cookie的作用
每次学习一个技术的时候首先要搞明白它的作用是么?首先要明确一点,http的连接是无状态的,它不会保存你之前发送的所有请求,不会知道两次访问服务器的人是不是同一个.cookie的本质是一段文体数据,储存在客户端,可能是硬盘可能是内存
实现每次登录时间的记录
两个步骤:
- 拿到cookie,读出存在cookie中的值
- 写cookie,将每次的新访问时间写进cookie里面
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
test1(request, response);
}
private void test1(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws IOException {
// 拿到了cookie了,写在页面上
// 解决编码问题
response.setCharacterEncoding("UTF-8");
response.setHeader("content-type", "text/html;charset=UTF-8");
PrintWriter writer = response.getWriter();
//读值
Cookie[] cookies = request.getCookies();
for (int i = 0; cookies != null && i < cookies.length; i++) {
Cookie cookie = cookies[i];
String name = cookie.getName();
if (name.equals("lastAccessTime")) {
String lastTime = cookie.getValue();
writer.write("您上次访问的时间是" + URLDecoder.decode(lastTime, "UTF-8"));
}
}
// 获取本地最新时间,设置cookie
Date now = new Date();
SimpleDateFormat format = new SimpleDateFormat("yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm");
String currentTime = format.format(now);
Cookie cookie = new Cookie("lastAccessTime", URLEncoder.encode(currentTime, "UTF-8"));
response.addCookie(cookie);
注意点:
- 编码问题
- cookie为空的判断,如果对方是第一次访问,则没有这个值,也就不用显示上次访问时间了
- 日期格式化一下,这样符合咱中国人的阅读顺序
- cookie中的值不能为空值,如果有的话,就用URLEncoder进行编码,再解码,不然会报错
An invalid character [32] was present in the Cookie value
,意思是存在了空值
实现浏览历史
思路:
- cookie设置浏览记录id_id_id的形式,避免占用多个cookie
- 两个页面
- 一个页面作为主页,显示有哪些书,显示历史记录
- 一个页面作为详情页面,同时设置cookie.
代码:
主页面:
DB用来存入数据,容器是Map,直接静态代码块赋值即可
Book是抽象化的书对象
package cookie;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.annotation.WebServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.Cookie;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.PrintWriter;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.LinkedHashMap;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;
@WebServlet(name = "ServletCookieDemo2")
public class ServletCookieDemo2 extends HttpServlet {
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
}
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
// 显示所有的书及其链接
response.setCharacterEncoding("UTF-8");
response.setHeader("content-type", "text/html;charset=UTF-8");
PrintWriter writer = response.getWriter();
writer.write("一共有如下书:<br>");
Map<String, Book> map = DB.getAll();
for (Map.Entry<String, Book> entry : map.entrySet()) {
Book book = entry.getValue();
writer.write("<a href='/jsp/ServletCookieDemo3?id=" + book.getId() + "' target='_blank'>" + book.getName() + "</a><br>");
}
writer.write("<br>");
writer.write("浏览历史为:<br>");
// 写上访问历史
Cookie[] cookies = request.getCookies();
for (int i = 0; cookies != null && i < cookies.length; i++) {
Cookie cookie = cookies[i];
if (cookie.getName().equals("bookHistory")) {
String value = cookie.getValue();
String[] ids = value.split("_");
for (String id : ids) {
writer.write(DB.getAll().get(id).getName()+"<br>");
}
}
}
}
}
class DB {
private static Map<String, Book> map = new LinkedHashMap<>();
static {
map.put("1", new Book("1", "java", "a", "12"));
map.put("2", new Book("2", "php", "a", "12"));
map.put("3", new Book("3", "python", "a", "12"));
map.put("4", new Book("4", "js", "a", "12"));
map.put("5", new Book("5", "html", "a", "12"));
}
public static Map<String, Book> getAll() {
return map;
}
}
class Book {
private String id;
private String name;
private String auther;
private String price;
public Book(String id, String name, String auther, String price) {
this.id = id;
this.name = name;
this.auther = auther;
this.price = price;
}
public String getId() {
return id;
}
public void setId(String id) {
this.id = id;
}
public String getName() {
return name;
}
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
public String getAuther() {
return auther;
}
public void setAuther(String auther) {
this.auther = auther;
}
public String getPrice() {
return price;
}
public void setPrice(String price) {
this.price = price;
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return "Book{" +
"id='" + id + '\'' +
", name='" + name + '\'' +
", auther='" + auther + '\'' +
", price='" + price + '\'' +
'}';
}
}
详情页面:
- 将cookie的字符串数组分割然后装进linkedHashMap中,因为LinkedHashMap是有序的,不会乱了访问顺序.
- 用StringBuilder对添加后的LinkedHashMap进行重组,得到最后的Cookie的字符串
- 给cookie加上期限
package cookie;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.annotation.WebServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.Cookie;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.PrintWriter;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.LinkedList;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;
@WebServlet(name = "ServletCookieDemo3")
public class ServletCookieDemo3 extends HttpServlet {
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
}
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
//显示书的详情
response.setCharacterEncoding("UTF-8");
response.setHeader("content-type", "text/html;charset=UTF-8");
PrintWriter writer = response.getWriter();
String id = request.getParameter("id");
Book book = DB.getAll().get(id);
writer.write(book.toString());
String bookHistory = makeHistory(request, id);
Cookie cookie = new Cookie("bookHistory", bookHistory);
cookie.setMaxAge(1*30*24*3600);
response.addCookie(cookie);
}
private String makeHistory(HttpServletRequest request, String id) {
/*
写cookie,新访问的是1
-----以前没有1(不包含1)----超过最大数3个:删除最后一个再头插
| |
| |
| |--不超过:直接头插
|
|--以前有1(包含1):去除,重新添加进头部
old new
null 1
3_1 1_3
3_1_2 1_3_2
3_2 1_3_1
*/
String bookHistory = null;
Cookie[] cookies = request.getCookies();
for (int i = 0; cookies != null && i < cookies.length; i++) {
Cookie cookie = cookies[i];
if (cookie.getName().equals("bookHistory")) {
bookHistory = cookie.getValue();
System.out.println(bookHistory);
}
}
if (bookHistory == null) {
return id;
}
List<String> list = Arrays.asList(bookHistory.split("_"));
LinkedList<String> linkedList = new LinkedList<>(list);
// 包含
if (linkedList.contains(id)) {
System.out.println("包含"+id);
linkedList.remove(id);
linkedList.addFirst(id);
} else {
// 超过最大数3个:删除最后一个再头插
if (linkedList.size() >= 3) {
linkedList.removeLast();
linkedList.addFirst(id);
} else {
// 不超过:直接头插
linkedList.addFirst(id);
System.out.println("头插成功");
}
}
StringBuilder builder = new StringBuilder();
for (String value : linkedList) {
builder.append(value+"_");
}
System.out.println(builder.toString());
return builder.deleteCharAt(builder.length() - 1).toString();
}
}
总结要点
关键就在于历史记录如何构成的问题,一共分了几块去写它,保证最新的排在最前面,这个顺序很重要.其它小细节有LinkedHashMap保证有序性,id_id_id的历史记录写法,字符串数组到list的转换,cookie的遍历获得指定的那个.
纸上得来终觉浅,绝知此事要躬行.