\in S_A\cup S_B - S_A\cap S_B\} SA​.symmetric_difference(SB​)=SA​△SB​⇔{x∣x∈SA​∪SB​−SA​∩SB​}

2. 一般的索引运算

由于集合的元素是互异的，但是索引中可能有相同的元素，先用unique去重后再进行运算。下面构造两张最为简单的示例表进行演示：

df_set_1 = pd.DataFrame([[0,1],[1,2],[3,4]], index = pd.Index(['a','b','a'],name='id1'))
df_set_2 = pd.DataFrame([[4,5],[2,6],[7,1]], index = pd.Index(['b','b','c'],name='id2'))
id1, id2 = df_set_1.index.unique(), df_set_2.index.unique()
print(id1)
print(id2)

Index(['a', 'b'], dtype='object', name='id1')
Index(['b', 'c'], dtype='object', name='id2')

id1.intersection(id2) 

Index(['b'], dtype='object')

id1.union(id2)

Index(['a', 'b', 'c'], dtype='object')

id1.difference(id2)

Index(['a'], dtype='object')

id1.symmetric_difference(id2)

Index(['a', 'c'], dtype='object')

若两张表需要做集合运算的列并没有被设置索引，一种办法是先转成索引，运算后再恢复，另一种方法是利用isin函数，例如在重置索引的第一张表中选出id列交集的所在行：

df_set_in_col_1 = df_set_1.reset_index()
df_set_in_col_2 = df_set_2.reset_index()
df_set_in_col_1

	id1	0	1
0	a	0	1
1	b	1	2
2	a	3	4

df_set_in_col_2

	id2	0	1
0	b	4	5
1	b	2	6
2	c	7	1

df_set_in_col_1[df_set_in_col_1.id1.isin(df_set_in_col_2.id2)]

	id1	0	1
1	b	1	2

五、练习

Ex1：公司员工数据集

现有一份公司员工数据集：

df = pd.read_csv('../data/company.csv')
df.head(3)

	EmployeeID	birthdate_key	age	city_name	department	job_title	gender
0	1318	1/3/1954	61	Vancouver	Executive	CEO	M
1	1319	1/3/1957	58	Vancouver	Executive	VP Stores	F
2	1320	1/2/1955	60	Vancouver	Executive	Legal Counsel	F

1. 分别只使用query和loc选出年龄不超过四十岁且工作部门为Dairy或Bakery的男性。
2. 选出员工ID号 为奇数所在行的第1、第3和倒数第2列。
3. 按照以下步骤进行索引操作：

• 把后三列设为索引后交换内外两层
• 恢复中间层索引
• 修改外层索引名为Gender
• 用下划线合并两层行索引
• 把行索引拆分为原状态
• 修改索引名为原表名称
• 恢复默认索引并将列保持为原表的相对位置

#1
df.query("(age <= 40) & (department == ['Dairy','Bakery']) & (gender == 'M')")

	EmployeeID	birthdate_key	age	city_name	department	job_title	gender
3611	5791	1/14/1975	40	Kelowna	Dairy	Dairy Person	M
3613	5793	1/22/1975	40	Richmond	Bakery	Baker	M
3615	5795	1/30/1975	40	Nanaimo	Dairy	Dairy Person	M
3617	5797	2/3/1975	40	Nanaimo	Dairy	Dairy Person	M
3618	5798	2/4/1975	40	Surrey	Dairy	Dairy Person	M
...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...
6108	8307	10/20/1994	21	Burnaby	Dairy	Dairy Person	M
6113	8312	11/12/1994	21	Burnaby	Dairy	Dairy Person	M
6137	8336	12/31/1994	21	Vancouver	Dairy	Dairy Person	M
6270	6312	5/14/1979	36	Grand Forks	Dairy	Dairy Person	M
6271	6540	2/14/1981	34	Victoria	Bakery	Baker	M

441 rows × 7 columns

df.loc[(df.age <= 40) & (df.department.isin(['Dairy','Bakery'])) &(df.gender =='M')]

	EmployeeID	birthdate_key	age	city_name	department	job_title	gender
3611	5791	1/14/1975	40	Kelowna	Dairy	Dairy Person	M
3613	5793	1/22/1975	40	Richmond	Bakery	Baker	M
3615	5795	1/30/1975	40	Nanaimo	Dairy	Dairy Person	M
3617	5797	2/3/1975	40	Nanaimo	Dairy	Dairy Person	M
3618	5798	2/4/1975	40	Surrey	Dairy	Dairy Person	M
...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...
6108	8307	10/20/1994	21	Burnaby	Dairy	Dairy Person	M
6113	8312	11/12/1994	21	Burnaby	Dairy	Dairy Person	M
6137	8336	12/31/1994	21	Vancouver	Dairy	Dairy Person	M
6270	6312	5/14/1979	36	Grand Forks	Dairy	Dairy Person	M
6271	6540	2/14/1981	34	Victoria	Bakery	Baker	M

441 rows × 7 columns

#2
df.iloc[(df.EmployeeID % 2 == 1).values,[0,2,-2]]

	EmployeeID	age	job_title
1	1319	58	VP Stores
3	1321	56	VP Human Resources
5	1323	53	Exec Assistant, VP Stores
6	1325	51	Exec Assistant, Legal Counsel
8	1329	48	Store Manager
...	...	...	...
6276	7659	26	Cashier
6277	7741	25	Cashier
6278	7801	25	Dairy Person
6280	8181	22	Cashier
6281	8223	21	Cashier

3126 rows × 3 columns

#3
df1 = df.set_index(["department","job_title","gender"]).swaplevel(0,2,0)
df2 = df1.reset_index("job_title")
df3 = df2.rename_axis(index = {"gender":"Gender"})
df3

		job_title	EmployeeID	birthdate_key	age	city_name
Gender	department
M	Executive	CEO	1318	1/3/1954	61	Vancouver
F	Executive	VP Stores	1319	1/3/1957	58	Vancouver
	Executive	Legal Counsel	1320	1/2/1955	60	Vancouver
M	Executive	VP Human Resources	1321	1/2/1959	56	Vancouver
	Executive	VP Finance	1322	1/9/1958	57	Vancouver
...	...	...	...	...	...	...
F	Customer Service	Cashier	8036	8/9/1992	23	New Westminister
M	Customer Service	Cashier	8181	9/26/1993	22	Prince George
	Customer Service	Cashier	8223	2/11/1994	21	Trail
F	Customer Service	Cashier	8226	2/16/1994	21	Victoria
	Customer Service	Cashier	8264	6/13/1994	21	Vancouver

6284 rows × 5 columns

new_index = df3.index.map(lambda x : (x[0]+ "_" + x[1]))
df3.index = new_index
df3

	job_title	EmployeeID	birthdate_key	age	city_name
M_Executive	CEO	1318	1/3/1954	61	Vancouver
F_Executive	VP Stores	1319	1/3/1957	58	Vancouver
F_Executive	Legal Counsel	1320	1/2/1955	60	Vancouver
M_Executive	VP Human Resources	1321	1/2/1959	56	Vancouver
M_Executive	VP Finance	1322	1/9/1958	57	Vancouver
...	...	...	...	...	...
F_Customer Service	Cashier	8036	8/9/1992	23	New Westminister
M_Customer Service	Cashier	8181	9/26/1993	22	Prince George
M_Customer Service	Cashier	8223	2/11/1994	21	Trail
F_Customer Service	Cashier	8226	2/16/1994	21	Victoria
F_Customer Service	Cashier	8264	6/13/1994	21	Vancouver

6284 rows × 5 columns

new_index = df3.index.map(lambda x : tuple(x.split("_")))
df3.index = new_index
df3

		job_title	EmployeeID	birthdate_key	age	city_name
M	Executive	CEO	1318	1/3/1954	61	Vancouver
F	Executive	VP Stores	1319	1/3/1957	58	Vancouver
	Executive	Legal Counsel	1320	1/2/1955	60	Vancouver
M	Executive	VP Human Resources	1321	1/2/1959	56	Vancouver
	Executive	VP Finance	1322	1/9/1958	57	Vancouver
...	...	...	...	...	...	...
F	Customer Service	Cashier	8036	8/9/1992	23	New Westminister
M	Customer Service	Cashier	8181	9/26/1993	22	Prince George
	Customer Service	Cashier	8223	2/11/1994	21	Trail
F	Customer Service	Cashier	8226	2/16/1994	21	Victoria
	Customer Service	Cashier	8264	6/13/1994	21	Vancouver

6284 rows × 5 columns

df4 = df3.rename_axis(index = ["gender","department"])
df4

		job_title	EmployeeID	birthdate_key	age	city_name
gender	department
M	Executive	CEO	1318	1/3/1954	61	Vancouver
F	Executive	VP Stores	1319	1/3/1957	58	Vancouver
	Executive	Legal Counsel	1320	1/2/1955	60	Vancouver
M	Executive	VP Human Resources	1321	1/2/1959	56	Vancouver
	Executive	VP Finance	1322	1/9/1958	57	Vancouver
...	...	...	...	...	...	...
F	Customer Service	Cashier	8036	8/9/1992	23	New Westminister
M	Customer Service	Cashier	8181	9/26/1993	22	Prince George
	Customer Service	Cashier	8223	2/11/1994	21	Trail
F	Customer Service	Cashier	8226	2/16/1994	21	Victoria
	Customer Service	Cashier	8264	6/13/1994	21	Vancouver

6284 rows × 5 columns

df5 = df4.reset_index()
df5

	gender	department	job_title	EmployeeID	birthdate_key	age	city_name
0	M	Executive	CEO	1318	1/3/1954	61	Vancouver
1	F	Executive	VP Stores	1319	1/3/1957	58	Vancouver
2	F	Executive	Legal Counsel	1320	1/2/1955	60	Vancouver
3	M	Executive	VP Human Resources	1321	1/2/1959	56	Vancouver
4	M	Executive	VP Finance	1322	1/9/1958	57	Vancouver
...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...
6279	F	Customer Service	Cashier	8036	8/9/1992	23	New Westminister
6280	M	Customer Service	Cashier	8181	9/26/1993	22	Prince George
6281	M	Customer Service	Cashier	8223	2/11/1994	21	Trail
6282	F	Customer Service	Cashier	8226	2/16/1994	21	Victoria
6283	F	Customer Service	Cashier	8264	6/13/1994	21	Vancouver

6284 rows × 7 columns

order = ["EmployeeID","birthdate_key","age","city_name","department","job_title","gender"]
df5[order]

	EmployeeID	birthdate_key	age	city_name	department	job_title	gender
0	1318	1/3/1954	61	Vancouver	Executive	CEO	M
1	1319	1/3/1957	58	Vancouver	Executive	VP Stores	F
2	1320	1/2/1955	60	Vancouver	Executive	Legal Counsel	F
3	1321	1/2/1959	56	Vancouver	Executive	VP Human Resources	M
4	1322	1/9/1958	57	Vancouver	Executive	VP Finance	M
...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...
6279	8036	8/9/1992	23	New Westminister	Customer Service	Cashier	F
6280	8181	9/26/1993	22	Prince George	Customer Service	Cashier	M
6281	8223	2/11/1994	21	Trail	Customer Service	Cashier	M
6282	8226	2/16/1994	21	Victoria	Customer Service	Cashier	F
6283	8264	6/13/1994	21	Vancouver	Customer Service	Cashier	F

6284 rows × 7 columns

Ex2：巧克力数据集

现有一份关于巧克力评价的数据集：

df = pd.read_csv('../data/chocolate.csv')
df.head(3)

	Company	Review\nDate	Cocoa\nPercent	Company\nLocation	Rating
0	A. Morin	2016	63%	France	3.75
1	A. Morin	2015	70%	France	2.75
2	A. Morin	2015	70%	France	3.00

1. 把列索引名中的\n替换为空格。
2. 巧克力Rating评分为1至5，每0.25分一档，请选出2.75分及以下且可可含量Cocoa Percent高于中位数的样本。
3. 将Review Date和Company Location设为索引后，选出Review Date在2012年之后且Company Location不属于France, Canada, Amsterdam, Belgium的样本。

df.columns = df.columns.map(lambda x:x.replace("\n"," "))
df

	Company	Review Date	Cocoa Percent	Company Location	Rating
0	A. Morin	2016	63%	France	3.75
1	A. Morin	2015	70%	France	2.75
2	A. Morin	2015	70%	France	3.00
3	A. Morin	2015	70%	France	3.50
4	A. Morin	2015	70%	France	3.50
...	...	...	...	...	...
1790	Zotter	2011	70%	Austria	3.75
1791	Zotter	2011	65%	Austria	3.00
1792	Zotter	2011	65%	Austria	3.50
1793	Zotter	2011	62%	Austria	3.25
1794	Zotter	2010	65%	Austria	3.00

1795 rows × 5 columns

df['Cocoa Percent'] = df['Cocoa Percent'].str.strip("%").astype(float)/100

df.loc[(df['Rating'] < 2.75) & (df['Cocoa Percent'] > df['Cocoa Percent'].median())]

	Company	Review Date	Cocoa Percent	Company Location	Rating
38	Alain Ducasse	2013	0.75	France	2.50
39	Alain Ducasse	2013	0.75	France	2.50
96	Ara	2014	0.72	France	2.50
125	Artisan du Chocolat	2010	1.00	U.K.	1.75
130	Artisan du Chocolat	2009	0.75	U.K.	2.50
...	...	...	...	...	...
1720	Vintage Plantations (Tulicorp)	2007	1.00	U.S.A.	2.00
1721	Vintage Plantations (Tulicorp)	2007	0.90	U.S.A.	2.00
1734	Whittakers	2011	0.72	New Zealand	2.50
1735	Wilkie's Organic	2013	0.75	Ireland	2.50
1741	Willie's Cacao	2013	1.00	U.K.	2.25

110 rows × 5 columns

df = df.set_index(["Review Date","Company Location"])

df = df.sort_index()

idx = pd.IndexSlice

df.loc[idx[2012:,~df.index.get_level_values(1).isin(["France", "Canada", "Amsterdam", "Belgium"])],:]

		Company	Cocoa Percent	Rating
Review Date	Company Location
2012	Australia	Bahen & Co.	0.70	3.00
	Australia	Bahen & Co.	0.70	2.50
	Australia	Bahen & Co.	0.70	2.50
	Australia	Cravve	0.75	3.25
	Australia	Cravve	0.65	3.25
...	...	...	...	...
2017	U.S.A.	Spencer	0.70	3.75
	U.S.A.	Spencer	0.70	3.50
	U.S.A.	Spencer	0.70	2.75
	U.S.A.	Xocolla	0.70	2.75
	U.S.A.	Xocolla	0.70	2.50

972 rows × 3 columns