Linux input_event type值列表和code值列表

已于 2022-06-01 11:24:28 修改
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文章标签： linux C语言 驱动开发
于 2022-06-01 11:24:01 首次发布
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本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/qq_41281869/article/details/125078362
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struct input_event

前言

项目在调用linux输入事件的过程中有可能出现input_event 结构体无法跳转的问题，导致无法查看input_event 结构体的参数，同时对于type和code值，不熟悉的人不知道可以在哪里查找到type和code的列表。网上对于type和code值的描述也比较少，所以写这篇文章对input_event 进行归纳。

结构体

头文件路径
linux系统 /usr/include/linux/input.h

格式

struct input_event {
	struct timeval time;
	__u16 type;
	__u16 code;
	__s32 value;
};

1.u16 type

头文件
linux系统 /usr/include/linux/input-event-codes.h

输入事件类型

/*
 * Event types
 */

#define EV_SYN			0x00
#define EV_KEY			0x01
#define EV_REL			0x02
#define EV_ABS			0x03
#define EV_MSC			0x04
#define EV_SW			0x05
#define EV_LED			0x11
#define EV_SND			0x12
#define EV_REP			0x14
#define EV_FF			0x15
#define EV_PWR			0x16
#define EV_FF_STATUS		0x17
#define EV_MAX			0x1f
#define EV_CNT			(EV_MAX+1)

2.u16 code

头文件
linux系统 /usr/include/linux/input-event-codes.h

输入事件键值

鼠标
code需要大于BTN_MISC(256)
左键 BTN_LEFT 0x110
右键 BTN_RIGHT 0x111
中键 BTN_MIDDLE 0x112

#define BTN_MISC		0x100
#define BTN_0			0x100
#define BTN_1			0x101
#define BTN_2			0x102
#define BTN_3			0x103
#define BTN_4			0x104
#define BTN_5			0x105
#define BTN_6			0x106
#define BTN_7			0x107
#define BTN_8			0x108
#define BTN_9			0x109

#define BTN_MOUSE		0x110
#define BTN_LEFT		0x110
#define BTN_RIGHT		0x111
#define BTN_MIDDLE		0x112
#define BTN_SIDE		0x113
#define BTN_EXTRA		0x114
#define BTN_FORWARD		0x115
#define BTN_BACK		0x116
#define BTN_TASK		0x117

键盘 0~255

/*
 * Keys and buttons
 *
 * Most of the keys/buttons are modeled after USB HUT 1.12
 * (see http://www.usb.org/developers/hidpage).
 * Abbreviations in the comments:
 * AC - Application Control
 * AL - Application Launch Button
 * SC - System Control
 */

#define KEY_RESERVED		0
#define KEY_ESC			1
#define KEY_1			2
#define KEY_2			3
#define KEY_3			4
#define KEY_4			5
#define KEY_5			6
#define KEY_6			7
#define KEY_7			8
#define KEY_8			9
#define KEY_9			10
#define KEY_0			11
#define KEY_MINUS		12
#define KEY_EQUAL		13
#define KEY_BACKSPACE		14
#define KEY_TAB			15
#define KEY_Q			16
#define KEY_W			17
#define KEY_E			18
#define KEY_R			19
#define KEY_T			20
#define KEY_Y			21
#define KEY_U			22
#define KEY_I			23
#define KEY_O			24
#define KEY_P			25
#define KEY_LEFTBRACE		26
#define KEY_RIGHTBRACE		27
#define KEY_ENTER		28
#define KEY_LEFTCTRL		29
#define KEY_A			30
#define KEY_S			31
#define KEY_D			32
#define KEY_F			33
#define KEY_G			34
#define KEY_H			35
#define KEY_J			36
#define KEY_K			37
#define KEY_L			38
#define KEY_SEMICOLON		39
#define KEY_APOSTROPHE		40
#define KEY_GRAVE		41
#define KEY_LEFTSHIFT		42
#define KEY_BACKSLASH		43
#define KEY_Z			44
#define KEY_X			45
#define KEY_C			46
#define KEY_V			47
#define KEY_B			48
#define KEY_N			49
#define KEY_M			50
#define KEY_COMMA		51
#define KEY_DOT			52
#define KEY_SLASH		53
#define KEY_RIGHTSHIFT		54
#define KEY_KPASTERISK		55
#define KEY_LEFTALT		56
#define KEY_SPACE		57
#define KEY_CAPSLOCK		58
#define KEY_F1			59
#define KEY_F2			60
#define KEY_F3			61
#define KEY_F4			62
#define KEY_F5			63
#define KEY_F6			64
#define KEY_F7			65
#define KEY_F8			66
#define KEY_F9			67
#define KEY_F10			68
#define KEY_NUMLOCK		69
#define KEY_SCROLLLOCK		70
#define KEY_KP7			71
#define KEY_KP8			72
#define KEY_KP9			73
#define KEY_KPMINUS		74
#define KEY_KP4			75
#define KEY_KP5			76
#define KEY_KP6			77
#define KEY_KPPLUS		78
#define KEY_KP1			79
#define KEY_KP2			80
#define KEY_KP3			81
#define KEY_KP0			82
#define KEY_KPDOT		83

#define KEY_ZENKAKUHANKAKU	85
#define KEY_102ND		86
#define KEY_F11			87
#define KEY_F12			88
#define KEY_RO			89
#define KEY_KATAKANA		90
#define KEY_HIRAGANA		91
#define KEY_HENKAN		92
#define KEY_KATAKANAHIRAGANA	93
#define KEY_MUHENKAN		94
#define KEY_KPJPCOMMA		95
#define KEY_KPENTER		96
#define KEY_RIGHTCTRL		97
#define KEY_KPSLASH		98
#define KEY_SYSRQ		99
#define KEY_RIGHTALT		100
#define KEY_LINEFEED		101
#define KEY_HOME		102
#define KEY_UP			103
#define KEY_PAGEUP		104
#define KEY_LEFT		105
#define KEY_RIGHT		106
#define KEY_END			107
#define KEY_DOWN		108
#define KEY_PAGEDOWN		109
#define KEY_INSERT		110
#define KEY_DELETE		111
#define KEY_MACRO		112
#define KEY_MUTE		113
#define KEY_VOLUMEDOWN		114
#define KEY_VOLUMEUP		115
#define KEY_POWER		116	/* SC System Power Down */
#define KEY_KPEQUAL		117
#define KEY_KPPLUSMINUS		118
#define KEY_PAUSE		119
#define KEY_SCALE		120	/* AL Compiz Scale (Expose) */

#define KEY_KPCOMMA		121
#define KEY_HANGEUL		122
#define KEY_HANGUEL		KEY_HANGEUL
#define KEY_HANJA		123
#define KEY_YEN			124
#define KEY_LEFTMETA		125
#define KEY_RIGHTMETA		126
#define KEY_COMPOSE		127

#define KEY_STOP		128	/* AC Stop */
#define KEY_AGAIN		129
#define KEY_PROPS		130	/* AC Properties */
#define KEY_UNDO		131	/* AC Undo */
#define KEY_FRONT		132
#define KEY_COPY		133	/* AC Copy */
#define KEY_OPEN		134	/* AC Open */
#define KEY_PASTE		135	/* AC Paste */
#define KEY_FIND		136	/* AC Search */
#define KEY_CUT			137	/* AC Cut */
#define KEY_HELP		138	/* AL Integrated Help Center */
#define KEY_MENU		139	/* Menu (show menu) */
#define KEY_CALC		140	/* AL Calculator */
#define KEY_SETUP		141
#define KEY_SLEEP		142	/* SC System Sleep */
#define KEY_WAKEUP		143	/* System Wake Up */
#define KEY_FILE		144	/* AL Local Machine Browser */
#define KEY_SENDFILE		145
#define KEY_DELETEFILE		146
#define KEY_XFER		147
#define KEY_PROG1		148
#define KEY_PROG2		149
#define KEY_WWW			150	/* AL Internet Browser */
#define KEY_MSDOS		151
#define KEY_COFFEE		152	/* AL Terminal Lock/Screensaver */
#define KEY_SCREENLOCK		KEY_COFFEE
#define KEY_ROTATE_DISPLAY	153	/* Display orientation for e.g. tablets */
#define KEY_DIRECTION		KEY_ROTATE_DISPLAY
#define KEY_CYCLEWINDOWS	154
#define KEY_MAIL		155
#define KEY_BOOKMARKS		156	/* AC Bookmarks */
#define KEY_COMPUTER		157
#define KEY_BACK		158	/* AC Back */
#define KEY_FORWARD		159	/* AC Forward */
#define KEY_CLOSECD		160
#define KEY_EJECTCD		161
#define KEY_EJECTCLOSECD	162
#define KEY_NEXTSONG		163
#define KEY_PLAYPAUSE		164
#define KEY_PREVIOUSSONG	165
#define KEY_STOPCD		166
#define KEY_RECORD		167
#define KEY_REWIND		168
#define KEY_PHONE		169	/* Media Select Telephone */
#define KEY_ISO			170
#define KEY_CONFIG		171	/* AL Consumer Control Configuration */
#define KEY_HOMEPAGE		172	/* AC Home */
#define KEY_REFRESH		173	/* AC Refresh */
#define KEY_EXIT		174	/* AC Exit */
#define KEY_MOVE		175
#define KEY_EDIT		176
#define KEY_SCROLLUP		177
#define KEY_SCROLLDOWN		178
#define KEY_KPLEFTPAREN		179
#define KEY_KPRIGHTPAREN	180
#define KEY_NEW			181	/* AC New */
#define KEY_REDO		182	/* AC Redo/Repeat */

#define KEY_F13			183
#define KEY_F14			184
#define KEY_F15			185
#define KEY_F16			186
#define KEY_F17			187
#define KEY_F18			188
#define KEY_F19			189
#define KEY_F20			190
#define KEY_F21			191
#define KEY_F22			192
#define KEY_F23			193
#define KEY_F24			194

#define KEY_PLAYCD		200
#define KEY_PAUSECD		201
#define KEY_PROG3		202
#define KEY_PROG4		203
#define KEY_DASHBOARD		204	/* AL Dashboard */
#define KEY_SUSPEND		205
#define KEY_CLOSE		206	/* AC Close */
#define KEY_PLAY		207
#define KEY_FASTFORWARD		208
#define KEY_BASSBOOST		209
#define KEY_PRINT		210	/* AC Print */
#define KEY_HP			211
#define KEY_CAMERA		212
#define KEY_SOUND		213
#define KEY_QUESTION		214
#define KEY_EMAIL		215
#define KEY_CHAT		216
#define KEY_SEARCH		217
#define KEY_CONNECT		218
#define KEY_FINANCE		219	/* AL Checkbook/Finance */
#define KEY_SPORT		220
#define KEY_SHOP		221
#define KEY_ALTERASE		222
#define KEY_CANCEL		223	/* AC Cancel */
#define KEY_BRIGHTNESSDOWN	224
#define KEY_BRIGHTNESSUP	225
#define KEY_MEDIA		226

#define KEY_SWITCHVIDEOMODE	227	/* Cycle between available video
					   outputs (Monitor/LCD/TV-out/etc) */
#define KEY_KBDILLUMTOGGLE	228
#define KEY_KBDILLUMDOWN	229
#define KEY_KBDILLUMUP		230

#define KEY_SEND		231	/* AC Send */
#define KEY_REPLY		232	/* AC Reply */
#define KEY_FORWARDMAIL		233	/* AC Forward Msg */
#define KEY_SAVE		234	/* AC Save */
#define KEY_DOCUMENTS		235

#define KEY_BATTERY		236

#define KEY_BLUETOOTH		237
#define KEY_WLAN		238
#define KEY_UWB			239

#define KEY_UNKNOWN		240

#define KEY_VIDEO_NEXT		241	/* drive next video source */
#define KEY_VIDEO_PREV		242	/* drive previous video source */
#define KEY_BRIGHTNESS_CYCLE	243	/* brightness up, after max is min */
#define KEY_BRIGHTNESS_AUTO	244	/* Set Auto Brightness: manual
					  brightness control is off,
					  rely on ambient */
#define KEY_BRIGHTNESS_ZERO	KEY_BRIGHTNESS_AUTO
#define KEY_DISPLAY_OFF		245	/* display device to off state */

#define KEY_WWAN		246	/* Wireless WAN (LTE, UMTS, GSM, etc.) */
#define KEY_WIMAX		KEY_WWAN
#define KEY_RFKILL		247	/* Key that controls all radios */

#define KEY_MICMUTE		248	/* Mute / unmute the microphone */

/* Code 255 is reserved for special needs of AT keyboard driver */

input_event 源码

/*
 * Input event codes
 *
 *    *** IMPORTANT ***
 * This file is not only included from C-code but also from devicetree source
 * files. As such this file MUST only contain comments and defines.
 *
 * Copyright (c) 1999-2002 Vojtech Pavlik
 * Copyright (c) 2015 Hans de Goede <hdegoede@redhat.com>
 *
 * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
 * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 as published by
 * the Free Software Foundation.
 */
#ifndef _INPUT_EVENT_CODES_H
#define _INPUT_EVENT_CODES_H

/*
 * Device properties and quirks
 */

#define INPUT_PROP_POINTER		0x00	/* needs a pointer */
#define INPUT_PROP_DIRECT		0x01	/* direct input devices */
#define INPUT_PROP_BUTTONPAD		0x02	/* has button(s) under pad */
#define INPUT_PROP_SEMI_MT		0x03	/* touch rectangle only */
#define INPUT_PROP_TOPBUTTONPAD		0x04	/* softbuttons at top of pad */
#define INPUT_PROP_POINTING_STICK	0x05	/* is a pointing stick */
#define INPUT_PROP_ACCELEROMETER	0x06	/* has accelerometer */

#define INPUT_PROP_MAX			0x1f
#define INPUT_PROP_CNT			(INPUT_PROP_MAX + 1)

/*
 * Event types
 */

#define EV_SYN			0x00
#define EV_KEY			0x01
#define EV_REL			0x02
#define EV_ABS			0x03
#define EV_MSC			0x04
#define EV_SW			0x05
#define EV_LED			0x11
#define EV_SND			0x12
#define EV_REP			0x14
#define EV_FF			0x15
#define EV_PWR			0x16
#define EV_FF_STATUS		0x17
#define EV_MAX			0x1f
#define EV_CNT			(EV_MAX+1)

/*
 * Synchronization events.
 */

#define SYN_REPORT		0
#define SYN_CONFIG		1
#define SYN_MT_REPORT		2
#define SYN_DROPPED		3
#define SYN_MAX			0xf
#define SYN_CNT			(SYN_MAX+1)

/*
 * Keys and buttons
 *
 * Most of the keys/buttons are modeled after USB HUT 1.12
 * (see http://www.usb.org/developers/hidpage).
 * Abbreviations in the comments:
 * AC - Application Control
 * AL - Application Launch Button
 * SC - System Control
 */

#define KEY_RESERVED		0
#define KEY_ESC			1
#define KEY_1			2
#define KEY_2			3
#define KEY_3			4
#define KEY_4			5
#define KEY_5			6
#define KEY_6			7
#define KEY_7			8
#define KEY_8			9
#define KEY_9			10
#define KEY_0			11
#define KEY_MINUS		12
#define KEY_EQUAL		13
#define KEY_BACKSPACE		14
#define KEY_TAB			15
#define KEY_Q			16
#define KEY_W			17
#define KEY_E			18
#define KEY_R			19
#define KEY_T			20
#define KEY_Y			21
#define KEY_U			22
#define KEY_I			23
#define KEY_O			24
#define KEY_P			25
#define KEY_LEFTBRACE		26
#define KEY_RIGHTBRACE		27
#define KEY_ENTER		28
#define KEY_LEFTCTRL		29
#define KEY_A			30
#define KEY_S			31
#define KEY_D			32
#define KEY_F			33
#define KEY_G			34
#define KEY_H			35
#define KEY_J			36
#define KEY_K			37
#define KEY_L			38
#define KEY_SEMICOLON		39
#define KEY_APOSTROPHE		40
#define KEY_GRAVE		41
#define KEY_LEFTSHIFT		42
#define KEY_BACKSLASH		43
#define KEY_Z			44
#define KEY_X			45
#define KEY_C			46
#define KEY_V			47
#define KEY_B			48
#define KEY_N			49
#define KEY_M			50
#define KEY_COMMA		51
#define KEY_DOT			52
#define KEY_SLASH		53
#define KEY_RIGHTSHIFT		54
#define KEY_KPASTERISK		55
#define KEY_LEFTALT		56
#define KEY_SPACE		57
#define KEY_CAPSLOCK		58
#define KEY_F1			59
#define KEY_F2			60
#define KEY_F3			61
#define KEY_F4			62
#define KEY_F5			63
#define KEY_F6			64
#define KEY_F7			65
#define KEY_F8			66
#define KEY_F9			67
#define KEY_F10			68
#define KEY_NUMLOCK		69
#define KEY_SCROLLLOCK		70
#define KEY_KP7			71
#define KEY_KP8			72
#define KEY_KP9			73
#define KEY_KPMINUS		74
#define KEY_KP4			75
#define KEY_KP5			76
#define KEY_KP6			77
#define KEY_KPPLUS		78
#define KEY_KP1			79
#define KEY_KP2			80
#define KEY_KP3			81
#define KEY_KP0			82
#define KEY_KPDOT		83

#define KEY_ZENKAKUHANKAKU	85
#define KEY_102ND		86
#define KEY_F11			87
#define KEY_F12			88
#define KEY_RO			89
#define KEY_KATAKANA		90
#define KEY_HIRAGANA		91
#define KEY_HENKAN		92
#define KEY_KATAKANAHIRAGANA	93
#define KEY_MUHENKAN		94
#define KEY_KPJPCOMMA		95
#define KEY_KPENTER		96
#define KEY_RIGHTCTRL		97
#define KEY_KPSLASH		98
#define KEY_SYSRQ		99
#define KEY_RIGHTALT		100
#define KEY_LINEFEED		101
#define KEY_HOME		102
#define KEY_UP			103
#define KEY_PAGEUP		104
#define KEY_LEFT		105
#define KEY_RIGHT		106
#define KEY_END			107
#define KEY_DOWN		108
#define KEY_PAGEDOWN		109
#define KEY_INSERT		110
#define KEY_DELETE		111
#define KEY_MACRO		112
#define KEY_MUTE		113
#define KEY_VOLUMEDOWN		114
#define KEY_VOLUMEUP		115
#define KEY_POWER		116	/* SC System Power Down */
#define KEY_KPEQUAL		117
#define KEY_KPPLUSMINUS		118
#define KEY_PAUSE		119
#define KEY_SCALE		120	/* AL Compiz Scale (Expose) */

#define KEY_KPCOMMA		121
#define KEY_HANGEUL		122
#define KEY_HANGUEL		KEY_HANGEUL
#define KEY_HANJA		123
#define KEY_YEN			124
#define KEY_LEFTMETA		125
#define KEY_RIGHTMETA		126
#define KEY_COMPOSE		127

#define KEY_STOP		128	/* AC Stop */
#define KEY_AGAIN		129
#define KEY_PROPS		130	/* AC Properties */
#define KEY_UNDO		131	/* AC Undo */
#define KEY_FRONT		132
#define KEY_COPY		133	/* AC Copy */
#define KEY_OPEN		134	/* AC Open */
#define KEY_PASTE		135	/* AC Paste */
#define KEY_FIND		136	/* AC Search */
#define KEY_CUT			137	/* AC Cut */
#define KEY_HELP		138	/* AL Integrated Help Center */
#define KEY_MENU		139	/* Menu (show menu) */
#define KEY_CALC		140	/* AL Calculator */
#define KEY_SETUP		141
#define KEY_SLEEP		142	/* SC System Sleep */
#define KEY_WAKEUP		143	/* System Wake Up */
#define KEY_FILE		144	/* AL Local Machine Browser */
#define KEY_SENDFILE		145
#define KEY_DELETEFILE		146
#define KEY_XFER		147
#define KEY_PROG1		148
#define KEY_PROG2		149
#define KEY_WWW			150	/* AL Internet Browser */
#define KEY_MSDOS		151
#define KEY_COFFEE		152	/* AL Terminal Lock/Screensaver */
#define KEY_SCREENLOCK		KEY_COFFEE
#define KEY_ROTATE_DISPLAY	153	/* Display orientation for e.g. tablets */
#define KEY_DIRECTION		KEY_ROTATE_DISPLAY
#define KEY_CYCLEWINDOWS	154
#define KEY_MAIL		155
#define KEY_BOOKMARKS		156	/* AC Bookmarks */
#define KEY_COMPUTER		157
#define KEY_BACK		158	/* AC Back */
#define KEY_FORWARD		159	/* AC Forward */
#define KEY_CLOSECD		160
#define KEY_EJECTCD		161
#define KEY_EJECTCLOSECD	162
#define KEY_NEXTSONG		163
#define KEY_PLAYPAUSE		164
#define KEY_PREVIOUSSONG	165
#define KEY_STOPCD		166
#define KEY_RECORD		167
#define KEY_REWIND		168
#define KEY_PHONE		169	/* Media Select Telephone */
#define KEY_ISO			170
#define KEY_CONFIG		171	/* AL Consumer Control Configuration */
#define KEY_HOMEPAGE		172	/* AC Home */
#define KEY_REFRESH		173	/* AC Refresh */
#define KEY_EXIT		174	/* AC Exit */
#define KEY_MOVE		175
#define KEY_EDIT		176
#define KEY_SCROLLUP		177
#define KEY_SCROLLDOWN		178
#define KEY_KPLEFTPAREN		179
#define KEY_KPRIGHTPAREN	180
#define KEY_NEW			181	/* AC New */
#define KEY_REDO		182	/* AC Redo/Repeat */

#define KEY_F13			183
#define KEY_F14			184
#define KEY_F15			185
#define KEY_F16			186
#define KEY_F17			187
#define KEY_F18			188
#define KEY_F19			189
#define KEY_F20			190
#define KEY_F21			191
#define KEY_F22			192
#define KEY_F23			193
#define KEY_F24			194

#define KEY_PLAYCD		200
#define KEY_PAUSECD		201
#define KEY_PROG3		202
#define KEY_PROG4		203
#define KEY_DASHBOARD		204	/* AL Dashboard */
#define KEY_SUSPEND		205
#define KEY_CLOSE		206	/* AC Close */
#define KEY_PLAY		207
#define KEY_FASTFORWARD		208
#define KEY_BASSBOOST		209
#define KEY_PRINT		210	/* AC Print */
#define KEY_HP			211
#define KEY_CAMERA		212
#define KEY_SOUND		213
#define KEY_QUESTION		214
#define KEY_EMAIL		215
#define KEY_CHAT		216
#define KEY_SEARCH		217
#define KEY_CONNECT		218
#define KEY_FINANCE		219	/* AL Checkbook/Finance */
#define KEY_SPORT		220
#define KEY_SHOP		221
#define KEY_ALTERASE		222
#define KEY_CANCEL		223	/* AC Cancel */
#define KEY_BRIGHTNESSDOWN	224
#define KEY_BRIGHTNESSUP	225
#define KEY_MEDIA		226

#define KEY_SWITCHVIDEOMODE	227	/* Cycle between available video
					   outputs (Monitor/LCD/TV-out/etc) */
#define KEY_KBDILLUMTOGGLE	228
#define KEY_KBDILLUMDOWN	229
#define KEY_KBDILLUMUP		230

#define KEY_SEND		231	/* AC Send */
#define KEY_REPLY		232	/* AC Reply */
#define KEY_FORWARDMAIL		233	/* AC Forward Msg */
#define KEY_SAVE		234	/* AC Save */
#define KEY_DOCUMENTS		235

#define KEY_BATTERY		236

#define KEY_BLUETOOTH		237
#define KEY_WLAN		238
#define KEY_UWB			239

#define KEY_UNKNOWN		240

#define KEY_VIDEO_NEXT		241	/* drive next video source */
#define KEY_VIDEO_PREV		242	/* drive previous video source */
#define KEY_BRIGHTNESS_CYCLE	243	/* brightness up, after max is min */
#define KEY_BRIGHTNESS_AUTO	244	/* Set Auto Brightness: manual
					  brightness control is off,
					  rely on ambient */
#define KEY_BRIGHTNESS_ZERO	KEY_BRIGHTNESS_AUTO
#define KEY_DISPLAY_OFF		245	/* display device to off state */

#define KEY_WWAN		246	/* Wireless WAN (LTE, UMTS, GSM, etc.) */
#define KEY_WIMAX		KEY_WWAN
#define KEY_RFKILL		247	/* Key that controls all radios */

#define KEY_MICMUTE		248	/* Mute / unmute the microphone */

/* Code 255 is reserved for special needs of AT keyboard driver */

#define BTN_MISC		0x100
#define BTN_0			0x100
#define BTN_1			0x101
#define BTN_2			0x102
#define BTN_3			0x103
#define BTN_4			0x104
#define BTN_5			0x105
#define BTN_6			0x106
#define BTN_7			0x107
#define BTN_8			0x108
#define BTN_9			0x109

#define BTN_MOUSE		0x110
#define BTN_LEFT		0x110
#define BTN_RIGHT		0x111
#define BTN_MIDDLE		0x112
#define BTN_SIDE		0x113
#define BTN_EXTRA		0x114
#define BTN_FORWARD		0x115
#define BTN_BACK		0x116
#define BTN_TASK		0x117

#define BTN_JOYSTICK		0x120
#define BTN_TRIGGER		0x120
#define BTN_THUMB		0x121
#define BTN_THUMB2		0x122
#define BTN_TOP			0x123
#define BTN_TOP2		0x124
#define BTN_PINKIE		0x125
#define BTN_BASE		0x126
#define BTN_BASE2		0x127
#define BTN_BASE3		0x128
#define BTN_BASE4		0x129
#define BTN_BASE5		0x12a
#define BTN_BASE6		0x12b
#define BTN_DEAD		0x12f

#define BTN_GAMEPAD		0x130
#define BTN_SOUTH		0x130
#define BTN_A			BTN_SOUTH
#define BTN_EAST		0x131
#define BTN_B			BTN_EAST
#define BTN_C			0x132
#define BTN_NORTH		0x133
#define BTN_X			BTN_NORTH
#define BTN_WEST		0x134
#define BTN_Y			BTN_WEST
#define BTN_Z			0x135
#define BTN_TL			0x136
#define BTN_TR			0x137
#define BTN_TL2			0x138
#define BTN_TR2			0x139
#define BTN_SELECT		0x13a
#define BTN_START		0x13b
#define BTN_MODE		0x13c
#define BTN_THUMBL		0x13d
#define BTN_THUMBR		0x13e

#define BTN_DIGI		0x140
#define BTN_TOOL_PEN		0x140
#define BTN_TOOL_RUBBER		0x141
#define BTN_TOOL_BRUSH		0x142
#define BTN_TOOL_PENCIL		0x143
#define BTN_TOOL_AIRBRUSH	0x144
#define BTN_TOOL_FINGER		0x145
#define BTN_TOOL_MOUSE		0x146
#define BTN_TOOL_LENS		0x147
#define BTN_TOOL_QUINTTAP	0x148	/* Five fingers on trackpad */
#define BTN_TOUCH		0x14a
#define BTN_STYLUS		0x14b
#define BTN_STYLUS2		0x14c
#define BTN_TOOL_DOUBLETAP	0x14d
#define BTN_TOOL_TRIPLETAP	0x14e
#define BTN_TOOL_QUADTAP	0x14f	/* Four fingers on trackpad */

#define BTN_WHEEL		0x150
#define BTN_GEAR_DOWN		0x150
#define BTN_GEAR_UP		0x151

#define KEY_OK			0x160
#define KEY_SELECT		0x161
#define KEY_GOTO		0x162
#define KEY_CLEAR		0x163
#define KEY_POWER2		0x164
#define KEY_OPTION		0x165
#define KEY_INFO		0x166	/* AL OEM Features/Tips/Tutorial */
#define KEY_TIME		0x167
#define KEY_VENDOR		0x168
#define KEY_ARCHIVE		0x169
#define KEY_PROGRAM		0x16a	/* Media Select Program Guide */
#define KEY_CHANNEL		0x16b
#define KEY_FAVORITES		0x16c
#define KEY_EPG			0x16d
#define KEY_PVR			0x16e	/* Media Select Home */
#define KEY_MHP			0x16f
#define KEY_LANGUAGE		0x170
#define KEY_TITLE		0x171
#define KEY_SUBTITLE		0x172
#define KEY_ANGLE		0x173
#define KEY_ZOOM		0x174
#define KEY_MODE		0x175
#define KEY_KEYBOARD		0x176
#define KEY_SCREEN		0x177
#define KEY_PC			0x178	/* Media Select Computer */
#define KEY_TV			0x179	/* Media Select TV */
#define KEY_TV2			0x17a	/* Media Select Cable */
#define KEY_VCR			0x17b	/* Media Select VCR */
#define KEY_VCR2		0x17c	/* VCR Plus */
#define KEY_SAT			0x17d	/* Media Select Satellite */
#define KEY_SAT2		0x17e
#define KEY_CD			0x17f	/* Media Select CD */
#define KEY_TAPE		0x180	/* Media Select Tape */
#define KEY_RADIO		0x181
#define KEY_TUNER		0x182	/* Media Select Tuner */
#define KEY_PLAYER		0x183
#define KEY_TEXT		0x184
#define KEY_DVD			0x185	/* Media Select DVD */
#define KEY_AUX			0x186
#define KEY_MP3			0x187
#define KEY_AUDIO		0x188	/* AL Audio Browser */
#define KEY_VIDEO		0x189	/* AL Movie Browser */
#define KEY_DIRECTORY		0x18a
#define KEY_LIST		0x18b
#define KEY_MEMO		0x18c	/* Media Select Messages */
#define KEY_CALENDAR		0x18d
#define KEY_RED			0x18e
#define KEY_GREEN		0x18f
#define KEY_YELLOW		0x190
#define KEY_BLUE		0x191
#define KEY_CHANNELUP		0x192	/* Channel Increment */
#define KEY_CHANNELDOWN		0x193	/* Channel Decrement */
#define KEY_FIRST		0x194
#define KEY_LAST		0x195	/* Recall Last */
#define KEY_AB			0x196
#define KEY_NEXT		0x197
#define KEY_RESTART		0x198
#define KEY_SLOW		0x199
#define KEY_SHUFFLE		0x19a
#define KEY_BREAK		0x19b
#define KEY_PREVIOUS		0x19c
#define KEY_DIGITS		0x19d
#define KEY_TEEN		0x19e
#define KEY_TWEN		0x19f
#define KEY_VIDEOPHONE		0x1a0	/* Media Select Video Phone */
#define KEY_GAMES		0x1a1	/* Media Select Games */
#define KEY_ZOOMIN		0x1a2	/* AC Zoom In */
#define KEY_ZOOMOUT		0x1a3	/* AC Zoom Out */
#define KEY_ZOOMRESET		0x1a4	/* AC Zoom */
#define KEY_WORDPROCESSOR	0x1a5	/* AL Word Processor */
#define KEY_EDITOR		0x1a6	/* AL Text Editor */
#define KEY_SPREADSHEET		0x1a7	/* AL Spreadsheet */
#define KEY_GRAPHICSEDITOR	0x1a8	/* AL Graphics Editor */
#define KEY_PRESENTATION	0x1a9	/* AL Presentation App */
#define KEY_DATABASE		0x1aa	/* AL Database App */
#define KEY_NEWS		0x1ab	/* AL Newsreader */
#define KEY_VOICEMAIL		0x1ac	/* AL Voicemail */
#define KEY_ADDRESSBOOK		0x1ad	/* AL Contacts/Address Book */
#define KEY_MESSENGER		0x1ae	/* AL Instant Messaging */
#define KEY_DISPLAYTOGGLE	0x1af	/* Turn display (LCD) on and off */
#define KEY_BRIGHTNESS_TOGGLE	KEY_DISPLAYTOGGLE
#define KEY_SPELLCHECK		0x1b0   /* AL Spell Check */
#define KEY_LOGOFF		0x1b1   /* AL Logoff */

#define KEY_DOLLAR		0x1b2
#define KEY_EURO		0x1b3

#define KEY_FRAMEBACK		0x1b4	/* Consumer - transport controls */
#define KEY_FRAMEFORWARD	0x1b5
#define KEY_CONTEXT_MENU	0x1b6	/* GenDesc - system context menu */
#define KEY_MEDIA_REPEAT	0x1b7	/* Consumer - transport control */
#define KEY_10CHANNELSUP	0x1b8	/* 10 channels up (10+) */
#define KEY_10CHANNELSDOWN	0x1b9	/* 10 channels down (10-) */
#define KEY_IMAGES		0x1ba	/* AL Image Browser */

#define KEY_DEL_EOL		0x1c0
#define KEY_DEL_EOS		0x1c1
#define KEY_INS_LINE		0x1c2
#define KEY_DEL_LINE		0x1c3

#define KEY_FN			0x1d0
#define KEY_FN_ESC		0x1d1
#define KEY_FN_F1		0x1d2
#define KEY_FN_F2		0x1d3
#define KEY_FN_F3		0x1d4
#define KEY_FN_F4		0x1d5
#define KEY_FN_F5		0x1d6
#define KEY_FN_F6		0x1d7
#define KEY_FN_F7		0x1d8
#define KEY_FN_F8		0x1d9
#define KEY_FN_F9		0x1da
#define KEY_FN_F10		0x1db
#define KEY_FN_F11		0x1dc
#define KEY_FN_F12		0x1dd
#define KEY_FN_1		0x1de
#define KEY_FN_2		0x1df
#define KEY_FN_D		0x1e0
#define KEY_FN_E		0x1e1
#define KEY_FN_F		0x1e2
#define KEY_FN_S		0x1e3
#define KEY_FN_B		0x1e4

#define KEY_BRL_DOT1		0x1f1
#define KEY_BRL_DOT2		0x1f2
#define KEY_BRL_DOT3		0x1f3
#define KEY_BRL_DOT4		0x1f4
#define KEY_BRL_DOT5		0x1f5
#define KEY_BRL_DOT6		0x1f6
#define KEY_BRL_DOT7		0x1f7
#define KEY_BRL_DOT8		0x1f8
#define KEY_BRL_DOT9		0x1f9
#define KEY_BRL_DOT10		0x1fa

#define KEY_NUMERIC_0		0x200	/* used by phones, remote controls, */
#define KEY_NUMERIC_1		0x201	/* and other keypads */
#define KEY_NUMERIC_2		0x202
#define KEY_NUMERIC_3		0x203
#define KEY_NUMERIC_4		0x204
#define KEY_NUMERIC_5		0x205
#define KEY_NUMERIC_6		0x206
#define KEY_NUMERIC_7		0x207
#define KEY_NUMERIC_8		0x208
#define KEY_NUMERIC_9		0x209
#define KEY_NUMERIC_STAR	0x20a
#define KEY_NUMERIC_POUND	0x20b
#define KEY_NUMERIC_A		0x20c	/* Phone key A - HUT Telephony 0xb9 */
#define KEY_NUMERIC_B		0x20d
#define KEY_NUMERIC_C		0x20e
#define KEY_NUMERIC_D		0x20f

#define KEY_CAMERA_FOCUS	0x210
#define KEY_WPS_BUTTON		0x211	/* WiFi Protected Setup key */

#define KEY_TOUCHPAD_TOGGLE	0x212	/* Request switch touchpad on or off */
#define KEY_TOUCHPAD_ON		0x213
#define KEY_TOUCHPAD_OFF	0x214

#define KEY_CAMERA_ZOOMIN	0x215
#define KEY_CAMERA_ZOOMOUT	0x216
#define KEY_CAMERA_UP		0x217
#define KEY_CAMERA_DOWN		0x218
#define KEY_CAMERA_LEFT		0x219
#define KEY_CAMERA_RIGHT	0x21a

#define KEY_ATTENDANT_ON	0x21b
#define KEY_ATTENDANT_OFF	0x21c
#define KEY_ATTENDANT_TOGGLE	0x21d	/* Attendant call on or off */
#define KEY_LIGHTS_TOGGLE	0x21e	/* Reading light on or off */

#define BTN_DPAD_UP		0x220
#define BTN_DPAD_DOWN		0x221
#define BTN_DPAD_LEFT		0x222
#define BTN_DPAD_RIGHT		0x223

#define KEY_ALS_TOGGLE		0x230	/* Ambient light sensor */

#define KEY_BUTTONCONFIG		0x240	/* AL Button Configuration */
#define KEY_TASKMANAGER		0x241	/* AL Task/Project Manager */
#define KEY_JOURNAL		0x242	/* AL Log/Journal/Timecard */
#define KEY_CONTROLPANEL		0x243	/* AL Control Panel */
#define KEY_APPSELECT		0x244	/* AL Select Task/Application */
#define KEY_SCREENSAVER		0x245	/* AL Screen Saver */
#define KEY_VOICECOMMAND		0x246	/* Listening Voice Command */

#define KEY_BRIGHTNESS_MIN		0x250	/* Set Brightness to Minimum */
#define KEY_BRIGHTNESS_MAX		0x251	/* Set Brightness to Maximum */

#define KEY_KBDINPUTASSIST_PREV		0x260
#define KEY_KBDINPUTASSIST_NEXT		0x261
#define KEY_KBDINPUTASSIST_PREVGROUP		0x262
#define KEY_KBDINPUTASSIST_NEXTGROUP		0x263
#define KEY_KBDINPUTASSIST_ACCEPT		0x264
#define KEY_KBDINPUTASSIST_CANCEL		0x265

#define BTN_TRIGGER_HAPPY		0x2c0
#define BTN_TRIGGER_HAPPY1		0x2c0
#define BTN_TRIGGER_HAPPY2		0x2c1
#define BTN_TRIGGER_HAPPY3		0x2c2
#define BTN_TRIGGER_HAPPY4		0x2c3
#define BTN_TRIGGER_HAPPY5		0x2c4
#define BTN_TRIGGER_HAPPY6		0x2c5
#define BTN_TRIGGER_HAPPY7		0x2c6
#define BTN_TRIGGER_HAPPY8		0x2c7
#define BTN_TRIGGER_HAPPY9		0x2c8
#define BTN_TRIGGER_HAPPY10		0x2c9
#define BTN_TRIGGER_HAPPY11		0x2ca
#define BTN_TRIGGER_HAPPY12		0x2cb
#define BTN_TRIGGER_HAPPY13		0x2cc
#define BTN_TRIGGER_HAPPY14		0x2cd
#define BTN_TRIGGER_HAPPY15		0x2ce
#define BTN_TRIGGER_HAPPY16		0x2cf
#define BTN_TRIGGER_HAPPY17		0x2d0
#define BTN_TRIGGER_HAPPY18		0x2d1
#define BTN_TRIGGER_HAPPY19		0x2d2
#define BTN_TRIGGER_HAPPY20		0x2d3
#define BTN_TRIGGER_HAPPY21		0x2d4
#define BTN_TRIGGER_HAPPY22		0x2d5
#define BTN_TRIGGER_HAPPY23		0x2d6
#define BTN_TRIGGER_HAPPY24		0x2d7
#define BTN_TRIGGER_HAPPY25		0x2d8
#define BTN_TRIGGER_HAPPY26		0x2d9
#define BTN_TRIGGER_HAPPY27		0x2da
#define BTN_TRIGGER_HAPPY28		0x2db
#define BTN_TRIGGER_HAPPY29		0x2dc
#define BTN_TRIGGER_HAPPY30		0x2dd
#define BTN_TRIGGER_HAPPY31		0x2de
#define BTN_TRIGGER_HAPPY32		0x2df
#define BTN_TRIGGER_HAPPY33		0x2e0
#define BTN_TRIGGER_HAPPY34		0x2e1
#define BTN_TRIGGER_HAPPY35		0x2e2
#define BTN_TRIGGER_HAPPY36		0x2e3
#define BTN_TRIGGER_HAPPY37		0x2e4
#define BTN_TRIGGER_HAPPY38		0x2e5
#define BTN_TRIGGER_HAPPY39		0x2e6
#define BTN_TRIGGER_HAPPY40		0x2e7

/* We avoid low common keys in module aliases so they don't get huge. */
#define KEY_MIN_INTERESTING	KEY_MUTE
#define KEY_MAX			0x2ff
#define KEY_CNT			(KEY_MAX+1)

/*
 * Relative axes
 */

#define REL_X			0x00
#define REL_Y			0x01
#define REL_Z			0x02
#define REL_RX			0x03
#define REL_RY			0x04
#define REL_RZ			0x05
#define REL_HWHEEL		0x06
#define REL_DIAL		0x07
#define REL_WHEEL		0x08
#define REL_MISC		0x09
#define REL_MAX			0x0f
#define REL_CNT			(REL_MAX+1)

/*
 * Absolute axes
 */

#define ABS_X			0x00
#define ABS_Y			0x01
#define ABS_Z			0x02
#define ABS_RX			0x03
#define ABS_RY			0x04
#define ABS_RZ			0x05
#define ABS_THROTTLE		0x06
#define ABS_RUDDER		0x07
#define ABS_WHEEL		0x08
#define ABS_GAS			0x09
#define ABS_BRAKE		0x0a
#define ABS_HAT0X		0x10
#define ABS_HAT0Y		0x11
#define ABS_HAT1X		0x12
#define ABS_HAT1Y		0x13
#define ABS_HAT2X		0x14
#define ABS_HAT2Y		0x15
#define ABS_HAT3X		0x16
#define ABS_HAT3Y		0x17
#define ABS_PRESSURE		0x18
#define ABS_DISTANCE		0x19
#define ABS_TILT_X		0x1a
#define ABS_TILT_Y		0x1b
#define ABS_TOOL_WIDTH		0x1c

#define ABS_VOLUME		0x20

#define ABS_MISC		0x28

/*
 * 0x2e is reserved and should not be used in input drivers.
 * It was used by HID as ABS_MISC+6 and userspace needs to detect if
 * the next ABS_* event is correct or is just ABS_MISC + n.
 * We define here ABS_RESERVED so userspace can rely on it and detect
 * the situation described above.
 */
#define ABS_RESERVED		0x2e

#define ABS_MT_SLOT		0x2f	/* MT slot being modified */
#define ABS_MT_TOUCH_MAJOR	0x30	/* Major axis of touching ellipse */
#define ABS_MT_TOUCH_MINOR	0x31	/* Minor axis (omit if circular) */
#define ABS_MT_WIDTH_MAJOR	0x32	/* Major axis of approaching ellipse */
#define ABS_MT_WIDTH_MINOR	0x33	/* Minor axis (omit if circular) */
#define ABS_MT_ORIENTATION	0x34	/* Ellipse orientation */
#define ABS_MT_POSITION_X	0x35	/* Center X touch position */
#define ABS_MT_POSITION_Y	0x36	/* Center Y touch position */
#define ABS_MT_TOOL_TYPE	0x37	/* Type of touching device */
#define ABS_MT_BLOB_ID		0x38	/* Group a set of packets as a blob */
#define ABS_MT_TRACKING_ID	0x39	/* Unique ID of initiated contact */
#define ABS_MT_PRESSURE		0x3a	/* Pressure on contact area */
#define ABS_MT_DISTANCE		0x3b	/* Contact hover distance */
#define ABS_MT_TOOL_X		0x3c	/* Center X tool position */
#define ABS_MT_TOOL_Y		0x3d	/* Center Y tool position */


#define ABS_MAX			0x3f
#define ABS_CNT			(ABS_MAX+1)

/*
 * Switch events
 */

#define SW_LID			0x00  /* set = lid shut */
#define SW_TABLET_MODE		0x01  /* set = tablet mode */
#define SW_HEADPHONE_INSERT	0x02  /* set = inserted */
#define SW_RFKILL_ALL		0x03  /* rfkill master switch, type "any"
					 set = radio enabled */
#define SW_RADIO		SW_RFKILL_ALL	/* deprecated */
#define SW_MICROPHONE_INSERT	0x04  /* set = inserted */
#define SW_DOCK			0x05  /* set = plugged into dock */
#define SW_LINEOUT_INSERT	0x06  /* set = inserted */
#define SW_JACK_PHYSICAL_INSERT 0x07  /* set = mechanical switch set */
#define SW_VIDEOOUT_INSERT	0x08  /* set = inserted */
#define SW_CAMERA_LENS_COVER	0x09  /* set = lens covered */
#define SW_KEYPAD_SLIDE		0x0a  /* set = keypad slide out */
#define SW_FRONT_PROXIMITY	0x0b  /* set = front proximity sensor active */
#define SW_ROTATE_LOCK		0x0c  /* set = rotate locked/disabled */
#define SW_LINEIN_INSERT	0x0d  /* set = inserted */
#define SW_MUTE_DEVICE		0x0e  /* set = device disabled */
#define SW_MAX			0x0f
#define SW_CNT			(SW_MAX+1)

/*
 * Misc events
 */

#define MSC_SERIAL		0x00
#define MSC_PULSELED		0x01
#define MSC_GESTURE		0x02
#define MSC_RAW			0x03
#define MSC_SCAN		0x04
#define MSC_TIMESTAMP		0x05
#define MSC_MAX			0x07
#define MSC_CNT			(MSC_MAX+1)

/*
 * LEDs
 */

#define LED_NUML		0x00
#define LED_CAPSL		0x01
#define LED_SCROLLL		0x02
#define LED_COMPOSE		0x03
#define LED_KANA		0x04
#define LED_SLEEP		0x05
#define LED_SUSPEND		0x06
#define LED_MUTE		0x07
#define LED_MISC		0x08
#define LED_MAIL		0x09
#define LED_CHARGING		0x0a
#define LED_MAX			0x0f
#define LED_CNT			(LED_MAX+1)

/*
 * Autorepeat values
 */

#define REP_DELAY		0x00
#define REP_PERIOD		0x01
#define REP_MAX			0x01
#define REP_CNT			(REP_MAX+1)

/*
 * Sounds
 */

#define SND_CLICK		0x00
#define SND_BELL		0x01
#define SND_TONE		0x02
#define SND_MAX			0x07
#define SND_CNT			(SND_MAX+1)

#endif
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Python参考手册，官方正式版参考手册，chm版。以下摘取部分内容:Navigation index modules | next | Python » 3.6.5 Documentation » Python Documentation contents What’s New in Python What’s New In Python 3.6 Summary – Release highlights New Features PEP 498: Formatted string literals PEP 526: Syntax for variable annotations PEP 515: Underscores in Numeric Literals PEP 525: Asynchronous Generators PEP 530: Asynchronous Comprehensions PEP 487: Simpler customization of class creation PEP 487: Descriptor Protocol Enhancements PEP 519: Adding a file system path protocol PEP 495: Local Time Disambiguation PEP 529: Change Windows filesystem encoding to UTF-8 PEP 528: Change Windows console encoding to UTF-8 PEP 520: Preserving Class Attribute Definition Order PEP 468: Preserving Keyword Argument Order New dict implementation PEP 523: Adding a frame evaluation API to CPython PYTHONMALLOC environment variable DTrace and SystemTap probing support Other Language Changes New Modules secrets Improved Modules array ast asyncio binascii cmath collections concurrent.futures contextlib datetime decimal distutils email encodings enum faulthandler fileinput hashlib http.client idlelib and IDLE importlib inspect json logging math multiprocessing os pathlib pdb pickle pickletools pydoc random re readline rlcompleter shlex site sqlite3 socket socketserver ssl statistics struct subprocess sys telnetlib time timeit tkinter traceback tracemalloc typing unicodedata unittest.mock urllib.request urllib.robotparser venv warnings winreg winsound xmlrpc.client zipfile zlib Optimizations Build and C API Changes Other Improvements Deprecated New Keywords Deprecated Python behavior Deprecated Python modules, functions and methods asynchat asyncore dbm distutils grp importlib os re ssl tkinter venv Deprecated functions and types of the C API Deprecated Build Options Removed API and Feature Removals Porting to Python 3.6 Changes in ‘python’ Command Behavior Changes in the Python API Changes in the C API CPython bytecode changes Notable changes in Python 3.6.2 New make regen-all build target Removal of make touch build target Notable changes in Python 3.6.5 What’s New In Python 3.5 Summary – Release highlights New Features PEP 492 - Coroutines with async and await syntax PEP 465 - A dedicated infix operator for matrix multiplication PEP 448 - Additional Unpacking Generalizations PEP 461 - percent formatting support for bytes and bytearray PEP 484 - Type Hints PEP 471 - os.scandir() function – a better and faster directory iterator PEP 475: Retry system calls failing with EINTR PEP 479: Change StopIteration handling inside generators PEP 485: A function for testing approximate equality PEP 486: Make the Python Launcher aware of virtual environments PEP 488: Elimination of PYO files PEP 489: Multi-phase extension module initialization Other Language Changes New Modules typing zipapp Improved Modules argparse asyncio bz2 cgi cmath code collections collections.abc compileall concurrent.futures configparser contextlib csv curses dbm difflib distutils doctest email enum faulthandler functools glob gzip heapq http http.client idlelib and IDLE imaplib imghdr importlib inspect io ipaddress json linecache locale logging lzma math multiprocessing operator os pathlib pickle poplib re readline selectors shutil signal smtpd smtplib sndhdr socket ssl Memory BIO Support Application-Layer Protocol Negotiation Support Other Changes sqlite3 subprocess sys sysconfig tarfile threading time timeit tkinter traceback types unicodedata unittest unittest.mock urllib wsgiref xmlrpc xml.sax zipfile Other module-level changes Optimizations Build and C API Changes Deprecated New Keywords Deprecated Python Behavior Unsupported Operating Systems Deprecated Python modules, functions and methods Removed API and Feature Removals Porting to Python 3.5 Changes in Python behavior Changes in the Python API Changes in the C API What’s New In Python 3.4 Summary – Release Highlights New Features PEP 453: Explicit Bootstrapping of PIP in Python Installations Bootstrapping pip By Default Documentation Changes PEP 446: Newly Created File Descriptors Are Non-Inheritable Improvements to Codec Handling PEP 451: A ModuleSpec Type for the Import System Other Language Changes New Modules asyncio ensurepip enum pathlib selectors statistics tracemalloc Improved Modules abc aifc argparse audioop base64 collections colorsys contextlib dbm dis doctest email filecmp functools gc glob hashlib hmac html http idlelib and IDLE importlib inspect ipaddress logging marshal mmap multiprocessing operator os pdb pickle plistlib poplib pprint pty pydoc re resource select shelve shutil smtpd smtplib socket sqlite3 ssl stat struct subprocess sunau sys tarfile textwrap threading traceback types urllib unittest venv wave weakref xml.etree zipfile CPython Implementation Changes PEP 445: Customization of CPython Memory Allocators PEP 442: Safe Object Finalization PEP 456: Secure and Interchangeable Hash Algorithm PEP 436: Argument Clinic Other Build and C API Changes Other Improvements Significant Optimizations Deprecated Deprecations in the Python API Deprecated Features Removed Operating Systems No Longer Supported API and Feature Removals Code Cleanups Porting to Python 3.4 Changes in ‘python’ Command Behavior Changes in the Python API Changes in the C API Changed in 3.4.3 PEP 476: Enabling certificate verification by default for stdlib http clients What’s New In Python 3.3 Summary – Release highlights PEP 405: Virtual Environments PEP 420: Implicit Namespace Packages PEP 3118: New memoryview implementation and buffer protocol documentation Features API changes PEP 393: Flexible String Representation Functionality Performance and resource usage PEP 397: Python Launcher for Windows PEP 3151: Reworking the OS and IO exception hierarchy PEP 380: Syntax for Delegating to a Subgenerator PEP 409: Suppressing exception context PEP 414: Explicit Unicode literals PEP 3155: Qualified name for classes and functions PEP 412: Key-Sharing Dictionary PEP 362: Function Signature Object PEP 421: Adding sys.implementation SimpleNamespace Using importlib as the Implementation of Import New APIs Visible Changes Other Language Changes A Finer-Grained Import Lock Builtin functions and types New Modules faulthandler ipaddress lzma Improved Modules abc array base64 binascii bz2 codecs collections contextlib crypt curses datetime decimal Features API changes email Policy Framework Provisional Policy with New Header API Other API Changes ftplib functools gc hmac http html imaplib inspect io itertools logging math mmap multiprocessing nntplib os pdb pickle pydoc re sched select shlex shutil signal smtpd smtplib socket socketserver sqlite3 ssl stat struct subprocess sys tarfile tempfile textwrap threading time types unittest urllib webbrowser xml.etree.ElementTree zlib Optimizations Build and C API Changes Deprecated Unsupported Operating Systems Deprecated Python modules, functions and methods Deprecated functions and types of the C API Deprecated features Porting to Python 3.3 Porting Python code Porting C code Building C extensions Command Line Switch Changes What’s New In Python 3.2 PEP 384: Defining a Stable ABI PEP 389: Argparse Command Line Parsing Module PEP 391: Dictionary Based Configuration for Logging PEP 3148: The concurrent.futures module PEP 3147: PYC Repository Directories PEP 3149: ABI Version Tagged .so Files PEP 3333: Python Web Server Gateway Interface v1.0.1 Other Language Changes New, Improved, and Deprecated Modules email elementtree functools itertools collections threading datetime and time math abc io reprlib logging csv contextlib decimal and fractions ftp popen select gzip and zipfile tarfile hashlib ast os shutil sqlite3 html socket ssl nntp certificates imaplib http.client unittest random poplib asyncore tempfile inspect pydoc dis dbm ctypes site sysconfig pdb configparser urllib.parse mailbox turtledemo Multi-threading Optimizations Unicode Codecs Documentation IDLE Code Repository Build and C API Changes Porting to Python 3.2 What’s New In Python 3.1 PEP 372: Ordered Dictionaries PEP 378: Format Specifier for Thousands Separator Other Language Changes New, Improved, and Deprecated Modules Optimizations IDLE Build and C API Changes Porting to Python 3.1 What’s New In Python 3.0 Common Stumbling Blocks Print Is A Function Views And Iterators Instead Of Lists Ordering Comparisons Integers Text Vs. Data Instead Of Unicode Vs. 8-bit Overview Of Syntax Changes New Syntax Changed Syntax Removed Syntax Changes Already Present In Python 2.6 Library Changes PEP 3101: A New Approach To String Formatting Changes To Exceptions Miscellaneous Other Changes Operators And Special Methods Builtins Build and C API Changes Performance Porting To Python 3.0 What’s New in Python 2.7 The Future for Python 2.x Changes to the Handling of Deprecation Warnings Python 3.1 Features PEP 372: Adding an Ordered Dictionary to collections PEP 378: Format Specifier for Thousands Separator PEP 389: The argparse Module for Parsing Command Lines PEP 391: Dictionary-Based Configuration For Logging PEP 3106: Dictionary Views PEP 3137: The memoryview Object Other Language Changes Interpreter Changes Optimizations New and Improved Modules New module: importlib New module: sysconfig ttk: Themed Widgets for Tk Updated module: unittest Updated module: ElementTree 1.3 Build and C API Changes Capsules Port-Specific Changes: Windows Port-Specific Changes: Mac OS X Port-Specific Changes: FreeBSD Other Changes and Fixes Porting to Python 2.7 New Features Added to Python 2.7 Maintenance Releases PEP 434: IDLE Enhancement Exception for All Branches PEP 466: Network Security Enhancements for Python 2.7 Acknowledgements What’s New in Python 2.6 Python 3.0 Changes to the Development Process New Issue Tracker: Roundup New Documentation Format: reStructuredText Using Sphinx PEP 343: The ‘with’ statement Writing Context Managers The contextlib module PEP 366: Explicit Relative Imports From a Main Module PEP 370: Per-user site-packages Directory PEP 371: The multiprocessing Package PEP 3101: Advanced String Formatting PEP 3105: print As a Function PEP 3110: Exception-Handling Changes PEP 3112: Byte Literals PEP 3116: New I/O Library PEP 3118: Revised Buffer Protocol PEP 3119: Abstract Base Classes PEP 3127: Integer Literal Support and Syntax PEP 3129: Class Decorators PEP 3141: A Type Hierarchy for Numbers The fractions Module Other Language Changes Optimizations Interpreter Changes New and Improved Modules The ast module The future_builtins module The json module: JavaScript Object Notation The plistlib module: A Property-List Parser ctypes Enhancements Improved SSL Support Deprecations and Removals Build and C API Changes Port-Specific Changes: Windows Port-Specific Changes: Mac OS X Port-Specific Changes: IRIX Porting to Python 2.6 Acknowledgements What’s New in Python 2.5 PEP 308: Conditional Expressions PEP 309: Partial Function Application PEP 314: Metadata for Python Software Packages v1.1 PEP 328: Absolute and Relative Imports PEP 338: Executing Modules as Scripts PEP 341: Unified try/except/finally PEP 342: New Generator Features PEP 343: The ‘with’ statement Writing Context Managers The contextlib module PEP 352: Exceptions as New-Style Classes PEP 353: Using ssize_t as the index type PEP 357: The ‘__index__’ method Other Language Changes Interactive Interpreter Changes Optimizations New, Improved, and Removed Modules The ctypes package The ElementTree package The hashlib package The sqlite3 package The wsgiref package Build and C API Changes Port-Specific Changes Porting to Python 2.5 Acknowledgements What’s New in Python 2.4 PEP 218: Built-In Set Objects PEP 237: Unifying Long Integers and Integers PEP 289: Generator Expressions PEP 292: Simpler String Substitutions PEP 318: Decorators for Functions and Methods PEP 322: Reverse Iteration PEP 324: New subprocess Module PEP 327: Decimal Data Type Why is Decimal needed? The Decimal type The Context type PEP 328: Multi-line Imports PEP 331: Locale-Independent Float/String Conversions Other Language Changes Optimizations New, Improved, and Deprecated Modules cookielib doctest Build and C API Changes Port-Specific Changes Porting to Python 2.4 Acknowledgements What’s New in Python 2.3 PEP 218: A Standard Set Datatype PEP 255: Simple Generators PEP 263: Source Code Encodings PEP 273: Importing Modules from ZIP Archives PEP 277: Unicode file name support for Windows NT PEP 278: Universal Newline Support PEP 279: enumerate() PEP 282: The logging Package PEP 285: A Boolean Type PEP 293: Codec Error Handling Callbacks PEP 301: Package Index and Metadata for Distutils PEP 302: New Import Hooks PEP 305: Comma-separated Files PEP 307: Pickle Enhancements Extended Slices Other Language Changes String Changes Optimizations New, Improved, and Deprecated Modules Date/Time Type The optparse Module Pymalloc: A Specialized Object Allocator Build and C API Changes Port-Specific Changes Other Changes and Fixes Porting to Python 2.3 Acknowledgements What’s New in Python 2.2 Introduction PEPs 252 and 253: Type and Class Changes Old and New Classes Descriptors Multiple Inheritance: The Diamond Rule Attribute Access Related Links PEP 234: Iterators PEP 255: Simple Generators PEP 237: Unifying Long Integers and Integers PEP 238: Changing the Division Operator Unicode Changes PEP 227: Nested Scopes New and Improved Modules Interpreter Changes and Fixes Other Changes and Fixes Acknowledgements What’s New in Python 2.1 Introduction PEP 227: Nested Scopes PEP 236: __future__ Directives PEP 207: Rich Comparisons PEP 230: Warning Framework PEP 229: New Build System PEP 205: Weak References PEP 232: Function Attributes PEP 235: Importing Modules on Case-Insensitive Platforms PEP 217: Interactive Display Hook PEP 208: New Coercion Model PEP 241: Metadata in Python Packages New and Improved Modules Other Changes and Fixes Acknowledgements What’s New in Python 2.0 Introduction What About Python 1.6? New Development Process Unicode List Comprehensions Augmented Assignment String Methods Garbage Collection of Cycles Other Core Changes Minor Language Changes Changes to Built-in Functions Porting to 2.0 Extending/Embedding Changes Distutils: Making Modules Easy to Install XML Modules SAX2 Support DOM Support Relationship to PyXML Module changes New modules IDLE Improvements Deleted and Deprecated Modules Acknowledgements Changelog Python 3.6.5 final? Tests Build Python 3.6.5 release candidate 1? Security Core and Builtins Library Documentation Tests Build Windows macOS IDLE Tools/Demos C API Python 3.6.4 final? Python 3.6.4 release candidate 1? Core and Builtins Library Documentation Tests Build Windows macOS IDLE Tools/Demos C API Python 3.6.3 final? Library Build Python 3.6.3 release candidate 1? Security Core and Builtins Library Documentation Tests Build Windows IDLE Tools/Demos Python 3.6.2 final? Python 3.6.2 release candidate 2? Security Python 3.6.2 release candidate 1? Core and Builtins Library Security Library IDLE C API Build Documentation Tools/Demos Tests Windows Python 3.6.1 final? Core and Builtins Build Python 3.6.1 release candidate 1? Core and Builtins Library IDLE Windows C API Documentation Tests Build Python 3.6.0 final? Python 3.6.0 release candidate 2? Core and Builtins Tools/Demos Windows Build Python 3.6.0 release candidate 1? Core and Builtins Library C API Documentation Tools/Demos Python 3.6.0 beta 4? Core and Builtins Library Documentation Tests Build Python 3.6.0 beta 3? Core and Builtins Library Windows Build Tests Python 3.6.0 beta 2? Core and Builtins Library Windows C API Build Tests Python 3.6.0 beta 1? Core and Builtins Library IDLE C API Tests Build Tools/Demos Windows Python 3.6.0 alpha 4? Core and Builtins Library IDLE Tests Windows Build Python 3.6.0 alpha 3? Core and Builtins Library Security Library Security Library IDLE C API Build Tools/Demos Documentation Tests Python 3.6.0 alpha 2? Core and Builtins Library Security Library Security Library IDLE Documentation Tests Windows Build Windows C API Tools/Demos Python 3.6.0 alpha 1? Core and Builtins Library Security Library Security Library Security Library IDLE Documentation Tests Build Windows Tools/Demos C API Python 3.5.3 final? Python 3.5.3 release candidate 1? Core and Builtins Library Security Library Security Library IDLE C API Documentation Tests Tools/Demos Windows Build Python 3.5.2 final? Core and Builtins Tests IDLE Python 3.5.2 release candidate 1? Core and Builtins Security Library Security Library Security Library Security Library Security Library IDLE Documentation Tests Build Windows Tools/Demos Windows Python 3.5.1 final? Core and Builtins Windows Python 3.5.1 release candidate 1? Core and Builtins Library IDLE Documentation Tests Build Windows Tools/Demos Python 3.5.0 final? Build Python 3.5.0 release candidate 4? Library Build Python 3.5.0 release candidate 3? Core and Builtins Library Python 3.5.0 release candidate 2? Core and Builtins Library Python 3.5.0 release candidate 1? Core and Builtins Library IDLE Documentation Tests Python 3.5.0 beta 4? Core and Builtins Library Build Python 3.5.0 beta 3? Core and Builtins Library Tests Documentation Build Python 3.5.0 beta 2? Core and Builtins Library Python 3.5.0 beta 1? Core and Builtins Library IDLE Tests Documentation Tools/Demos Python 3.5.0 alpha 4? Core and Builtins Library Build Tests Tools/Demos C API Python 3.5.0 alpha 3? Core and Builtins Library Build Tests Tools/Demos Python 3.5.0 alpha 2? Core and Builtins Library Build C API Windows Python 3.5.0 alpha 1? Core and Builtins Library IDLE Build C API Documentation Tests Tools/Demos Windows The Python Tutorial 1. Whetting Your Appetite 2. Using the Python Interpreter 2.1. Invoking the Interpreter 2.1.1. Argument Passing 2.1.2. Interactive Mode 2.2. The Interpreter and Its Environment 2.2.1. Source Code Encoding 3. An Informal Introduction to Python 3.1. Using Python as a Calculator 3.1.1. Numbers 3.1.2. Strings 3.1.3. Lists 3.2. First Steps Towards Programming 4. More Control Flow Tools 4.1. if Statements 4.2. for Statements 4.3. The range() Function 4.4. break and continue Statements, and else Clauses on Loops 4.5. pass Statements 4.6. Defining Functions 4.7. More on Defining Functions 4.7.1. Default Argument Values 4.7.2. Keyword Arguments 4.7.3. Arbitrary Argument Lists 4.7.4. Unpacking Argument Lists 4.7.5. Lambda Expressions 4.7.6. Documentation Strings 4.7.7. Function Annotations 4.8. Intermezzo: Coding Style 5. Data Structures 5.1. More on Lists 5.1.1. Using Lists as Stacks 5.1.2. Using Lists as Queues 5.1.3. List Comprehensions 5.1.4. Nested List Comprehensions 5.2. The del statement 5.3. Tuples and Sequences 5.4. Sets 5.5. Dictionaries 5.6. Looping Techniques 5.7. More on Conditions 5.8. Comparing Sequences and Other Types 6. Modules 6.1. More on Modules 6.1.1. Executing modules as scripts 6.1.2. The Module Search Path 6.1.3. “Compiled” Python files 6.2. Standard Modules 6.3. The dir() Function 6.4. Packages 6.4.1. Importing * From a Package 6.4.2. Intra-package References 6.4.3. Packages in Multiple Directories 7. Input and Output 7.1. Fancier Output Formatting 7.1.1. Old string formatting 7.2. Reading and Writing Files 7.2.1. Methods of File Objects 7.2.2. Saving structured data with json 8. Errors and Exceptions 8.1. Syntax Errors 8.2. Exceptions 8.3. Handling Exceptions 8.4. Raising Exceptions 8.5. User-defined Exceptions 8.6. Defining Clean-up Actions 8.7. Predefined Clean-up Actions 9. Classes 9.1. A Word About Names and Objects 9.2. Python Scopes and Namespaces 9.2.1. Scopes and Namespaces Example 9.3. A First Look at Classes 9.3.1. Class Definition Syntax 9.3.2. Class Objects 9.3.3. Instance Objects 9.3.4. Method Objects 9.3.5. Class and Instance Variables 9.4. Random Remarks 9.5. Inheritance 9.5.1. Multiple Inheritance 9.6. Private Variables 9.7. Odds and Ends 9.8. Iterators 9.9. Generators 9.10. Generator Expressions 10. Brief Tour of the Standard Library 10.1. Operating System Interface 10.2. File Wildcards 10.3. Command Line Arguments 10.4. Error Output Redirection and Program Termination 10.5. String Pattern Matching 10.6. Mathematics 10.7. Internet Access 10.8. Dates and Times 10.9. Data Compression 10.10. Performance Measurement 10.11. Quality Control 10.12. Batteries Included 11. Brief Tour of the Standard Library — Part II 11.1. Output Formatting 11.2. Templating 11.3. Working with Binary Data Record Layouts 11.4. Multi-threading 11.5. Logging 11.6. Weak References 11.7. Tools for Working with Lists 11.8. Decimal Floating Point Arithmetic 12. Virtual Environments and Packages 12.1. Introduction 12.2. Creating Virtual Environments 12.3. Managing Packages with pip 13. What Now? 14. Interactive Input Editing and History Substitution 14.1. Tab Completion and History Editing 14.2. Alternatives to the Interactive Interpreter 15. Floating Point Arithmetic: Issues and Limitations 15.1. Representation Error 16. Appendix 16.1. Interactive Mode 16.1.1. Error Handling 16.1.2. Executable Python Scripts 16.1.3. The Interactive Startup File 16.1.4. The Customization Modules Python Setup and Usage 1. Command line and environment 1.1. Command line 1.1.1. Interface options 1.1.2. Generic options 1.1.3. Miscellaneous options 1.1.4. Options you shouldn’t use 1.2. Environment variables 1.2.1. Debug-mode variables 2. Using Python on Unix platforms 2.1. Getting and installing the latest version of Python 2.1.1. On Linux 2.1.2. On FreeBSD and OpenBSD 2.1.3. On OpenSolaris 2.2. Building Python 2.3. Python-related paths and files 2.4. Miscellaneous 2.5. Editors and IDEs 3. Using Python on Windows 3.1. Installing Python 3.1.1. Supported Versions 3.1.2. Installation Steps 3.1.3. Removing the MAX_PATH Limitation 3.1.4. Installing Without UI 3.1.5. Installing Without Downloading 3.1.6. Modifying an install 3.1.7. Other Platforms 3.2. Alternative bundles 3.3. Configuring Python 3.3.1. Excursus: Setting environment variables 3.3.2. Finding the Python executable 3.4. Python Launcher for Windows 3.4.1. Getting started 3.4.1.1. From the command-line 3.4.1.2. Virtual environments 3.4.1.3. From a script 3.4.1.4. From file associations 3.4.2. Shebang Lines 3.4.3. Arguments in shebang lines 3.4.4. Customization 3.4.4.1. Customization via INI files 3.4.4.2. Customizing default Python versions 3.4.5. Diagnostics 3.5. Finding modules 3.6. Additional modules 3.6.1. PyWin32 3.6.2. cx_Freeze 3.6.3. WConio 3.7. Compiling Python on Windows 3.8. Embedded Distribution 3.8.1. Python Application 3.8.2. Embedding Python 3.9. Other resources 4. Using Python on a Macintosh 4.1. Getting and Installing MacPython 4.1.1. How to run a Python script 4.1.2. Running scripts with a GUI 4.1.3. Configuration 4.2. The IDE 4.3. Installing Additional Python Packages 4.4. GUI Programming on the Mac 4.5. Distributing Python Applications on the Mac 4.6. Other Resources The Python Language Reference 1. Introduction 1.1. Alternate Implementations 1.2. Notation 2. Lexical analysis 2.1. Line structure 2.1.1. Logical lines 2.1.2. Physical lines 2.1.3. Comments 2.1.4. Encoding declarations 2.1.5. Explicit line joining 2.1.6. Implicit line joining 2.1.7. Blank lines 2.1.8. Indentation 2.1.9. Whitespace between tokens 2.2. Other tokens 2.3. Identifiers and keywords 2.3.1. Keywords 2.3.2. Reserved classes of identifiers 2.4. Literals 2.4.1. String and Bytes literals 2.4.2. String literal concatenation 2.4.3. Formatted string literals 2.4.4. Numeric literals 2.4.5. Integer literals 2.4.6. Floating point literals 2.4.7. Imaginary literals 2.5. Operators 2.6. Delimiters 3. Data model 3.1. Objects, values and types 3.2. The standard type hierarchy 3.3. Special method names 3.3.1. Basic customization 3.3.2. Customizing attribute access 3.3.2.1. Customizing module attribute access 3.3.2.2. Implementing Descriptors 3.3.2.3. Invoking Descriptors 3.3.2.4. __slots__ 3.3.2.4.1. Notes on using __slots__ 3.3.3. Customizing class creation 3.3.3.1. Metaclasses 3.3.3.2. Determining the appropriate metaclass 3.3.3.3. Preparing the class namespace 3.3.3.4. Executing the class body 3.3.3.5. Creating the class object 3.3.3.6. Metaclass example 3.3.4. Customizing instance and subclass checks 3.3.5. Emulating callable objects 3.3.6. Emulating container types 3.3.7. Emulating numeric types 3.3.8. With Statement Context Managers 3.3.9. Special method lookup 3.4. Coroutines 3.4.1. Awaitable Objects 3.4.2. Coroutine Objects 3.4.3. Asynchronous Iterators 3.4.4. Asynchronous Context Managers 4. Execution model 4.1. Structure of a program 4.2. Naming and binding 4.2.1. Binding of names 4.2.2. Resolution of names 4.2.3. Builtins and restricted execution 4.2.4. Interaction with dynamic features 4.3. Exceptions 5. The import system 5.1. importlib 5.2. Packages 5.2.1. Regular packages 5.2.2. Namespace packages 5.3. Searching 5.3.1. The module cache 5.3.2. Finders and loaders 5.3.3. Import hooks 5.3.4. The meta path 5.4. Loading 5.4.1. Loaders 5.4.2. Submodules 5.4.3. Module spec 5.4.4. Import-related module attributes 5.4.5. module.__path__ 5.4.6. Module reprs 5.5. The Path Based Finder 5.5.1. Path entry finders 5.5.2. Path entry finder protocol 5.6. Replacing the standard import system 5.7. Special considerations for __main__ 5.7.1. __main__.__spec__ 5.8. Open issues 5.9. References 6. Expressions 6.1. Arithmetic conversions 6.2. Atoms 6.2.1. Identifiers (Names) 6.2.2. Literals 6.2.3. Parenthesized forms 6.2.4. Displays for lists, sets and dictionaries 6.2.5. List displays 6.2.6. Set displays 6.2.7. Dictionary displays 6.2.8. Generator expressions 6.2.9. Yield expressions 6.2.9.1. Generator-iterator methods 6.2.9.2. Examples 6.2.9.3. Asynchronous generator functions 6.2.9.4. Asynchronous generator-iterator methods 6.3. Primaries 6.3.1. Attribute references 6.3.2. Subscriptions 6.3.3. Slicings 6.3.4. Calls 6.4. Await expression 6.5. The power operator 6.6. Unary arithmetic and bitwise operations 6.7. Binary arithmetic operations 6.8. Shifting operations 6.9. Binary bitwise operations 6.10. Comparisons 6.10.1. Value comparisons 6.10.2. Membership test operations 6.10.3. Identity comparisons 6.11. Boolean operations 6.12. Conditional expressions 6.13. Lambdas 6.14. Expression lists 6.15. Evaluation order 6.16. Operator precedence 7. Simple statements 7.1. Expression statements 7.2. Assignment statements 7.2.1. Augmented assignment statements 7.2.2. Annotated assignment statements 7.3. The assert statement 7.4. The pass statement 7.5. The del statement 7.6. The return statement 7.7. The yield statement 7.8. The raise statement 7.9. The break statement 7.10. The continue statement 7.11. The import statement 7.11.1. Future statements 7.12. The global statement 7.13. The nonlocal statement 8. Compound statements 8.1. The if statement 8.2. The while statement 8.3. The for statement 8.4. The try statement 8.5. The with statement 8.6. Function definitions 8.7. Class definitions 8.8. Coroutines 8.8.1. Coroutine function definition 8.8.2. The async for statement 8.8.3. The async with statement 9. Top-level components 9.1. Complete Python programs 9.2. File input 9.3. Interactive input 9.4. Expression input 10. Full Grammar specification The Python Standard Library 1. Introduction 2. Built-in Functions 3. Built-in Constants 3.1. Constants added by the site module 4. Built-in Types 4.1. Truth Value Testing 4.2. Boolean Operations — and, or, not 4.3. Comparisons 4.4. Numeric Types — int, float, complex 4.4.1. Bitwise Operations on Integer Types 4.4.2. Additional Methods on Integer Types 4.4.3. Additional Methods on Float 4.4.4. Hashing of numeric types 4.5. Iterator Types 4.5.1. Generator Types 4.6. Sequence Types — list, tuple, range 4.6.1. Common Sequence Operations 4.6.2. Immutable Sequence Types 4.6.3. Mutable Sequence Types 4.6.4. Lists 4.6.5. Tuples 4.6.6. Ranges 4.7. Text Sequence Type — str 4.7.1. String Methods 4.7.2. printf-style String Formatting 4.8. Binary Sequence Types — bytes, bytearray, memoryview 4.8.1. Bytes Objects 4.8.2. Bytearray Objects 4.8.3. Bytes and Bytearray Operations 4.8.4. printf-style Bytes Formatting 4.8.5. Memory Views 4.9. Set Types — set, frozenset 4.10. Mapping Types — dict 4.10.1. Dictionary view objects 4.11. Context Manager Types 4.12. Other Built-in Types 4.12.1. Modules 4.12.2. Classes and Class Instances 4.12.3. Functions 4.12.4. Methods 4.12.5. Code Objects 4.12.6. Type Objects 4.12.7. The Null Object 4.12.8. The Ellipsis Object 4.12.9. The NotImplemented Object 4.12.10. Boolean Values 4.12.11. Internal Objects 4.13. Special Attributes 5. Built-in Exceptions 5.1. Base classes 5.2. Concrete exceptions 5.2.1. OS exceptions 5.3. Warnings 5.4. Exception hierarchy 6. Text Processing Services 6.1. string — Common string operations 6.1.1. String constants 6.1.2. Custom String Formatting 6.1.3. Format String Syntax 6.1.3.1. Format Specification Mini-Language 6.1.3.2. Format examples 6.1.4. Template strings 6.1.5. Helper functions 6.2. re — Regular expression operations 6.2.1. Regular Expression Syntax 6.2.2. Module Contents 6.2.3. Regular Expression Objects 6.2.4. Match Objects 6.2.5. Regular Expression Examples 6.2.5.1. Checking for a Pair 6.2.5.2. Simulating scanf() 6.2.5.3. search() vs. match() 6.2.5.4. Making a Phonebook 6.2.5.5. Text Munging 6.2.5.6. Finding all Adverbs 6.2.5.7. Finding all Adverbs and their Positions 6.2.5.8. Raw String Notation 6.2.5.9. Writing a Tokenizer 6.3. difflib — Helpers for computing deltas 6.3.1. SequenceMatcher Objects 6.3.2. SequenceMatcher Examples 6.3.3. Differ Objects 6.3.4. Differ Example 6.3.5. A command-line interface to difflib 6.4. textwrap — Text wrapping and filling 6.5. unicodedata — Unicode Database 6.6. stringprep — Internet String Preparation 6.7. readline — GNU readline interface 6.7.1. Init file 6.7.2. Line buffer 6.7.3. History file 6.7.4. History list 6.7.5. Startup hooks 6.7.6. Completion 6.7.7. Example 6.8. rlcompleter — Completion function for GNU readline 6.8.1. Completer Objects 7. Binary Data Services 7.1. struct — Interpret bytes as packed binary data 7.1.1. Functions and Exceptions 7.1.2. Format Strings 7.1.2.1. Byte Order, Size, and Alignment 7.1.2.2. Format Characters 7.1.2.3. Examples 7.1.3. Classes 7.2. codecs — Codec registry and base classes 7.2.1. Codec Base Classes 7.2.1.1. Error Handlers 7.2.1.2. Stateless Encoding and Decoding 7.2.1.3. Incremental Encoding and Decoding 7.2.1.3.1. IncrementalEncoder Objects 7.2.1.3.2. IncrementalDecoder Objects 7.2.1.4. Stream Encoding and Decoding 7.2.1.4.1. StreamWriter Objects 7.2.1.4.2. StreamReader Objects 7.2.1.4.3. StreamReaderWriter Objects 7.2.1.4.4. StreamRecoder Objects 7.2.2. Encodings and Unicode 7.2.3. Standard Encodings 7.2.4. Python Specific Encodings 7.2.4.1. Text Encodings 7.2.4.2. Binary Transforms 7.2.4.3. Text Transforms 7.2.5. encodings.idna — Internationalized Domain Names in Applications 7.2.6. encodings.mbcs — Windows ANSI codepage 7.2.7. encodings.utf_8_sig — UTF-8 codec with BOM signature 8. Data Types 8.1. datetime — Basic date and time types 8.1.1. Available Types 8.1.2. timedelta Objects 8.1.3. date Objects 8.1.4. datetime Objects 8.1.5. time Objects 8.1.6. tzinfo Objects 8.1.7. timezone Objects 8.1.8. strftime() and strptime() Behavior 8.2. calendar — General calendar-related functions 8.3. collections — Container datatypes 8.3.1. ChainMap objects 8.3.1.1. ChainMap Examples and Recipes 8.3.2. Counter objects 8.3.3. deque objects 8.3.3.1. deque Recipes 8.3.4. defaultdict objects 8.3.4.1. defaultdict Examples 8.3.5. namedtuple() Factory Function for Tuples with Named Fields 8.3.6. OrderedDict objects 8.3.6.1. OrderedDict Examples and Recipes 8.3.7. UserDict objects 8.3.8. UserList objects 8.3.9. UserString objects 8.4. collections.abc — Abstract Base Classes for Containers 8.4.1. Collections Abstract Base Classes 8.5. heapq — Heap queue algorithm 8.5.1. Basic Examples 8.5.2. Priority Queue Implementation Notes 8.5.3. Theory 8.6. bisect — Array bisection algorithm 8.6.1. Searching Sorted Lists 8.6.2. Other Examples 8.7. array — Efficient arrays of numeric values 8.8. weakref — Weak references 8.8.1. Weak Reference Objects 8.8.2. Example 8.8.3. Finalizer Objects 8.8.4. Comparing finalizers with __del__() methods 8.9. types — Dynamic type creation and names for built-in types 8.9.1. Dynamic Type Creation 8.9.2. Standard Interpreter Types 8.9.3. Additional Utility Classes and Functions 8.9.4. Coroutine Utility Functions 8.10. copy — Shallow and deep copy operations 8.11. pprint — Data pretty printer 8.11.1. PrettyPrinter Objects 8.11.2. Example 8.12. reprlib — Alternate repr() implementation 8.12.1. Repr Objects 8.12.2. Subclassing Repr Objects 8.13. enum — Support for enumerations 8.13.1. Module Contents 8.13.2. Creating an Enum 8.13.3. Programmatic access to enumeration members and their attributes 8.13.4. Duplicating enum members and values 8.13.5. Ensuring unique enumeration values 8.13.6. Using automatic values 8.13.7. Iteration 8.13.8. Comparisons 8.13.9. Allowed members and attributes of enumerations 8.13.10. Restricted subclassing of enumerations 8.13.11. Pickling 8.13.12. Functional API 8.13.13. Derived Enumerations 8.13.13.1. IntEnum 8.13.13.2. IntFlag 8.13.13.3. Flag 8.13.13.4. Others 8.13.14. Interesting examples 8.13.14.1. Omitting values 8.13.14.1.1. Using auto 8.13.14.1.2. Using object 8.13.14.1.3. Using a descriptive string 8.13.14.1.4. Using a custom __new__() 8.13.14.2. OrderedEnum 8.13.14.3. DuplicateFreeEnum 8.13.14.4. Planet 8.13.15. How are Enums different? 8.13.15.1. Enum Classes 8.13.15.2. Enum Members (aka instances) 8.13.15.3. Finer Points 8.13.15.3.1. Supported __dunder__ names 8.13.15.3.2. Supported _sunder_ names 8.13.15.3.3. Enum member type 8.13.15.3.4. Boolean value of Enum classes and members 8.13.15.3.5. Enum classes with methods 8.13.15.3.6. Combining members of Flag 9. Numeric and Mathematical Modules 9.1. numbers — Numeric abstract base classes 9.1.1. The numeric tower 9.1.2. Notes for type implementors 9.1.2.1. Adding More Numeric ABCs 9.1.2.2. Implementing the arithmetic operations 9.2. math — Mathematical functions 9.2.1. Number-theoretic and representation functions 9.2.2. Power and logarithmic functions 9.2.3. Trigonometric functions 9.2.4. Angular conversion 9.2.5. Hyperbolic functions 9.2.6. Special functions 9.2.7. Constants 9.3. cmath — Mathematical functions for complex numbers 9.3.1. Conversions to and from polar coordinates 9.3.2. Power and logarithmic functions 9.3.3. Trigonometric functions 9.3.4. Hyperbolic functions 9.3.5. Classification functions 9.3.6. Constants 9.4. decimal — Decimal fixed point and floating point arithmetic 9.4.1. Quick-start Tutorial 9.4.2. Decimal objects 9.4.2.1. Logical operands 9.4.3. Context objects 9.4.4. Constants 9.4.5. Rounding modes 9.4.6. Signals 9.4.7. Floating Point Notes 9.4.7.1. Mitigating round-off error with increased precision 9.4.7.2. Special values 9.4.8. Working with threads 9.4.9. Recipes 9.4.10. Decimal FAQ 9.5. fractions — Rational numbers 9.6. random — Generate pseudo-random numbers 9.6.1. Bookkeeping functions 9.6.2. Functions for integers 9.6.3. Functions for sequences 9.6.4. Real-valued distributions 9.6.5. Alternative Generator 9.6.6. Notes on Reproducibility 9.6.7. Examples and Recipes 9.7. statistics — Mathematical statistics functions 9.7.1. Averages and measures of central location 9.7.2. Measures of spread 9.7.3. Function details 9.7.4. Exceptions 10. Functional Programming Modules 10.1. itertools — Functions creating iterators for efficient looping 10.1.1. Itertool functions 10.1.2. Itertools Recipes 10.2. functools — Higher-order functions and operations on callable objects 10.2.1. partial Objects 10.3. operator — Standard operators as functions 10.3.1. Mapping Operators to Functions 10.3.2. Inplace Operators 11. File and Directory Access 11.1. pathlib — Object-oriented filesystem paths 11.1.1. Basic use 11.1.2. Pure paths 11.1.2.1. General properties 11.1.2.2. Operators 11.1.2.3. Accessing individual parts 11.1.2.4. Methods and properties 11.1.3. Concrete paths 11.1.3.1. Methods 11.2. os.path — Common pathname manipulations 11.3. fileinput — Iterate over lines from multiple input streams 11.4. stat — Interpreting stat() results 11.5. filecmp — File and Directory Comparisons 11.5.1. The dircmp class 11.6. tempfile — Generate temporary files and directories 11.6.1. Examples 11.6.2. Deprecated functions and variables 11.7. glob — Unix style pathname pattern expansion 11.8. fnmatch — Unix filename pattern matching 11.9. linecache — Random access to text lines 11.10. shutil — High-level file operations 11.10.1. Directory and files operations 11.10.1.1. copytree example 11.10.1.2. rmtree example 11.10.2. Archiving operations 11.10.2.1. Archiving example 11.10.3. Querying the size of the output terminal 11.11. macpath — Mac OS 9 path manipulation functions 12. Data Persistence 12.1. pickle — Python object serialization 12.1.1. Relationship to other Python modules 12.1.1.1. Comparison with marshal 12.1.1.2. Comparison with json 12.1.2. Data stream format 12.1.3. Module Interface 12.1.4. What can be pickled and unpickled? 12.1.5. Pickling Class Instances 12.1.5.1. Persistence of External Objects 12.1.5.2. Dispatch Tables 12.1.5.3. Handling Stateful Objects 12.1.6. Restricting Globals 12.1.7. Performance 12.1.8. Examples 12.2. copyreg — Register pickle support functions 12.2.1. Example 12.3. shelve — Python object persistence 12.3.1. Restrictions 12.3.2. Example 12.4. marshal — Internal Python object serialization 12.5. dbm — Interfaces to Unix “databases” 12.5.1. dbm.gnu — GNU’s reinterpretation of dbm 12.5.2. dbm.ndbm — Interface based on ndbm 12.5.3. dbm.dumb — Portable DBM implementation 12.6. sqlite3 — DB-API 2.0 interface for SQLite databases 12.6.1. Module functions and constants 12.6.2. Connection Objects 12.6.3. Cursor Objects 12.6.4. Row Objects 12.6.5. Exceptions 12.6.6. SQLite and Python types 12.6.6.1. Introduction 12.6.6.2. Using adapters to store additional Python types in SQLite databases 12.6.6.2.1. Letting your object adapt itself 12.6.6.2.2. Registering an adapter callable 12.6.6.3. Converting SQLite values to custom Python types 12.6.6.4. Default adapters and converters 12.6.7. Controlling Transactions 12.6.8. Using sqlite3 efficiently 12.6.8.1. Using shortcut methods 12.6.8.2. Accessing columns by name instead of by index 12.6.8.3. Using the connection as a context manager 12.6.9. Common issues 12.6.9.1. Multithreading 13. Data Compression and Archiving 13.1. zlib — Compression compatible with gzip 13.2. gzip — Support for gzip files 13.2.1. Examples of usage 13.3. bz2 — Support for bzip2 compression 13.3.1. (De)compression of files 13.3.2. Incremental (de)compression 13.3.3. One-shot (de)compression 13.4. lzma — Compression using the LZMA algorithm 13.4.1. Reading and writing compressed files 13.4.2. Compressing and decompressing data in memory 13.4.3. Miscellaneous 13.4.4. Specifying custom filter chains 13.4.5. Examples 13.5. zipfile — Work with ZIP archives 13.5.1. ZipFile Objects 13.5.2. PyZipFile Objects 13.5.3. ZipInfo Objects 13.5.4. Command-Line Interface 13.5.4.1. Command-line options 13.6. tarfile — Read and write tar archive files 13.6.1. TarFile Objects 13.6.2. TarInfo Objects 13.6.3. Command-Line Interface 13.6.3.1. Command-line options 13.6.4. Examples 13.6.5. Supported tar formats 13.6.6. Unicode issues 14. File Formats 14.1. csv — CSV File Reading and Writing 14.1.1. Module Contents 14.1.2. Dialects and Formatting Parameters 14.1.3. Reader Objects 14.1.4. Writer Objects 14.1.5. Examples 14.2. configparser — Configuration file parser 14.2.1. Quick Start 14.2.2. Supported Datatypes 14.2.3. Fallback Values 14.2.4. Supported INI File Structure 14.2.5. Interpolation of values 14.2.6. Mapping Protocol Access 14.2.7. Customizing Parser Behaviour 14.2.8. Legacy API Examples 14.2.9. ConfigParser Objects 14.2.10. RawConfigParser Objects 14.2.11. Exceptions 14.3. netrc — netrc file processing 14.3.1. netrc Objects 14.4. xdrlib — Encode and decode XDR data 14.4.1. Packer Objects 14.4.2. Unpacker Objects 14.4.3. Exceptions 14.5. plistlib — Generate and parse Mac OS X .plist files 14.5.1. Examples 15. Cryptographic Services 15.1. hashlib — Secure hashes and message digests 15.1.1. Hash algorithms 15.1.2. SHAKE variable length digests 15.1.3. Key derivation 15.1.4. BLAKE2 15.1.4.1. Creating hash objects 15.1.4.2. Constants 15.1.4.3. Examples 15.1.4.3.1. Simple hashing 15.1.4.3.2. Using different digest sizes 15.1.4.3.3. Keyed hashing 15.1.4.3.4. Randomized hashing 15.1.4.3.5. Personalization 15.1.4.3.6. Tree mode 15.1.4.4. Credits 15.2. hmac — Keyed-Hashing for Message Authentication 15.3. secrets — Generate secure random numbers for managing secrets 15.3.1. Random numbers 15.3.2. Generating tokens 15.3.2.1. How many bytes should tokens use? 15.3.3. Other functions 15.3.4. Recipes and best practices 16. Generic Operating System Services 16.1. os — Miscellaneous operating system interfaces 16.1.1. File Names, Command Line Arguments, and Environment Variables 16.1.2. Process Parameters 16.1.3. File Object Creation 16.1.4. File Descriptor Operations 16.1.4.1. Querying the size of a terminal 16.1.4.2. Inheritance of File Descriptors 16.1.5. Files and Directories 16.1.5.1. Linux extended attributes 16.1.6. Process Management 16.1.7. Interface to the scheduler 16.1.8. Miscellaneous System Information 16.1.9. Random numbers 16.2. io — Core tools for working with streams 16.2.1. Overview 16.2.1.1. Text I/O 16.2.1.2. Binary I/O 16.2.1.3. Raw I/O 16.2.2. High-level Module Interface 16.2.2.1. In-memory streams 16.2.3. Class hierarchy 16.2.3.1. I/O Base Classes 16.2.3.2. Raw File I/O 16.2.3.3. Buffered Streams 16.2.3.4. Text I/O 16.2.4. Performance 16.2.4.1. Binary I/O 16.2.4.2. Text I/O 16.2.4.3. Multi-threading 16.2.4.4. Reentrancy 16.3. time — Time access and conversions 16.3.1. Functions 16.3.2. Clock ID Constants 16.3.3. Timezone Constants 16.4. argparse — Parser for command-line options, arguments and sub-commands 16.4.1. Example 16.4.1.1. Creating a parser 16.4.1.2. Adding arguments 16.4.1.3. Parsing arguments 16.4.2. ArgumentParser objects 16.4.2.1. prog 16.4.2.2. usage 16.4.2.3. description 16.4.2.4. epilog 16.4.2.5. parents 16.4.2.6. formatter_class 16.4.2.7. prefix_chars 16.4.2.8. fromfile_prefix_chars 16.4.2.9. argument_default 16.4.2.10. allow_abbrev 16.4.2.11. conflict_handler 16.4.2.12. add_help 16.4.3. The add_argument() method 16.4.3.1. name or flags 16.4.3.2. action 16.4.3.3. nargs 16.4.3.4. const 16.4.3.5. default 16.4.3.6. type 16.4.3.7. choices 16.4.3.8. required 16.4.3.9. help 16.4.3.10. metavar 16.4.3.11. dest 16.4.3.12. Action classes 16.4.4. The parse_args() method 16.4.4.1. Option value syntax 16.4.4.2. Invalid arguments 16.4.4.3. Arguments containing - 16.4.4.4. Argument abbreviations (prefix matching) 16.4.4.5. Beyond sys.argv 16.4.4.6. The Namespace object 16.4.5. Other utilities 16.4.5.1. Sub-commands 16.4.5.2. FileType objects 16.4.5.3. Argument groups 16.4.5.4. Mutual exclusion 16.4.5.5. Parser defaults 16.4.5.6. Printing help 16.4.5.7. Partial parsing 16.4.5.8. Customizing file parsing 16.4.5.9. Exiting methods 16.4.6. Upgrading optparse code 16.5. getopt — C-style parser for command line options 16.6. logging — Logging facility for Python 16.6.1. Logger Objects 16.6.2. Logging Levels 16.6.3. Handler Objects 16.6.4. Formatter Objects 16.6.5. Filter Objects 16.6.6. LogRecord Objects 16.6.7. LogRecord attributes 16.6.8. LoggerAdapter Objects 16.6.9. Thread Safety 16.6.10. Module-Level Functions 16.6.11. Module-Level Attributes 16.6.12. Integration with the warnings module 16.7. logging.config — Logging configuration 16.7.1. Configuration functions 16.7.2. Configuration dictionary schema 16.7.2.1. Dictionary Schema Details 16.7.2.2. Incremental Configuration 16.7.2.3. Object connections 16.7.2.4. User-defined objects 16.7.2.5. Access to external objects 16.7.2.6. Access to internal objects 16.7.2.7. Import resolution and custom importers 16.7.3. Configuration file format 16.8. logging.handlers — Logging handlers 16.8.1. StreamHandler 16.8.2. FileHandler 16.8.3. NullHandler 16.8.4. WatchedFileHandler 16.8.5. BaseRotatingHandler 16.8.6. RotatingFileHandler 16.8.7. TimedRotatingFileHandler 16.8.8. SocketHandler 16.8.9. DatagramHandler 16.8.10. SysLogHandler 16.8.11. NTEventLogHandler 16.8.12. SMTPHandler 16.8.13. MemoryHandler 16.8.14. HTTPHandler 16.8.15. QueueHandler 16.8.16. QueueListener 16.9. getpass — Portable password input 16.10. curses — Terminal handling for character-cell displays 16.10.1. Functions 16.10.2. Window Objects 16.10.3. Constants 16.11. curses.textpad — Text input widget for curses programs 16.11.1. Textbox objects 16.12. curses.ascii — Utilities for ASCII characters 16.13. curses.panel — A panel stack extension for curses 16.13.1. Functions 16.13.2. Panel Objects 16.14. platform — Access to underlying platform’s identifying data 16.14.1. Cross Platform 16.14.2. Java Platform 16.14.3. Windows Platform 16.14.3.1. Win95/98 specific 16.14.4. Mac OS Platform 16.14.5. Unix Platforms 16.15. errno — Standard errno system symbols 16.16. ctypes — A foreign function library for Python 16.16.1. ctypes tutorial 16.16.1.1. Loading dynamic link libraries 16.16.1.2. Accessing functions from loaded dlls 16.16.1.3. Calling functions 16.16.1.4. Fundamental data types 16.16.1.5. Calling functions, continued 16.16.1.6. Calling functions with your own custom data types 16.16.1.7. Specifying the required argument types (function prototypes) 16.16.1.8. Return types 16.16.1.9. Passing pointers (or: passing parameters by reference) 16.16.1.10. Structures and unions 16.16.1.11. Structure/union alignment and byte order 16.16.1.12. Bit fields in structures and unions 16.16.1.13. Arrays 16.16.1.14. Pointers 16.16.1.15. Type conversions 16.16.1.16. Incomplete Types 16.16.1.17. Callback functions 16.16.1.18. Accessing values exported from dlls 16.16.1.19. Surprises 16.16.1.20. Variable-sized data types 16.16.2. ctypes reference 16.16.2.1. Finding shared libraries 16.16.2.2. Loading shared libraries 16.16.2.3. Foreign functions 16.16.2.4. Function prototypes 16.16.2.5. Utility functions 16.16.2.6. Data types 16.16.2.7. Fundamental data types 16.16.2.8. Structured data types 16.16.2.9. Arrays and pointers 17. Concurrent Execution 17.1. threading — Thread-based parallelism 17.1.1. Thread-Local Data 17.1.2. Thread Objects 17.1.3. Lock Objects 17.1.4. RLock Objects 17.1.5. Condition Objects 17.1.6. Semaphore Objects 17.1.6.1. Semaphore Example 17.1.7. Event Objects 17.1.8. Timer Objects 17.1.9. Barrier Objects 17.1.10. Using locks, conditions, and semaphores in the with statement 17.2. multiprocessing — Process-based parallelism 17.2.1. Introduction 17.2.1.1. The Process class 17.2.1.2. Contexts and start methods 17.2.1.3. Exchanging objects between processes 17.2.1.4. Synchronization between processes 17.2.1.5. Sharing state between processes 17.2.1.6. Using a pool of workers 17.2.2. Reference 17.2.2.1. Process and exceptions 17.2.2.2. Pipes and Queues 17.2.2.3. Miscellaneous 17.2.2.4. Connection Objects 17.2.2.5. Synchronization primitives 17.2.2.6. Shared ctypes Objects 17.2.2.6.1. The multiprocessing.sharedctypes module 17.2.2.7. Managers 17.2.2.7.1. Customized managers 17.2.2.7.2. Using a remote manager 17.2.2.8. Proxy Objects 17.2.2.8.1. Cleanup 17.2.2.9. Process Pools 17.2.2.10. Listeners and Clients 17.2.2.10.1. Address Formats 17.2.2.11. Authentication keys 17.2.2.12. Logging 17.2.2.13. The multiprocessing.dummy module 17.2.3. Programming guidelines 17.2.3.1. All start methods 17.2.3.2. The spawn and forkserver start methods 17.2.4. Examples 17.3. The concurrent package 17.4. concurrent.futures — Launching parallel tasks 17.4.1. Executor Objects 17.4.2. ThreadPoolExecutor 17.4.2.1. ThreadPoolExecutor Example 17.4.3. ProcessPoolExecutor 17.4.3.1. ProcessPoolExecutor Example 17.4.4. Future Objects 17.4.5. Module Functions 17.4.6. Exception classes 17.5. subprocess — Subprocess management 17.5.1. Using the subprocess Module 17.5.1.1. Frequently Used Arguments 17.5.1.2. Popen Constructor 17.5.1.3. Exceptions 17.5.2. Security Considerations 17.5.3. Popen Objects 17.5.4. Windows Popen Helpers 17.5.4.1. Constants 17.5.5. Older high-level API 17.5.6. Replacing Older Functions with the subprocess Module 17.5.6.1. Replacing /bin/sh shell backquote 17.5.6.2. Replacing shell pipeline 17.5.6.3. Replacing os.system() 17.5.6.4. Replacing the os.spawn family 17.5.6.5. Replacing os.popen(), os.popen2(), os.popen3() 17.5.6.6. Replacing functions from the popen2 module 17.5.7. Legacy Shell Invocation Functions 17.5.8. Notes 17.5.8.1. Converting an argument sequence to a string on Windows 17.6. sched — Event scheduler 17.6.1. Scheduler Objects 17.7. queue — A synchronized queue class 17.7.1. Queue Objects 17.8. dummy_threading — Drop-in replacement for the threading module 17.9. _thread — Low-level threading API 17.10. _dummy_thread — Drop-in replacement for the _thread module 18. Interprocess Communication and Networking 18.1. socket — Low-level networking interface 18.1.1. Socket families 18.1.2. Module contents 18.1.2.1. Exceptions 18.1.2.2. Constants 18.1.2.3. Functions 18.1.2.3.1. Creating sockets 18.1.2.3.2. Other functions 18.1.3. Socket Objects 18.1.4. Notes on socket timeouts 18.1.4.1. Timeouts and the connect method 18.1.4.2. Timeouts and the accept method 18.1.5. Example 18.2. ssl — TLS/SSL wrapper for socket objects 18.2.1. Functions, Constants, and Exceptions 18.2.1.1. Socket creation 18.2.1.2. Context creation 18.2.1.3. Random generation 18.2.1.4. Certificate handling 18.2.1.5. Constants 18.2.2. SSL Sockets 18.2.3. SSL Contexts 18.2.4. Certificates 18.2.4.1. Certificate chains 18.2.4.2. CA certificates 18.2.4.3. Combined key and certificate 18.2.4.4. Self-signed certificates 18.2.5. Examples 18.2.5.1. Testing for SSL support 18.2.5.2. Client-side operation 18.2.5.3. Server-side operation 18.2.6. Notes on non-blocking sockets 18.2.7. Memory BIO Support 18.2.8. SSL session 18.2.9. Security considerations 18.2.9.1. Best defaults 18.2.9.2. Manual settings 18.2.9.2.1. Verifying certificates 18.2.9.2.2. Protocol versions 18.2.9.2.3. Cipher selection 18.2.9.3. Multi-processing 18.2.10. LibreSSL support 18.3. select — Waiting for I/O completion 18.3.1. /dev/poll Polling Objects 18.3.2. Edge and Level Trigger Polling (epoll) Objects 18.3.3. Polling Objects 18.3.4. Kqueue Objects 18.3.5. Kevent Objects 18.4. selectors — High-level I/O multiplexing 18.4.1. Introduction 18.4.2. Classes 18.4.3. Examples 18.5. asyncio — Asynchronous I/O, event loop, coroutines and tasks 18.5.1. Base Event Loop 18.5.1.1. Run an event loop 18.5.1.2. Calls 18.5.1.3. Delayed calls 18.5.1.4. Futures 18.5.1.5. Tasks 18.5.1.6. Creating connections 18.5.1.7. Creating listening connections 18.5.1.8. Watch file descriptors 18.5.1.9. Low-level socket operations 18.5.1.10. Resolve host name 18.5.1.11. Connect pipes 18.5.1.12. UNIX signals 18.5.1.13. Executor 18.5.1.14. Error Handling API 18.5.1.15. Debug mode 18.5.1.16. Server 18.5.1.17. Handle 18.5.1.18. Event loop examples 18.5.1.18.1. Hello World with call_soon() 18.5.1.18.2. Display the current date with call_later() 18.5.1.18.3. Watch a file descriptor for read events 18.5.1.18.4. Set signal handlers for SIGINT and SIGTERM 18.5.2. Event loops 18.5.2.1. Event loop functions 18.5.2.2. Available event loops 18.5.2.3. Platform support 18.5.2.3.1. Windows 18.5.2.3.2. Mac OS X 18.5.2.4. Event loop policies and the default policy 18.5.2.5. Event loop policy interface 18.5.2.6. Access to the global loop policy 18.5.2.7. Customizing the event loop policy 18.5.3. Tasks and coroutines 18.5.3.1. Coroutines 18.5.3.1.1. Example: Hello World coroutine 18.5.3.1.2. Example: Coroutine displaying the current date 18.5.3.1.3. Example: Chain coroutines 18.5.3.2. InvalidStateError 18.5.3.3. TimeoutError 18.5.3.4. Future 18.5.3.4.1. Example: Future with run_until_complete() 18.5.3.4.2. Example: Future with run_forever() 18.5.3.5. Task 18.5.3.5.1. Example: Parallel execution of tasks 18.5.3.6. Task functions 18.5.4. Transports and protocols (callback based API) 18.5.4.1. Transports 18.5.4.1.1. BaseTransport 18.5.4.1.2. ReadTransport 18.5.4.1.3. WriteTransport 18.5.4.1.4. DatagramTransport 18.5.4.1.5. BaseSubprocessTransport 18.5.4.2. Protocols 18.5.4.2.1. Protocol classes 18.5.4.2.2. Connection callbacks 18.5.4.2.3. Streaming protocols 18.5.4.2.4. Datagram protocols 18.5.4.2.5. Flow control callbacks 18.5.4.2.6. Coroutines and protocols 18.5.4.3. Protocol examples 18.5.4.3.1. TCP echo client protocol 18.5.4.3.2. TCP echo server protocol 18.5.4.3.3. UDP echo client protocol 18.5.4.3.4. UDP echo server protocol 18.5.4.3.5. Register an open socket to wait for data using a protocol 18.5.5. Streams (coroutine based API) 18.5.5.1. Stream functions 18.5.5.2. StreamReader 18.5.5.3. StreamWriter 18.5.5.4. StreamReaderProtocol 18.5.5.5. IncompleteReadError 18.5.5.6. LimitOverrunError 18.5.5.7. Stream examples 18.5.5.7.1. TCP echo client using streams 18.5.5.7.2. TCP echo server using streams 18.5.5.7.3. Get HTTP headers 18.5.5.7.4. Register an open socket to wait for data using streams 18.5.6. Subprocess 18.5.6.1. Windows event loop 18.5.6.2. Create a subprocess: high-level API using Process 18.5.6.3. Create a subprocess: low-level API using subprocess.Popen 18.5.6.4. Constants 18.5.6.5. Process 18.5.6.6. Subprocess and threads 18.5.6.7. Subprocess examples 18.5.6.7.1. Subprocess using transport and protocol 18.5.6.7.2. Subprocess using streams 18.5.7. Synchronization primitives 18.5.7.1. Locks 18.5.7.1.1. Lock 18.5.7.1.2. Event 18.5.7.1.3. Condition 18.5.7.2. Semaphores 18.5.7.2.1. Semaphore 18.5.7.2.2. BoundedSemaphore 18.5.8. Queues 18.5.8.1. Queue 18.5.8.2. PriorityQueue 18.5.8.3. LifoQueue 18.5.8.3.1. Exceptions 18.5.9. Develop with asyncio 18.5.9.1. Debug mode of asyncio 18.5.9.2. Cancellation 18.5.9.3. Concurrency and multithreading 18.5.9.4. Handle blocking functions correctly 18.5.9.5. Logging 18.5.9.6. Detect coroutine objects never scheduled 18.5.9.7. Detect exceptions never consumed 18.5.9.8. Chain coroutines correctly 18.5.9.9. Pending task destroyed 18.5.9.10. Close transports and event loops 18.6. asyncore — Asynchronous socket handler 18.6.1. asyncore Example basic HTTP client 18.6.2. asyncore Example basic echo server 18.7. asynchat — Asynchronous socket command/response handler 18.7.1. asynchat Example 18.8. signal — Set handlers for asynchronous events 18.8.1. General rules 18.8.1.1. Execution of Python signal handlers 18.8.1.2. Signals and threads 18.8.2. Module contents 18.8.3. Example 18.9. mmap — Memory-mapped file support 19. Internet Data Handling 19.1. email — An email and MIME handling package 19.1.1. email.message: Representing an email message 19.1.2. email.parser: Parsing email messages 19.1.2.1. FeedParser API 19.1.2.2. Parser API 19.1.2.3. Additional notes 19.1.3. email.generator: Generating MIME documents 19.1.4. email.policy: Policy Objects 19.1.5. email.errors: Exception and Defect classes 19.1.6. email.headerregistry: Custom Header Objects 19.1.7. email.contentmanager: Managing MIME Content 19.1.7.1. Content Manager Instances 19.1.8. email: Examples 19.1.9. email.message.Message: Representing an email message using the compat32 API 19.1.10. email.mime: Creating email and MIME objects from scratch 19.1.11. email.header: Internationalized headers 19.1.12. email.charset: Representing character sets 19.1.13. email.encoders: Encoders 19.1.14. email.utils: Miscellaneous utilities 19.1.15. email.iterators: Iterators 19.2. json — JSON encoder and decoder 19.2.1. Basic Usage 19.2.2. Encoders and Decoders 19.2.3. Exceptions 19.2.4. Standard Compliance and Interoperability 19.2.4.1. Character Encodings 19.2.4.2. Infinite and NaN Number Values 19.2.4.3. Repeated Names Within an Object 19.2.4.4. Top-level Non-Object, Non-Array Values 19.2.4.5. Implementation Limitations 19.2.5. Command Line Interface 19.2.5.1. Command line options 19.3. mailcap — Mailcap file handling 19.4. mailbox — Manipulate mailboxes in various formats 19.4.1. Mailbox objects 19.4.1.1. Maildir 19.4.1.2. mbox 19.4.1.3. MH 19.4.1.4. Babyl 19.4.1.5. MMDF 19.4.2. Message objects 19.4.2.1. MaildirMessage 19.4.2.2. mboxMessage 19.4.2.3. MHMessage 19.4.2.4. BabylMessage 19.4.2.5. MMDFMessage 19.4.3. Exceptions 19.4.4. Examples 19.5. mimetypes — Map filenames to MIME types 19.5.1. MimeTypes Objects 19.6. base64 — Base16, Base32, Base64, Base85 Data Encodings 19.7. binhex — Encode and decode binhex4 files 19.7.1. Notes 19.8. binascii — Convert between binary and ASCII 19.9. quopri — Encode and decode MIME quoted-printable data 19.10. uu — Encode and decode uuencode files 20. Structured Markup Processing Tools 20.1. html — HyperText Markup Language support 20.2. html.parser — Simple HTML and XHTML parser 20.2.1. Example HTML Parser Application 20.2.2. HTMLParser Methods 20.2.3. Examples 20.3. html.entities — Definitions of HTML general entities 20.4. XML Processing Modules 20.4.1. XML vulnerabilities 20.4.2. The defusedxml and defusedexpat Packages 20.5. xml.etree.ElementTree — The ElementTree XML API 20.5.1. Tutorial 20.5.1.1. XML tree and elements 20.5.1.2. Parsing XML 20.5.1.3. Pull API for non-blocking parsing 20.5.1.4. Finding interesting elements 20.5.1.5. Modifying an XML File 20.5.1.6. Building XML documents 20.5.1.7. Parsing XML with Namespaces 20.5.1.8. Additional resources 20.5.2. XPath support 20.5.2.1. Example 20.5.2.2. Supported XPath syntax 20.5.3. Reference 20.5.3.1. Functions 20.5.3.2. Element Objects 20.5.3.3. ElementTree Objects 20.5.3.4. QName Objects 20.5.3.5. TreeBuilder Objects 20.5.3.6. XMLParser Objects 20.5.3.7. XMLPullParser Objects 20.5.3.8. Exceptions 20.6. xml.dom — The Document Object Model API 20.6.1. Module Contents 20.6.2. Objects in the DOM 20.6.2.1. DOMImplementation Objects 20.6.2.2. Node Objects 20.6.2.3. NodeList Objects 20.6.2.4. DocumentType Objects 20.6.2.5. Document Objects 20.6.2.6. Element Objects 20.6.2.7. Attr Objects 20.6.2.8. NamedNodeMap Objects 20.6.2.9. Comment Objects 20.6.2.10. Text and CDATASection Objects 20.6.2.11. ProcessingInstruction Objects 20.6.2.12. Exceptions 20.6.3. Conformance 20.6.3.1. Type Mapping 20.6.3.2. Accessor Methods 20.7. xml.dom.minidom — Minimal DOM implementation 20.7.1. DOM Objects 20.7.2. DOM Example 20.7.3. minidom and the DOM standard 20.8. xml.dom.pulldom — Support for building partial DOM trees 20.8.1. DOMEventStream Objects 20.9. xml.sax — Support for SAX2 parsers 20.9.1. SAXException Objects 20.10. xml.sax.handler — Base classes for SAX handlers 20.10.1. ContentHandler Objects 20.10.2. DTDHandler Objects 20.10.3. EntityResolver Objects 20.10.4. ErrorHandler Objects 20.11. xml.sax.saxutils — SAX Utilities 20.12. xml.sax.xmlreader — Interface for XML parsers 20.12.1. XMLReader Objects 20.12.2. IncrementalParser Objects 20.12.3. Locator Objects 20.12.4. InputSource Objects 20.12.5. The Attributes Interface 20.12.6. The AttributesNS Interface 20.13. xml.parsers.expat — Fast XML parsing using Expat 20.13.1. XMLParser Objects 20.13.2. ExpatError Exceptions 20.13.3. Example 20.13.4. Content Model Descriptions 20.13.5. Expat error constants 21. Internet Protocols and Support 21.1. webbrowser — Convenient Web-browser controller 21.1.1. Browser Controller Objects 21.2. cgi — Common Gateway Interface support 21.2.1. Introduction 21.2.2. Using the cgi module 21.2.3. Higher Level Interface 21.2.4. Functions 21.2.5. Caring about security 21.2.6. Installing your CGI script on a Unix system 21.2.7. Testing your CGI script 21.2.8. Debugging CGI scripts 21.2.9. Common problems and solutions 21.3. cgitb — Traceback manager for CGI scripts 21.4. wsgiref — WSGI Utilities and Reference Implementation 21.4.1. wsgiref.util – WSGI environment utilities 21.4.2. wsgiref.headers – WSGI response header tools 21.4.3. wsgiref.simple_server – a simple WSGI HTTP server 21.4.4. wsgiref.validate — WSGI conformance checker 21.4.5. wsgiref.handlers – server/gateway base classes 21.4.6. Examples 21.5. urllib — URL handling modules 21.6. urllib.request — Extensible library for opening URLs 21.6.1. Request Objects 21.6.2. OpenerDirector Objects 21.6.3. BaseHandler Objects 21.6.4. HTTPRedirectHandler Objects 21.6.5. HTTPCookieProcessor Objects 21.6.6. ProxyHandler Objects 21.6.7. HTTPPasswordMgr Objects 21.6.8. HTTPPasswordMgrWithPriorAuth Objects 21.6.9. AbstractBasicAuthHandler Objects 21.6.10. HTTPBasicAuthHandler Objects 21.6.11. ProxyBasicAuthHandler Objects 21.6.12. AbstractDigestAuthHandler Objects 21.6.13. HTTPDigestAuthHandler Objects 21.6.14. ProxyDigestAuthHandler Objects 21.6.15. HTTPHandler Objects 21.6.16. HTTPSHandler Objects 21.6.17. FileHandler Objects 21.6.18. DataHandler Objects 21.6.19. FTPHandler Objects 21.6.20. CacheFTPHandler Objects 21.6.21. UnknownHandler Objects 21.6.22. HTTPErrorProcessor Objects 21.6.23. Examples 21.6.24. Legacy interface 21.6.25. urllib.request Restrictions 21.7. urllib.response — Response classes used by urllib 21.8. urllib.parse — Parse URLs into components 21.8.1. URL Parsing 21.8.2. Parsing ASCII Encoded Bytes 21.8.3. Structured Parse Results 21.8.4. URL Quoting 21.9. urllib.error — Exception classes raised by urllib.request 21.10. urllib.robotparser — Parser for robots.txt 21.11. http — HTTP modules 21.11.1. HTTP status codes 21.12. http.client — HTTP protocol client 21.12.1. HTTPConnection Objects 21.12.2. HTTPResponse Objects 21.12.3. Examples 21.12.4. HTTPMessage Objects 21.13. ftplib — FTP protocol client 21.13.1. FTP Objects 21.13.2. FTP_TLS Objects 21.14. poplib — POP3 protocol client 21.14.1. POP3 Objects 21.14.2. POP3 Example 21.15. imaplib — IMAP4 protocol client 21.15.1. IMAP4 Objects 21.15.2. IMAP4 Example 21.16. nntplib — NNTP protocol client 21.16.1. NNTP Objects 21.16.1.1. Attributes 21.16.1.2. Methods 21.16.2. Utility functions 21.17. smtplib — SMTP protocol client 21.17.1. SMTP Objects 21.17.2. SMTP Example 21.18. smtpd — SMTP Server 21.18.1. SMTPServer Objects 21.18.2. DebuggingServer Objects 21.18.3. PureProxy Objects 21.18.4. MailmanProxy Objects 21.18.5. SMTPChannel Objects 21.19. telnetlib — Telnet client 21.19.1. Telnet Objects 21.19.2. Telnet Example 21.20. uuid — UUID objects according to RFC 4122 21.20.1. Example 21.21. socketserver — A framework for network servers 21.21.1. Server Creation Notes 21.21.2. Server Objects 21.21.3. Request Handler Objects 21.21.4. Examples 21.21.4.1. socketserver.TCPServer Example 21.21.4.2. socketserver.UDPServer Example 21.21.4.3. Asynchronous Mixins 21.22. http.server — HTTP servers 21.23. http.cookies — HTTP state management 21.23.1. Cookie Objects 21.23.2. Morsel Objects 21.23.3. Example 21.24. http.cookiejar — Cookie handling for HTTP clients 21.24.1. CookieJar and FileCookieJar Objects 21.24.2. FileCookieJar subclasses and co-operation with web browsers 21.24.3. CookiePolicy Objects 21.24.4. DefaultCookiePolicy Objects 21.24.5. Cookie Objec
linux input event简单使用
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最近需要在kernel  的驱动里边将事件传到用户空间，打算用input子系统做，用户空间开一个线程用epoll方式来读取数据， 记录一下如何快速简单使用input子系统上报事件。 //定义一个input_dev 类型结构体变量 static struct input_dev* test_input_dev = NULL; //创建并初始化 test_input_dev = input...
Linux 输入事件(input_event)结构体对应的所有宏定义
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这个是Linux 输入事件所有宏定义，从vscode追到的，可以通过EV_KEY这宏定义追，不会追就直接下载文件吧。
Linux对于输入设备/dev/input/event*（手柄等）的设备号固定（两步解决方法）
最新发布
weixin_67948248的博客
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在 Linux 系统中两步固定一个设备并将其设备名称自定义 "you_id"。
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7.1.4 29-Sep-17 InterBase data provider Bug with the "Input parameter mismatch" error for procedure is fixed Bug with transactions when working with Firebird 2.5 is fixed 7.1.3 19-Sep-17 The performance of TVirtualQuery is significantly improved Application-defined functions in TVirtualQuery are supported Application-defined collations in TVirtualQuery are supported AutoInc fields in TVirtualTable are supported Bug with assertion failure when updating a record in TVirtualQuery is fixed Bug with compatibility with TkbmMemTable in TVirtualQuery is fixed Bug with complex WHERE clauses that have several string fields in TVirtualQuery is fixed Bug with selecting from a dataset with a single record in TVirtualQuery is fixed Bug with generating SQL for batch updates is fixed Bug with the Locate method for non-Windows platforms in Lazarus is fixed Bug with the FindFirst, FindLast, FindNext, FindPrior methods in Lazarus is fixed Bug with accessing a product help from the IDE menu is fixed Bug with recreating fields when calling Open after Prepare is fixed Bug with an incorrect error message when using the Connect dialog component on mobile platforms is fixed Bug with AV failure when using calculated fields in TClientDataset is fixed Bug with a key violation error when executing batch operations is fixed Bug with Assert when calling the Locate method in the SmartFetch mode is fixed Bug with using DAC components in DataModule for Linux is fixed Cloud data providers BigCommerce provider is added Dynamics CRM provider is added FreshBooks provider is added Magento provider is added MailChimp provider is added NetSuite provider is added QuickBooks provider is added Salesforce provider is added Salesforce Marketing Cloud provider is added SugarCRM provider is added Zoho CRM provider is added Oracle data provider Oracle 12c connection modes (SYSBACKUP, SYSDG, SYSKM) in the Direct mode are supported OS authentication in the Direct mode is supported NChar literal replacement is supported CLOB parameters behavior when UnicodeEnvironment=True is improved Bug with lost chars in a parameter value when ConvertEOL=True is fixed SQLServer data provider Bug with processing varchar fields when AutoTranslate is True in the Direct mode is fixed Bug with processing a field with alias for query with the JOIN statement is fixed Bug with date and time fractional seconds precision when DescribeParams = True is fixed MySQL data provider Azure Database for MySQL is supported JSON data type is supported InterBase data provider Support for Firebird on Android platform is added Support for Firebird 3 packages is added Aliases handling in the RETURNING clause is supported The WireCompression connection parameter for Firebird 3 is supported Bug with using BLOB data type in batch operations is fixed Bug with the OnBackupProgress event handler in TUniDADump is fixed Bug with using batch parameters of the Bytes type is fixed Bug with closing a connection that has an active transaction for Firebird 3 is fixed Bug with recreating a connection on Linux and mobile platforms is fixed PostgreSQL data provider SSPI authentication is supported Processing GUID data type for the TGuidField class is improved SQLite data provider Now the Direct mode is based on the SQLite engine version 3.20.0 Custom SQL aggregate functions are supported Bug with opening an existing database on iOS 64 is fixed Bug with detecting field types is fixed Bug with international symbols in non-Unicode Delphi versions is fixed Bug with low performance of the LoadFromDataSet method of the Loader component is fixed Bug with index backup using the Dump component when the TableNames property is set is fixed DBF data provider The CodePage specific options are added The ConnectMode specific options are added Bug with using CDX indexes is fixed DB2 data provider The DECFLOAT data type is supported
Linux系统struct input_event结构体分类型(鼠标、键盘、触屏)详解与例子
wkd_007的博客
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Linux系统是通过输入子系统来管理输入设备（如鼠标、键盘、触摸屏、游戏摇杆）的。配置了内核支持输入设备且有对应驱动的情况下，当系统接入输入设备，会在/dev目录或/dev/input下生成对应设备文件，下图是鼠标、键盘在不同情况下/dev/input的设备文件。每当输入设备有事件产生时，内核就会将事件上报到设备文件，事件数据以为单位存入设备文件，所以读取这些输入设备文件时使用结构体，这个结构体定义在input-event-codes.h。
2021-12-16 RK3566 触摸屏调试记录、以及解决“触摸屏操作类似鼠标一样”的问题。
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一、TP的硬件连接如下，接口包括i2c、中断pin和reset pin。 二、dts配置如下： &i2c4 { status = "okay"; pinctrl-names = "default"; pinctrl-0 = <&i2c4m0_xfer>; clock-frequency = <400000>; i2c-scl-rising-time-ns = <138>; i2c-scl-falling-time-ns ...
linux的input子系统上报函数input_event的底层原理
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前言 最近在学习input子系统驱动的编写的时候，用imx6ull开发板上的按键作为输入设备进行注册。实现过程中没什么问题，但是在面试的时候被问到了input_event函数实现的底层原理，所以总结了一下，作为笔记，供大家参考吧。 一、如何使用input子系统？ 在使用 input 子系统的时候我们只需要注册一个 input 设备即可， input_dev 结构体表示 input设备，此结构体定义在 include/linux/input.h 文件中 步骤大致分为以下几步： 在编写 input 设备驱动
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input_event(mxckbd_dev, EV_KEY, mxckpd_keycodes[scancode], 0); void input_event(struct input_dev *dev, unsigned int type, unsigned int code, int value) {     unsigned long flags;   // 判断是否支持此种
Linux下struct input_event结构体详解
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linux 下 struct input_event结构体详解
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华为路由交换模拟器V3
06-06
?PCA login: root ；使用root用户 password: linux ；口令是linux # shutdown -h now ；关机 # init 0 ；关机 # logout # login # ifconfig ；显示IP地址 # ifconfig eth0 netmask ；设置IP地址 # ifconfig eht0 netmask down ; 删除IP地址 # route add 0.0.0.0 gw # route del 0.0.0.0 gw # route add default gw ；设置网关 # route del default gw ；删除网关 # route ；显示网关 # ping # telnet ；建议telnet之前先ping一下 －－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－ 交换机命令 ~~~~~~~~~~ [Quidway]super password 修改特权用户密码 [Quidway]sysname 交换机命名 [Quidway]interface ethernet 0/1 进入接口视图 [Quidway]interface vlan x 进入接口视图 [Quidway-Vlan-interfacex]ip address 10.65.1.1 255.255.0.0 [Quidway]ip route-static 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 10.65.1.2 静态路由＝网关 [Quidway]user-interface vty 0 4 [S3026-ui-vty0-4]authentication-mode password [S3026-ui-vty0-4]set authentication-mode password simple 222 [S3026-ui-vty0-4]user privilege level 3 [Quidway-Ethernet0/1]duplex {half|full|auto} 配置端口双工工作状态 [Quidway-Ethernet0/1]speed {10|100|auto} 配置端口工作速率 [Quidway-Ethernet0/1]flow-control 配置端口流控 [Quidway-Ethernet0/1]mdi {across|auto|normal} 配置端口MDI/MDIX状态平接或扭接 [Quidway-Ethernet0/1]port link-type {trunk|access|hybrid} 设置接口工作模式 [Quidway-Ethernet0/1]shutdown 关闭/重起接口 [Quidway-Ethernet0/2]quit 退出系统视图 [Quidway]vlan 3 创建/删除一个VLAN/进入VLAN模式 [Quidway-vlan3]port ethernet 0/1 to ethernet 0/4 在当前VLAN增加/删除以太网接口 [Quidway-Ethernet0/2]port access vlan 3 将当前接口加入到指定VLAN [Quidway-Ethernet0/2]port trunk permit vlan {ID|All} 设trunk允许的VLAN [Quidway-Ethernet0/2]port trunk pvid vlan 3 设置trunk端口的PVID [Quidway]monitor-port 指定和清除镜像端口 [Quidway]port mirror 指定和清除被镜像端口 [Quidway]port mirror int_list observing-port int_type int_num 指定镜像和被镜像 [Quidway]description string 指定VLAN描述字符 [Quidway]description 删除VLAN描述字符 [Quidway]display vlan [vlan_id] 查看VLAN设置 [Quidway]stp {enable|disable} 开启/关闭生成树,默认关闭 [Quidway]stp priority 4096 设置交换机的优先级 [Quidway]stp root {primary|secondary} 设置交换机为根或根的备份 [Quidway-Ethernet0/1]stp cost 200 设置交换机端口的花费 作者：Vision_Klaus 2006-8-20 11:07 　 回复此发言 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2 华为路由交换的基本命令 [SwitchA-vlanx]isolate-user-vlan enable 设置主vlan [SwitchA]Isolate-user-vlan secondary 设置主vlan包括的子vlan [Quidway-Ethernet0/2]port hybrid pvid vlan 设置vlan的pvid [Quidway-Ethernet0/2]port hybrid pvid 删除vlan的pvid [Quidway-Ethernet0/2]port hybrid vlan vlan_id_list untagged 设置无标识的vlan 如果包的vlan id与PVId一致，则去掉vlan信息. 默认PVID=1。 所以设置PVID为所属vlan id, 设置可以互通的vlan为untagged. －－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－ 路由器命令 ~~~~~~~~~~ [Quidway]display version 显示版本信息 [Quidway]display current-configuration 显示当前配置 [Quidway]display interfaces 显示接口信息 [Quidway]display ip route 显示路由信息 [Quidway]sysname aabbcc 更改主机名 [Quidway]super passwrod 123456 设置口令 [Quidway]interface serial0 进入接口 [Quidway-serial0]ip address [Quidway-serial0]undo shutdown 激活端口 [Quidway]link-protocol hdlc 绑定hdlc协议 [Quidway]user-interface vty 0 4 [Quidway-ui-vty0-4]authentication-mode password [Quidway-ui-vty0-4]set authentication-mode password simple 222 [Quidway-ui-vty0-4]user privilege level 3 [Quidway-ui-vty0-4]quit [Quidway]debugging hdlc all serial0 显示所有信息 [Quidway]debugging hdlc event serial0 调试事件信息 [Quidway]debugging hdlc packet serial0 显示包的信息 静态路由： [Quidway]ip route-static {interface number|nexthop}[value][reject|blackhole] 例如： [Quidway]ip route-static 129.1.0.0 16 10.0.0.2 [Quidway]ip route-static 129.1.0.0 255.255.0.0 10.0.0.2 [Quidway]ip route-static 129.1.0.0 16 Serial 2 [Quidway]ip route-static 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 10.0.0.2 动态路由： [Quidway]rip [Quidway]rip work [Quidway]rip input [Quidway]rip output [Quidway-rip]network 1.0.0.0 ;可以all [Quidway-rip]network 2.0.0.0 [Quidway-rip]peer ip-address [Quidway-rip]summary [Quidway]rip version 1 [Quidway]rip version 2 multicast [Quidway-Ethernet0]rip split-horizon ;水平分隔 [Quidway]router id A.B.C.D 配置路由器的ID [Quidway]ospf enable 启动OSPF协议 [Quidway-ospf]import-route direct 引入直联路由 [Quidway-Serial0]ospf enable area 配置OSPF区域 标准访问列表命令格式如下： acl [match-order config|auto] 默认前者顺序匹配。 rule [normal|special]{permit|deny} [source source-addr source-wildcard|any] 例： [Quidway]acl 10 [Quidway-acl-10]rule normal permit source 10.0.0.0 0.0.0.255 [Quidway-acl-10]rule normal deny source any 扩展访问控制列表配置命令 配置TCP/UDP协议的扩展访问列表： rule {normal|special}{permit|deny}{tcp|udp}source {|any}destination |any} [operate] 配置ICMP协议的扩展访问列表： rule {normal|special}{permit|deny}icmp source {|any]destination {|any] 作者：Vision_Klaus 2006-8-20 11:07 　 回复此发言 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3 华为路由交换的基本命令 [icmp-code] [logging] 扩展访问控制列表操作符的含义 equal portnumber 等于 greater-than portnumber 大于 less-than portnumber 小于 not-equal portnumber 不等 range portnumber1 portnumber2 区间 扩展访问控制列表举例 [Quidway]acl 101 [Quidway-acl-101]rule deny souce any destination any [Quidway-acl-101]rule permit icmp source any destination any icmp-type echo [Quidway-acl-101]rule permit icmp source any destination any icmp-type echo-reply [Quidway]acl 102 [Quidway-acl-102]rule permit ip source 10.0.0.1 0.0.0.0 destination 202.0.0.1 0.0.0.0 [Quidway-acl-102]rule deny ip source any destination any [Quidway]acl 103 [Quidway-acl-103]rule permit tcp source any destination 10.0.0.1 0.0.0.0 destination-port equal ftp [Quidway-acl-103]rule permit tcp source any destination 10.0.0.2 0.0.0.0 destination-port equal www [Quidway]firewall enable [Quidway]firewall default permit|deny [Quidway]int e0 [Quidway-Ethernet0]firewall packet-filter 101 inbound|outbound 地址转换配置举例 [Quidway]firewall enable [Quidway]firewall default permit [Quidway]acl 101 [Quidway-acl-101]rule deny ip source any destination any [Quidway-acl-101]rule permit ip source 129.38.1.4 0 destination any [Quidway-acl-101]rule permit ip source 129.38.1.1 0 destination any [Quidway-acl-101]rule permit ip source 129.38.1.2 0 destination any [Quidway-acl-101]rule permit ip source 129.38.1.3 0 destination any [Quidway]acl 102 [Quidway-acl-102]rule permit tcp source 202.39.2.3 0 destination 202.38.160.1 0 [Quidway-acl-102]rule permit tcp source any destination 202.38.160.1 0 destination-port great-than 1024 [Quidway-Ethernet0]firewall packet-filter 101 inbound [Quidway-Serial0]firewall packet-filter 102 inbound [Quidway]nat address-group 202.38.160.101 202.38.160.103 pool1 [Quidway]acl 1 [Quidway-acl-1]rule permit source 10.110.10.0 0.0.0.255 [Quidway-acl-1]rule deny source any [Quidway-acl-1]int serial 0 [Quidway-Serial0]nat outbound 1 address-group pool1 [Quidway-Serial0]nat server global 202.38.160.101 inside 10.110.10.1 ftp tcp [Quidway-Serial0]nat server global 202.38.160.102 inside 10.110.10.2 www tcp [Quidway-Serial0]nat server global 202.38.160.102 8080 inside 10.110.10.3 www tcp [Quidway-Serial0]nat server global 202.38.160.103 inside 10.110.10.4 smtp udp PPP验证： 主验方：pap|chap [Quidway]local-user u2 password {simple|cipher} aaa [Quidway]interface serial 0 [Quidway-serial0]ppp authentication-mode {pap|chap} [Quidway-serial0]ppp chap user u1 //pap时，不用此句 pap被验方： [Quidway]interface serial 0 [Quidway-serial0]ppp pap local-user u2 password {simple|cipher} aaa chap被验方： [Quidway]interface serial 0 [Quidway-serial0]ppp chap user u1 [Quidway-serial0]local-user u2 password {simple|cipher} aaa 只找到这个，哪位有好点的分享下谢谢
8-07-14_MegaCLI for linux_windows
03-15
包含如下操作系统版本 FreeBSD Linux Solaris Windows 分别对应如下目录 MegaCLI for DOS MegaCLI for Linux MegaCLI for Solaris MegaCLI for FreeBSD MegaCLI for Windows ********************************************* LSI Corp. MegaRAID MegaCLI Release ********************************************* Release Date: 01/20/14 ======================== Supported Controllers ================== MegaRAID SAS 9270-8i MegaRAID SAS 9271-4i MegaRAID SAS 9271-8i MegaRAID SAS 9271-8iCC MegaRAID SAS 9286-8e MegaRAID SAS 9286CV-8e MegaRAID SAS 9286CV-8eCC MegaRAID SAS 9265-8i MegaRAID SAS 9285-8e MegaRAID SAS 9240-4i MegaRAID SAS 9240-8i MegaRAID SAS 9260-4i MegaRAID SAS 9260CV-4i MegaRAID SAS 9260-8i MegaRAID SAS 9260CV-8i MegaRAID SAS 9260DE-8i MegaRAID SAS 9261-8i MegaRAID SAS 9280-4i4e MegaRAID SAS 9280-8e MegaRAID SAS 9280DE-8e MegaRAID SAS 9280-24i4e MegaRAID SAS 9280-16i4e MegaRAID SAS 9260-16i MegaRAID SAS 9266-4i MegaRAID SAS 9266-8i MegaRAID SAS 9285CV-8e MegaRAID SAS 8704ELP MegaRAID SAS 8704EM2 MegaRAID SAS 8708ELP MegaRAID SAS 8708EM2 MegaRAID SAS 8880EM2 MegaRAID SAS 8888ELP MegaRAID SAS 8308ELP* MegaRAID SAS 8344ELP* MegaRAID SAS 84016E* MegaRAID SAS 8408E* MegaRAID SAS 8480E* MegaRAID SATA 300-8ELP* *These older controllers should work but have not been tested. Component: ========= SAS MegaRAID MegaCLI Release Date: 01/20/14 Version Numbers: MegaCLI =============== =========== Current Version 8.07.14 Previous Version 8.07.07 Contents: ========= This package contains MegaCLI for the following OSes: DOS FreeBSD Linux Solaris Windows Use the MegaCLI components from the folder that matches your OS. Enhancements and Bug Fixes ========================== SCGCQ00393585 (DFCT) - VD creation from MegaCli fails on Solaris Sparc 10u9 operating system. SCGCQ00413883 (DFCT) - "megacli -version -pd -a0" Segmentation Faults if PDs are missing SCGCQ00445356 (CSET) - Megacli crashes after invoking any command in SGI system with one 9280-8e and 2 quad port qlogic FC cards. SCGCQ
BobBuilder_app
03-09
Twitter Digg Facebook Del.icio.us Reddit Stumbleupon Newsvine Technorati Mr. Wong Yahoo! Google Windows Live Send as Email Add to your CodeProject bookmarks Discuss this article 85 Print Article Database » Database » Other databasesLicence CPOL First Posted 19 Jan 2012 Views 24,219 Downloads 992 Bookmarked 74 times RaptorDB - The Key Value Store V2 By Mehdi Gholam | 8 Mar 2012 | Unedited contribution C#.NETDBABeginnerIntermediateAdvanceddatabase Even faster Key/Value store nosql embedded database engine utilizing the new MGIndex data structure with MurMur2 Hashing and WAH Bitmap indexes for duplicates. See Also More like this More by this author Article Browse Code Stats Revisions (8) Alternatives 4.95 (56 votes) 1 2 3 4 5 4.95/5 - 56 votes μ 4.95, σa 1.05 [?] Is your email address OK? You are signed up for our newsletters but your email address is either unconfirmed, or has not been reconfirmed in a long time. Please click here to have a confirmation email sent so we can confirm your email address and start sending you newsletters again. Alternatively, you can update your subscriptions. Add your own alternative version Introduction What is RaptorDB? Features Why another data structure? The problem with a b+tree Requirements of a good index structure The MGIndex Page Splits Interesting side effects of MGIndex The road not taken / the road taken and doubled back! Performance Tests Comparing B+tree and MGIndex Really big data sets! Index parameter tuning Performance Tests - v2.3 Using the Code Differences to v1 Using RaptorDBString and RaptorDBGuid Global parameters RaptorDB interface Non-clean shutdowns Removing Keys Unit tests File Formats File Format : *.mgdat File Format : *.mgbmp File Format : *.mgidx File Format : *.mgbmr , *.mgrec History Download RaptorDB_v2.0.zip - 38.7 KB Download RaptorDB_v2.1.zip - 39 KB Download RaptorDB_v2.2.zip - 39 KB Download RaptorDB_v2.3.zip - 39.6 KB D
大名鼎鼎SWFUpload- Flash+JS 上传
12-19
什么是SWFUpload？ 　　SWFUpload是一个客户端文件上传工具，最初由Vinterwebb.se开发，它通过整合Flash与JavaScript技术为WEB开发者提供了一个具有丰富功能继而超越传统标签的文件上传模式。 [编辑本段]SWFUpload的主要特点 　　* 可以同时上传多个文件； 　　* 类似AJAX的无刷新上传； 　　* 可以显示上传进度； 　　* 良好的浏览器兼容性； 　　* 兼容其他JavaScript库 (例如：jQuery, Prototype等)； 　　* 支持Flash 8和Flash 9； 　　SWFUpload不同于其他基于Flash构建的上传工具，它有着优雅的代码设计，开发者可以利用XHTML、CSS和JavaScript来随心所欲的定制它在浏览器下的外观；它还提供了一组简明的JavaScript事件，借助它们开发者可以方便的在文件上传过程中更新页面内容来营造各种动态效果。 　　在使用SWFUpload之前，请确认你具备一定的JavaScript和DOM知识。在实际开发中，大部分的错误都是由于错误的设置和低劣的Event Handlers处理程序所造成的。 [编辑本段]文档中文翻译 　　http://www.v-sky.com/doc/swfupload/v2.1.0/Documentation.html [编辑本段]效果演示 　　* Classic Form Demo http://demo.swfupload.org/formsdemo ; 　　* Features Demo http://demo.swfupload.org/featuresdemo ; 　　* Application Demo http://demo.swfupload.org/applicationdemo ; 　　* v1.0.2 Plugin Demo http://demo.swfupload.org/v102demo ; [编辑本段]选择合适的Flash控件 　　在发行包（SWFUpload v2）中含有2个版本的Flash控件（swfupload_f8.swf 与wfupload_f9.swf），其中第一个版本拥有最佳的兼容性，但是为此损失了部分功能；而第二个版本提供了一些附加的功能但是损失了兼容性。 [编辑本段]SWFUpload的初始化与配置 　　首先，在页面中引用SWFUpload.js ，如 　　 　　然后，初始化SWFUpload ，如 　　var swfu; 　　window.onload = function () { 　　swfu = new SWFUpload({ 　　upload_url : "http://www.swfupload.org/upload.php", 　　flash_url : "http://www.swfupload.org/swfupload_f9.swf", file_size_limit : "20480" 　　}); 　　}; 　　以下是一个标准的SWFUpload初始化设置所需的参数，你可以根据需要自己进行删减： 　　{ 　　upload_url : "http://www.swfupload.org/upload.php", 处理上传请求的服务器端脚本URL 　　file_post_name : "Filedata", 是POST过去的$_FILES的数组名 　　post_params : { 　　"post_param_name_1" : "post_param_value_1", 　　"post_param_name_2" : "post_param_value_2", 　　"post_param_name_n" : "post_param_value_n" 　　}, 　　file_types : "*.jpg;*.gif", 允许上传的文件类型 　　file_types_description: "Web Image Files", 文件类型描述 　　file_size_limit : "1024", 上传文件体积上限，单位MB 　　file_upload_limit : 10, 限定用户一次性最多上传多少个文件，在上传过程中，该数字会累加，如果设置为“0”，则表示没有限制 　　file_queue_limit : 2, 上传队列数量限制，该项通常不需设置，会根据file_upload_limit自动赋值 　　fl
ｅｃ11驱动源码
04-22
* @rightcode: ec11 right direction input event code (KEY_*, SW_*) * @gpio: %-1 if this key does not support gpio * @gpio: %-1 if this key does not support gpio * @active_low: %true indicates that ...
bmi160调通bmi160的ACC+GYR_20160907.7z
09-07
add device 2: /dev/input/event4 name: "bma250" events: ABS (0003): 0000 : value 0, min -19613100, max 19613100, fuzz 0, flat 0, resolution 0 0001 : value 0, min -19613100, max 19613100, fuzz 0, ...
unidac_7_1_4_pro DELPHI 10 Berlin
01-20
Bug with the "Input parameter mismatch" error for procedure is fixed Bug with transactions when working with Firebird 2.5 is fixed 7.1.3 19-Sep-17 The performance of TVirtualQuery is significantly ...
input_event 定义
06-09
`input_event` 是 Linux 内核中输入子系统用来描述输入事件的数据结构，定义在 `<linux/input.h>` 头文件中。 它的定义如下： ```c struct input_event { struct timeval time; // 事件发生的时间戳 unsigned short type; // 事件类型，如键盘、鼠标等 unsigned short code; // 事件码，如键盘上的某个按键 unsigned int value; // 事件的值，如按键的按下或释放 }; ``` 其中，`time` 字段表示事件的发生时间，`type` 字段表示事件的类型，如 `EV_KEY` 表示键盘事件，`EV_REL` 表示鼠标事件，`code` 字段表示事件的代码或标识符，如键盘上的某个按键，`value` 字段表示事件的值，如按键的按下或释放。 使用 `input_event` 数据结构，应用程序可以读取输入设备节点上的文件，并解析文件中的输入事件，从而实现对输入设备的控制和响应。

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