第3章Java核心类库之Object、String、Objects中的hash和hashcode方法

Object类中的hashcode()方法是直接调用原生函数计算：

    /**
     * Returns a hash code value for the object. This method is
     * supported for the benefit of hash tables such as those provided by
     * {@link java.util.HashMap}.
     * <p>
     * The general contract of {@code hashCode} is:
     * <ul>
     * <li>Whenever it is invoked on the same object more than once during
     *     an execution of a Java application, the {@code hashCode} method
     *     must consistently return the same integer, provided no information
     *     used in {@code equals} comparisons on the object is modified.
     *     This integer need not remain consistent from one execution of an
     *     application to another execution of the same application.
     * <li>If two objects are equal according to the {@code equals(Object)}
     *     method, then calling the {@code hashCode} method on each of
     *     the two objects must produce the same integer result.
     * <li>It is <em>not</em> required that if two objects are unequal
     *     according to the {@link java.lang.Object#equals(java.lang.Object)}
     *     method, then calling the {@code hashCode} method on each of the
     *     two objects must produce distinct integer results.  However, the
     *     programmer should be aware that producing distinct integer results
     *     for unequal objects may improve the performance of hash tables.
     * </ul>
     * <p>
     * As much as is reasonably practical, the hashCode method defined by
     * class {@code Object} does return distinct integers for distinct
     * objects. (This is typically implemented by converting the internal
     * address of the object into an integer, but this implementation
     * technique is not required by the
     * Java&trade; programming language.)
     *
     * @return  a hash code value for this object.
     * @see     java.lang.Object#equals(java.lang.Object)
     * @see     java.lang.System#identityHashCode
     */
    public native int hashCode();

String类中实现的hashcode()方法是根据每个字符的值计算：

    /**
     * Returns a hash code for this string. The hash code for a
     * {@code String} object is computed as
     * <blockquote><pre>
     * s[0]*31^(n-1) + s[1]*31^(n-2) + ... + s[n-1]
     * </pre></blockquote>
     * using {@code int} arithmetic, where {@code s[i]} is the
     * <i>i</i>th character of the string, {@code n} is the length of
     * the string, and {@code ^} indicates exponentiation.
     * (The hash value of the empty string is zero.)
     *
     * @return  a hash code value for this object.
     */
    public int hashCode() {
        int h = hash;
        if (h == 0 && value.length > 0) {
            char val[] = value;

            for (int i = 0; i < value.length; i++) {
                h = 31 * h + val[i];
            }
            hash = h;
        }
        return h;
    }

Objects类的hashcode(Object o)方法，在Object类的hashcode方法的基础上稍微改一下：

    /**
     * Returns the hash code of a non-{@code null} argument and 0 for
     * a {@code null} argument.
     *
     * @param o an object
     * @return the hash code of a non-{@code null} argument and 0 for
     * a {@code null} argument
     * @see Object#hashCode
     */
    public static int hashCode(Object o) {
        return o != null ? o.hashCode() : 0;
    }

Objects类中的hash(Object o)方法是直接调用Arrays类的hashcode(Object o)方法来实现，而Arrays中的hashcode(Object a[])是根据各个元素的hashcode()来计算。

   /**
    * Generates a hash code for a sequence of input values. The hash
    * code is generated as if all the input values were placed into an
    * array, and that array were hashed by calling {@link
    * Arrays#hashCode(Object[])}.
    *
    * <p>This method is useful for implementing {@link
    * Object#hashCode()} on objects containing multiple fields. For
    * example, if an object that has three fields, {@code x}, {@code
    * y}, and {@code z}, one could write:
    *
    * <blockquote><pre>
    * &#064;Override public int hashCode() {
    *     return Objects.hash(x, y, z);
    * }
    * </pre></blockquote>
    *
    * <b>Warning: When a single object reference is supplied, the returned
    * value does not equal the hash code of that object reference.</b> This
    * value can be computed by calling {@link #hashCode(Object)}.
    *
    * @param values the values to be hashed
    * @return a hash value of the sequence of input values
    * @see Arrays#hashCode(Object[])
    * @see List#hashCode
    */
    public static int hash(Object... values) {
        return Arrays.hashCode(values);
    }

    /**
     * Returns a hash code based on the contents of the specified array.  If
     * the array contains other arrays as elements, the hash code is based on
     * their identities rather than their contents.  It is therefore
     * acceptable to invoke this method on an array that contains itself as an
     * element,  either directly or indirectly through one or more levels of
     * arrays.
     *
     * <p>For any two arrays <tt>a</tt> and <tt>b</tt> such that
     * <tt>Arrays.equals(a, b)</tt>, it is also the case that
     * <tt>Arrays.hashCode(a) == Arrays.hashCode(b)</tt>.
     *
     * <p>The value returned by this method is equal to the value that would
     * be returned by <tt>Arrays.asList(a).hashCode()</tt>, unless <tt>a</tt>
     * is <tt>null</tt>, in which case <tt>0</tt> is returned.
     *
     * @param a the array whose content-based hash code to compute
     * @return a content-based hash code for <tt>a</tt>
     * @see #deepHashCode(Object[])
     * @since 1.5
     */
    public static int hashCode(Object a[]) {
        if (a == null)
            return 0;

        int result = 1;

        for (Object element : a)
            result = 31 * result + (element == null ? 0 : element.hashCode());

        return result;
    }