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最新推荐文章于 2022-02-17 23:34:48 发布

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最新推荐文章于 2022-02-17 23:34:48 发布

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分类专栏： java面试题文章标签： java

原文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/u011863024/article/details/114684428

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预览

并发

问题	详解
请谈谈你对volatile的理解	link
CAS你知道吗？	link
原子类Atomiclnteger的ABA问题谈谈?原子更新引用知道吗？	link
我们知道ArrayList是线程不安全，请编码写一个不安全的案例并给出解决方案	link
公平锁/非公平锁/可重入锁/递归锁/自旋锁谈谈你的理解？请手写一个自旋锁	link
CountDownLatch/CyclicBarrier/Semaphore使用过吗？	link
阻塞队列知道吗？	link
线程池用过吗？ThreadPoolExecutor谈谈你的理解？	link
线程池用过吗？生产上你如何设置合理参数	link
死锁编码及定位分析	link

JVM

问题	详解
JVM垃圾回收的时候如何确定垃圾？是否知道什么是GC Roots	link
你说你做过JVM调优和参数配置，请问如何盘点查看JVM系统默认值	link
你平时工作用过的JVM常用基本配置参数有哪些？	link
强引用、软引用、弱引用、虚引用分别是什么？请谈谈你对OOM的认识	link
GC垃圾回收算法和垃圾收集器的关系？分别是什么请你谈谈怎么查看服务器默认的垃圾收集器是那个？	link
生产上如何配置垃圾收集器的？	link
谈谈你对垃圾收集器的理解？G1垃圾收集器	link
生产环境服务器变慢，诊断思路和性能评估谈谈？	link
假如生产环境出现CPU占用过高，请谈谈你的分析思路和定位	link
对于JDK自带的JVM监控和性能分析工具用过哪些?一般你是怎么用的？	link

-	-	-
预览	01_本课程前提要求和说明	02_volatile是什么
03_JMM内存模型之可见性	04_可见性的代码验证说明	05_volatile不保证原子性
06_volatile不保证原子性理论解释	07_volatile不保证原子性问题解决	08_volatile指令重排案例1
09_volatile指令重排案例2	10_单例模式在多线程环境下可能存在安全问题	11_单例模式volatile分析
12_CAS是什么	13_CAS底层原理-上	14_CAS底层原理-下
15_CAS缺点	16_ABA问题	17_AtomicReference原子引用
18_AtomicStampedReference版本号原子引用	19_ABA问题的解决	20_集合类不安全之并发修改异常
21_集合类不安全之写时复制	22_集合类不安全之Set	23_集合类不安全之Map
24_TransferValue醒脑小练习	25_java锁之公平和非公平锁	26_java锁之可重入锁和递归锁理论知识
27_java锁之可重入锁和递归锁代码验证	28_java锁之自旋锁理论知识	29_java锁之自旋锁代码验证
30_java锁之读写锁理论知识	31_java锁之读写锁代码验证	32_CountDownLatch
33_CyclicBarrierDemo	34_SemaphoreDemo	35_阻塞队列理论
36_阻塞队列接口结构和实现类	37_阻塞队列api之抛出异常组	38_阻塞队列api之返回布尔值组
39_阻塞队列api之阻塞和超时控制	40_阻塞队列之同步SynchronousQueue队列	41_线程通信之生产者消费者传统版
42_Synchronized和Lock有什么区别	43_锁绑定多个条件Condition	44_线程通信之生产者消费者阻塞队列版
45_Callable接口	46_线程池使用及优势	47_线程池3个常用方式
48_线程池7大参数入门简介	49_线程池7大参数深入介绍	50_线程池底层工作原理
51_线程池的4种拒绝策略理论简介	52_线程池实际中使用哪一个	53_线程池的手写改造和拒绝策略
54_线程池配置合理线程数	55_死锁编码及定位分析	56_JVMGC下半场技术加强说明和前提知识要求
57_JVMGC快速回顾复习串讲	58_谈谈你对GCRoots的理解	59_JVM的标配参数和X参数
60_JVM的XX参数之布尔类型	61_JVM的XX参数之设值类型	62_JVM的XX参数之XmsXmx坑题
63_JVM盘点家底查看初始默认值	64_JVM盘点家底查看修改变更值	65_堆内存初始大小快速复习
66_常用基础参数栈内存Xss讲解	67_常用基础参数元空间MetaspaceSize讲解	68_常用基础参数PrintGCDetails回收前后对比讲解
69_常用基础参数SurvivorRatio讲解	70_常用基础参数NewRatio讲解	71_常用基础参数MaxTenuringThreshold讲解
72_强引用Reference	73_软引用SoftReference	74_弱引用WeakReference
75_软引用和弱引用的适用场景	76_WeakHashMap案例演示和解析	77_虚引用简介
78_ReferenceQueue引用队列介	79_虚引用PhantomReference	80_GCRoots和四大引用小总结
81_SOFE之StackOverflowError	82_OOM之Java heap space	83_OOM之GC overhead limit exceeded
84_OOM之Direct buffer memory	85_OOM之unable to create new native thread故障演示	86_OOM之unable to create new native thread上限调整
87_OOM之Metaspace	88_垃圾收集器回收种类	89_串行并行并发G1四大垃圾回收方式
90_如何查看默认的垃圾收集器	91_JVM默认的垃圾收集器有哪些	92_GC之7大垃圾收集器概述
93_GC之约定参数说明	94_GC之Serial收集器	95_GC之ParNew收集器
96_GC之Parallel收集器	97_GC之ParallelOld收集器	98_GC之CMS收集器
99_GC之SerialOld收集器	100_GC之如何选择垃圾收集器	101_GC之G1收集器
102_GC之G1底层原理	103_GC之G1参数配置及和CMS的比较	104_JVMGC结合SpringBoot微服务优化简介
105_Linux命令之top	106_Linux之cpu查看vmstat	107_Linux之cpu查看pidstat
108_Linux之内存查看free和pidstat	109_Linux之硬盘查看df	110_Linux之磁盘IO查看iostat和pidstat
111_Linux之网络IO查看ifstat	112_CPU占用过高的定位分析思路	113_GitHub骚操作之开启
114_GitHub骚操作之常用词	115_GitHub骚操作之in限制搜索	116_GitHub骚操作之star和fork范围搜索
117_GitHub骚操作之awesome搜索	118_GitHub骚操作之#L数字	119_GitHub骚操作之T搜索
120_GitHub骚操作之搜索区域活跃用户	-	-

01_本课程前提要求和说明

教学视频

一些大厂的面试题

蚂蚁花呗一面：

Java容器有哪些？哪些是同步容器,哪些是并发容器？
ArrayList和LinkedList的插入和访问的时间复杂度？
java反射原理，注解原理？
新生代分为几个区？使用什么算法进行垃圾回收？为什么使用这个算法？
HashMap在什么情况下会扩容，或者有哪些操作会导致扩容？
HashMap push方法的执行过程？
HashMap检测到hash冲突后，将元素插入在链表的末尾还是开头？
1.8还采用了红黑树，讲讲红黑树的特性，为什么人家一定要用红黑树而不是AVL、B树之类的？
https和http区别，有没有用过其他安全传输手段？
线程池的工作原理，几个重要参数，然后给了具体几个参数分析线程池会怎么做，最后问阻塞队列的作用是什么？
linux怎么查看系统负载情况？
请详细描述springmvc处理请求全流程？spring 一个bean装配的过程？
讲一讲AtomicInteger，为什么要用CAS而不是synchronized？

美团一面：

最近做的比较熟悉的项目是哪个，画一下项目技术架构图。
JVM老年代和新生代的比例？
YGC和FGC发生的具体场景？
jstack，jmap，jutil分别的意义？如何线上排查JVM的相关问题？
线程池的构造类的方法的5个参数的具体意义？
单机上一个线程池正在处理服务如果忽然断电怎么办（正在处理和阻塞队列里的请求怎么处理)？
使用无界阻塞队列会出现什么问题？接口如何处理重复请求？

百度一面：

介绍一下集合框架？
hashmap hastable 底层实现什么区别？hashtable和concurrenthashtable呢？
hashmap和treemap什么区别？低层数据结构是什么？
线程池用过吗都有什么参数？底层如何实现的？
sychnized和Lock什么区别？sychnize 什么情况情况是对象锁？什么时候是全局锁为什么？
ThreadLocal 是什么底层如何实现？写一个例子呗？
volitile的工作原理？
cas知道吗如何实现的？
请用至少四种写法写一个单例模式？
请介绍一下JVM内存模型？用过什么垃圾回收器都说说呗线上发送频繁full gc如何处理？CPU使用率过高怎么办？如何定位问题？如何解决说一下解决思路和处理方法
知道字节码吗？字节码都有哪些？Integer x =5,int y =5，比较x =y 都经过哪些步骤？讲讲类加载机制呗都有哪些类加载器，这些类加载器都加载哪些文件？
手写一下类加载Demo
知道osgi吗？他是如何实现的？
请问你做过哪些JVM优化？使用什么方法达到什么效果？
classforName(“java.lang.String”)和String classgetClassLoader() LoadClass(“java.lang.String”)什么区别啊？

今日头条

HashMap如果一直put元素会怎么样？ hashcode全都相同如何？
ApplicationContext的初始化过程？
GC 用什么收集器？收集的过程如何？哪些部分可以作为GC Root？
Volatile关键字，指令重排序有什么意义？synchronied,怎么用？
Redis数据结构有哪些？如何实现sorted set？
并发包里的原子类有哪些，怎么实现？
MvSql索引是什么数据结构？ B tree有什么特点？优点是什么？
慢查询怎么优化？
项目: cache，各部分职责，有哪些优化点

京东金融面试

Dubbo超时重试；Dubbo超时时间设置
如何保障请求执行顺序
分布式事务与分布式锁(扣款不要出现负数)
分布式Session设置
执行某操作，前50次成功，第51次失败a全部回滚b前50次提交第51次抛异常，ab场景分别如何设计Spring (传播特性)
Zookeeper有却些作用
JVM内存模型
数据库垂直和水平拆分
MyBatis如何分页;如何设置缓存;MySQL分页

蚂蚁金服二面

自我介绍、工作经历、技术栈
项目中你学到了什么技术？(把三项目具体描述了很久)
微服务划分的粒度
微服务的高可用怎么保证的？
常用的负载均衡，该怎么用，你能说下吗？
网关能够为后端服务带来哪些好处？
Spring Bean的生命周期
HashSet是不是线程安全的？为什么不是线程安全的？
Java 中有哪些线程安全的Map？
Concurrenthashmap 是怎么做到线程安全的？
HashTable你了解过吗？
如何保证线程安全问题？
synchronized、lock
volatile 的原子性问题？为什么i++这种不支持原子性﹖从计算机原理的设计来讲下不能保证原子性的原因
happens before 原理
cas操作
lock和 synchronized 的区别？
公平锁和非公平锁
Java读写锁
读写锁设计主要解决什么问题？

02_volatile是什么

volatile是JVM提供的轻量级的同步机制

保证可见性
不保证原子性
禁止指令重排（保证有序性）

03_JMM内存模型之可见性

JMM（Java内存模型Java Memory Model，简称JMM）本身是一种抽象的概念并不真实存在，它描述的是一组规则或规范，通过这组规范定义了程序中各个变量（包括实例字段，静态字段和构成数组对象的元素）的访问方式。

JMM关于同步的规定：

线程解锁前，必须把共享变量的值刷新回主内存
线程加锁前，必须读取主内存的最新值到自己的工作内存
加锁解锁是同一把锁

由于JVM运行程序的实体是线程，而每个线程创建时JVM都会为其创建一个工作内存（有些地方称为栈空间），工作内存是每个线程的私有数据区域，而Java内存模型中规定所有变量都存储在主内存，主内存是共享内存区域，所有线程都可以访问，但线程对变量的操作（读取赋值等）必须在工作内存中进行，首先要将变量从主内存拷贝的自己的工作内存空间，然后对变量进行操作，操作完成后再将变量写回主内存，不能直接操作主内存中的变量，各个线程中的工作内存中存储着主内存中的变量副本拷贝，因此不同的线程间无法访问对方的工作内存，线程间的通信（传值）必须通过主内存来完成，其简要访问过程如下图：

可见性

通过前面对JMM的介绍，我们知道各个线程对主内存中共享变量的操作都是各个线程各自拷贝到自己的工作内存进行操作后再写回到主内存中的。

这就可能存在一个线程AAA修改了共享变量X的值但还未写回主内存时，另外一个线程BBB又对主内存中同一个共享变量X进行操作，但此时A线程工作内存中共享变量x对线程B来说并不可见，这种工作内存与主内存同步延迟现象就造成了可见性问题

04_可见性的代码验证说明

import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;

/**

假设是主物理内存
*/
class MyData {

//volatile int number = 0;
int number = 0;

public void addTo60() {
this.number = 60;
}
}

/**

验证volatile的可见性

假设int number = 0， number变量之前没有添加volatile关键字修饰
*/
public class VolatileDemo {

public static void main(String args []) {

 <span class="token comment">// 资源类</span>
 MyData myData <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">MyData</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

 <span class="token comment">// AAA线程 实现了Runnable接口的，lambda表达式</span>
 <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">Thread</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator">-</span><span class="token operator">&gt;</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>

     System<span class="token punctuation">.</span>out<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">println</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>Thread<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">currentThread</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">getName</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator">+</span> <span class="token string">"\t come in"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

     <span class="token comment">// 线程睡眠3秒，假设在进行运算</span>
     <span class="token keyword">try</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
         TimeUnit<span class="token punctuation">.</span>SECONDS<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">sleep</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">3</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
     <span class="token punctuation">}</span> <span class="token keyword">catch</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token class-name">InterruptedException</span> e<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
         e<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">printStackTrace</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
     <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
     <span class="token comment">// 修改number的值</span>
     myData<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">addTo60</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

     <span class="token comment">// 输出修改后的值</span>
     System<span class="token punctuation">.</span>out<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">println</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>Thread<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">currentThread</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">getName</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator">+</span> <span class="token string">"\t update number value:"</span> <span class="token operator">+</span> myData<span class="token punctuation">.</span>number<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

 <span class="token punctuation">}</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">"AAA"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">start</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

 <span class="token comment">// main线程就一直在这里等待循环，直到number的值不等于零</span>
 <span class="token keyword">while</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>myData<span class="token punctuation">.</span>number <span class="token operator">==</span> <span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span><span class="token punctuation">}</span>

 <span class="token comment">// 按道理这个值是不可能打印出来的，因为主线程运行的时候，number的值为0，所以一直在循环</span>
 <span class="token comment">// 如果能输出这句话，说明AAA线程在睡眠3秒后，更新的number的值，重新写入到主内存，并被main线程感知到了</span>
 System<span class="token punctuation">.</span>out<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">println</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>Thread<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">currentThread</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">getName</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator">+</span> <span class="token string">"\t mission is over"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

}
}

由于没有volatile修饰MyData类的成员变量number，main线程将会卡在while(myData.number == 0) {}，不能正常结束。若想正确结束，用volatile修饰MyData类的成员变量number吧。

volatile类比

没有volatile修饰变量效果，相当于A同学拷贝了老师同一课件，A同学对课件进一步的总结归纳，形成自己的课件，这就与老师的课件不同了。

有volatile修饰变量效果，相当于A同学拷贝了老师同一课件，A同学对课件进一步的总结归纳，形成自己的课件，并且与老师分享，老师认可A同学修改后的课件，并用它来作下一届的课件。

05_volatile不保证原子性

原子性指的是什么意思？

不可分割，完整性，也即某个线程正在做某个具体业务时，中间不可以被加塞或者被分割。需要整体完整要么同时成功，要么同时失败。

volatile不保证原子性案例演示：

class MyData2 {
    /**
     * volatile 修饰的关键字，是为了增加 主线程和线程之间的可见性，只要有一个线程修改了内存中的值，其它线程也能马上感知
     */
    volatile int number = 0;
<span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">void</span> <span class="token function">addPlusPlus</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
    number <span class="token operator">++</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

}

public class VolatileAtomicityDemo {

<span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">static</span> <span class="token keyword">void</span> <span class="token function">main</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>String<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span> args<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
    MyData2 myData <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">MyData2</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

    <span class="token comment">// 创建10个线程，线程里面进行1000次循环</span>
    <span class="token keyword">for</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token keyword">int</span> i <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> i <span class="token operator">&lt;</span> <span class="token number">20</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> i<span class="token operator">++</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
        <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">Thread</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator">-</span><span class="token operator">&gt;</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
            <span class="token comment">// 里面</span>
            <span class="token keyword">for</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token keyword">int</span> j <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> j <span class="token operator">&lt;</span> <span class="token number">1000</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> j<span class="token operator">++</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
                myData<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">addPlusPlus</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
            <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
        <span class="token punctuation">}</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> String<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">valueOf</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>i<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">start</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>

    <span class="token comment">// 需要等待上面20个线程都计算完成后，在用main线程取得最终的结果值</span>
    <span class="token comment">// 这里判断线程数是否大于2，为什么是2？因为默认是有两个线程的，一个main线程，一个gc线程</span>
    <span class="token keyword">while</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>Thread<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">activeCount</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator">&gt;</span> <span class="token number">2</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
        <span class="token comment">// yield表示不执行</span>
        Thread<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">yield</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>

    <span class="token comment">// 查看最终的值</span>
    <span class="token comment">// 假设volatile保证原子性，那么输出的值应该为：  20 * 1000 = 20000</span>
    System<span class="token punctuation">.</span>out<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">println</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>Thread<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">currentThread</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">getName</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator">+</span> <span class="token string">"\t finally number value: "</span> <span class="token operator">+</span> myData<span class="token punctuation">.</span>number<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

}

最后的结果总是小于20000。

06_volatile不保证原子性理论解释

number++在多线程下是非线程安全的。

我们可以将代码编译成字节码，可看出number++被编译成3条指令。

假设我们没有加 synchronized那么第一步就可能存在着，三个线程同时通过getfield命令，拿到主存中的 n值，然后三个线程，各自在自己的工作内存中进行加1操作，但他们并发进行 iadd 命令的时候，因为只能一个进行写，所以其它操作会被挂起，假设1线程，先进行了写操作，在写完后，volatile的可见性，应该需要告诉其它两个线程，主内存的值已经被修改了，但是因为太快了，其它两个线程，陆续执行 iadd命令，进行写入操作，这就造成了其他线程没有接受到主内存n的改变，从而覆盖了原来的值，出现写丢失，这样也就让最终的结果少于20000。

07_volatile不保证原子性问题解决

可加synchronized解决，但它是重量级同步机制，性能上有所顾虑。

如何不加synchronized解决number++在多线程下是非线程安全的问题？使用AtomicInteger。

import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;

class MyData2 {
/**
* volatile 修饰的关键字，是为了增加主线程和线程之间的可见性，只要有一个线程修改了内存中的值，其它线程也能马上感知
*/
volatile int number = 0;
AtomicInteger number2 = new AtomicInteger();

<span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">void</span> <span class="token function">addPlusPlus</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
    number <span class="token operator">++</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

<span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">void</span> <span class="token function">addPlusPlus2</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
	number2<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">getAndIncrement</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

}

public class VolatileAtomicityDemo {

<span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">static</span> <span class="token keyword">void</span> <span class="token function">main</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>String<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span> args<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
    MyData2 myData <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">MyData2</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

    <span class="token comment">// 创建10个线程，线程里面进行1000次循环</span>
    <span class="token keyword">for</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token keyword">int</span> i <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> i <span class="token operator">&lt;</span> <span class="token number">20</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> i<span class="token operator">++</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
        <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">Thread</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator">-</span><span class="token operator">&gt;</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
            <span class="token comment">// 里面</span>
            <span class="token keyword">for</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token keyword">int</span> j <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> j <span class="token operator">&lt;</span> <span class="token number">1000</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> j<span class="token operator">++</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
                myData<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">addPlusPlus</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
                myData<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">addPlusPlus2</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
            <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
        <span class="token punctuation">}</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> String<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">valueOf</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>i<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">start</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>

    <span class="token comment">// 需要等待上面20个线程都计算完成后，在用main线程取得最终的结果值</span>
    <span class="token comment">// 这里判断线程数是否大于2，为什么是2？因为默认是有两个线程的，一个main线程，一个gc线程</span>
    <span class="token keyword">while</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>Thread<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">activeCount</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator">&gt;</span> <span class="token number">2</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
        <span class="token comment">// yield表示不执行</span>
        Thread<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">yield</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>

    <span class="token comment">// 查看最终的值</span>
    <span class="token comment">// 假设volatile保证原子性，那么输出的值应该为：  20 * 1000 = 20000</span>
    System<span class="token punctuation">.</span>out<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">println</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>Thread<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">currentThread</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">getName</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator">+</span> <span class="token string">"\t finally number value: "</span> <span class="token operator">+</span> myData<span class="token punctuation">.</span>number<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    System<span class="token punctuation">.</span>out<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">println</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>Thread<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">currentThread</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">getName</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator">+</span> <span class="token string">"\t finally number2 value: "</span> <span class="token operator">+</span> myData<span class="token punctuation">.</span>number2<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

}

输出结果为：

main	 finally number value: 18766
main	 finally number2 value: 20000

 
 
 
 1
2

08_volatile指令重排案例1

计算机在执行程序时，为了提高性能，编译器和处理器的常常会对指令做重排，一般分以下3种：

单线程环境里面确保程序最终执行结果和代码顺序执行的结果一致。

处理器在进行重排序时必须要考虑指令之间的数据依赖性

多线程环境中线程交替执行，由于编译器优化重排的存在，两个线程中使用的变量能否保证一致性是无法确定的，结果无法预测。

重排案例

public void mySort{
	int x = 11;//语句1
    int y = 12;//语句2
    × = × + 5;//语句3
    y = x * x;//语句4
}

 
 
 
 1
2
3
4
5
6

可重排序列：

1234
2134
1324

问题：请问语句4可以重排后变成第一个条吗？答：不能。

重排案例2

int a,b,x,y = 0

线程1	线程2
x = a;	y = b;
b = 1;	a = 2;

x = 0; y = 0

如果编译器对这段程序代码执行重排优化后，可能出现下列情况：

线程1	线程2
b = 1;	a = 2;
x = a;	y = b;

x = 2; y = 1

这也就说明在多线程环境下，由于编译器优化重排的存在，两个线程中使用的变量能否保证一致性是无法确定的。

09_volatile指令重排案例2

观察以下程序：

public class ReSortSeqDemo{
	int a = 0;
	boolean flag = false;
<span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">void</span> <span class="token function">method01</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
	a <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span><span class="token comment">//语句1</span>
	flag <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token boolean">true</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span><span class="token comment">//语句2</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

<span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">void</span> <span class="token function">method02</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
    <span class="token keyword">if</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>flag<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
        a <span class="token operator">=</span> a <span class="token operator">+</span> <span class="token number">5</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> <span class="token comment">//语句3</span>
    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
    System<span class="token punctuation">.</span>out<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">println</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"retValue: "</span> <span class="token operator">+</span> a<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span><span class="token comment">//可能是6或1或5或0</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

}

多线程环境中线程交替执行method01()和method02()，由于编译器优化重排的存在，两个线程中使用的变量能否保证一致性是无法确定的，结果无法预测。

禁止指令重排小总结

volatile实现禁止指令重排优化，从而避免多线程环境下程序出现乱序执行的现象

先了解一个概念，内存屏障(Memory Barrier）又称内存栅栏，是一个CPU指令，它的作用有两个:

保证特定操作的执行顺序，
保证某些变量的内存可见性（利用该特性实现volatile的内存可见性）。

由于编译器和处理器都能执行指令重排优化。如果在指令间插入一条Memory Barrier则会告诉编译器和CPU，不管什么指令都不能和这条Memory Barrier指令重排序，也就是说通过插入内存屏障禁止在内存屏障前后的指令执行重排序优化。内存屏障另外一个作用是强制刷出各种CPU的缓存数据，因此任何CPU上的线程都能读取到这些数据的最新版本。

对volatile变量进行写操作时，会在写操作后加入一条store屏障指令，将工作内存中的共享变量值刷新回到主内存。

对Volatile变量进行读操作时，会在读操作前加入一条load屏障指令，从主内存中读取共享变量。

线性安全性获得保证

工作内存与主内存同步延迟现象导致的可见性问题 - 可以使用synchronized或volatile关键字解决，它们都可以使一个线程修改后的变量立即对其他线程可见。
对于指令重排导致的可见性问题和有序性问题 - 可以利用volatile关键字解决，因为volatile的另外一个作用就是禁止重排序优化。

10_单例模式在多线程环境下可能存在安全问题

懒汉单例模式

public class SingletonDemo {
<span class="token keyword">private</span> <span class="token keyword">static</span> SingletonDemo instance <span class="token operator">=</span> null<span class="token punctuation">;</span>

<span class="token keyword">private</span> SingletonDemo <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
    System<span class="token punctuation">.</span>out<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">println</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>Thread<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">currentThread</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">getName</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator">+</span> <span class="token string">"\t 我是构造方法SingletonDemo"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

<span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">static</span> SingletonDemo <span class="token function">getInstance</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
    <span class="token keyword">if</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>instance <span class="token operator">==</span> null<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
        instance <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">SingletonDemo</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
    <span class="token keyword">return</span> instance<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

<span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">static</span> <span class="token keyword">void</span> <span class="token function">main</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>String<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span> args<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
    <span class="token comment">// 这里的 == 是比较内存地址</span>
    System<span class="token punctuation">.</span>out<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">println</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>SingletonDemo<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">getInstance</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator">==</span> SingletonDemo<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">getInstance</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    System<span class="token punctuation">.</span>out<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">println</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>SingletonDemo<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">getInstance</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator">==</span> SingletonDemo<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">getInstance</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    System<span class="token punctuation">.</span>out<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">println</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>SingletonDemo<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">getInstance</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator">==</span> SingletonDemo<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">getInstance</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    System<span class="token punctuation">.</span>out<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">println</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>SingletonDemo<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">getInstance</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator">==</span> SingletonDemo<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">getInstance</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

}

输出结果：

main    我是构造方法singletonDemo
true
true
true
true

 
 
 
 1
2
3
4
5

但是，在多线程环境运行上述代码，能保证单例吗？

public class SingletonDemo {
<span class="token keyword">private</span> <span class="token keyword">static</span> SingletonDemo instance <span class="token operator">=</span> null<span class="token punctuation">;</span>

<span class="token keyword">private</span> SingletonDemo <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
    System<span class="token punctuation">.</span>out<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">println</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>Thread<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">currentThread</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">getName</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator">+</span> <span class="token string">"\t 我是构造方法SingletonDemo"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

<span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">static</span> SingletonDemo <span class="token function">getInstance</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
    <span class="token keyword">if</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>instance <span class="token operator">==</span> null<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
        instance <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">SingletonDemo</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
    <span class="token keyword">return</span> instance<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

<span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">static</span> <span class="token keyword">void</span> <span class="token function">main</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>String<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span> args<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
    <span class="token keyword">for</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token keyword">int</span> i <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> i <span class="token operator">&lt;</span> <span class="token number">10</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> i<span class="token operator">++</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
        <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">Thread</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator">-</span><span class="token operator">&gt;</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
            SingletonDemo<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">getInstance</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
        <span class="token punctuation">}</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> String<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">valueOf</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>i<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">start</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

}

输出结果：

4	 我是构造方法SingletonDemo
2	 我是构造方法SingletonDemo
5	 我是构造方法SingletonDemo
6	 我是构造方法SingletonDemo
0	 我是构造方法SingletonDemo
3	 我是构造方法SingletonDemo
1	 我是构造方法SingletonDemo

 
 
 
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显然不能保证单例。

解决方法之一：用synchronized修饰方法getInstance()，但它属重量级同步机制，使用时慎重。

public synchronized static SingletonDemo getInstance() {
    if(instance == null) {
        instance = new SingletonDemo();
    }
    return instance;
}

 
 
 
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11_单例模式volatile分析

解决方法之二：DCL（Double Check Lock双端检锁机制）

public class SingletonDemo{
	private SingletonDemo(){}
<span class="token keyword">private</span> <span class="token keyword">volatile</span> <span class="token keyword">static</span> SingletonDemo instance <span class="token operator">=</span> null<span class="token punctuation">;</span>

<span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">static</span> SingletonDemo <span class="token function">getInstance</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
    <span class="token keyword">if</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>instance <span class="token operator">==</span> null<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
        <span class="token keyword">synchronized</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>SingletonDemo<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token keyword">class</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
            <span class="token keyword">if</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>instance <span class="token operator">==</span> null<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
                instance <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">SingletonDemo</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>       
            <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
        <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
    <span class="token keyword">return</span> instance<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

}

DCL中volatile解析

原因在于某一个线程执行到第一次检测，读取到的instance不为null时，instance的引用对象可能没有完成初始化。instance = new SingletonDemo();可以分为以下3步完成(伪代码)：

memory = allocate(); //1.分配对象内存空间
instance(memory); //2.初始化对象
instance = memory; //3.设置instance指向刚分配的内存地址，此时instance != null

 
 
 
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步骤2和步骤3不存在数据依赖关系，而且无论重排前还是重排后程序的执行结果在单线程中并没有改变，因此这种重排优化是允许的。

memory = allocate(); //1.分配对象内存空间
instance = memory;//3.设置instance指向刚分配的内存地址，此时instance! =null，但是对象还没有初始化完成!
instance(memory);//2.初始化对象

 
 
 
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但是指令重排只会保证串行语义的执行的一致性(单线程)，但并不会关心多线程间的语义一致性。

所以当一条线程访问instance不为null时，由于instance实例未必已初始化完成，也就造成了线程安全问题。

12_CAS是什么

Compare And Set

示例程序

public class CASDemo{
    public static void main(string[] args){
        AtomicInteger atomicInteger = new AtomicInteger(5);// mian do thing. . . . ..
        System.out.println(atomicInteger.compareAndSet(5, 2019)+"\t current data: "+atomicInteger.get());
        System.out.println(atomicInteger.compareAndset(5, 1024)+"\t current data: "+atomicInteger.get());
    }
}

 
 
 
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输出结果为

true    2019
false   2019

 
 
 
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13_CAS底层原理-上

Cas底层原理？如果知道，谈谈你对UnSafe的理解

atomiclnteger.getAndIncrement();源码

public class AtomicInteger extends Number implements java.io.Serializable {
    private static final long serialVersionUID = 6214790243416807050L;
<span class="token comment">// setup to use Unsafe.compareAndSwapInt for updates</span>
<span class="token keyword">private</span> <span class="token keyword">static</span> <span class="token keyword">final</span> Unsafe unsafe <span class="token operator">=</span> Unsafe<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">getUnsafe</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token keyword">private</span> <span class="token keyword">static</span> <span class="token keyword">final</span> <span class="token keyword">long</span> valueOffset<span class="token punctuation">;</span>

<span class="token keyword">static</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
    <span class="token keyword">try</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
        valueOffset <span class="token operator">=</span> unsafe<span class="token punctuation">.</span>objectFieldOffset
            <span class="token punctuation">(</span>AtomicInteger<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token keyword">class</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">getDeclaredField</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"value"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    <span class="token punctuation">}</span> <span class="token keyword">catch</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token class-name">Exception</span> ex<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span> <span class="token keyword">throw</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">Error</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>ex<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

<span class="token keyword">private</span> <span class="token keyword">volatile</span> <span class="token keyword">int</span> value<span class="token punctuation">;</span>

<span class="token comment">/**
 * Creates a new AtomicInteger with the given initial value.
 *
 * @param initialValue the initial value
 */</span>
<span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token function">AtomicInteger</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token keyword">int</span> initialValue<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
    value <span class="token operator">=</span> initialValue<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

<span class="token comment">/**
 * Creates a new AtomicInteger with initial value {@code 0}.
 */</span>
<span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token function">AtomicInteger</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>
        
<span class="token comment">/**
 * Atomically increments by one the current value.
 *
 * @return the previous value
 */</span>
<span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">final</span> <span class="token keyword">int</span> <span class="token function">getAndIncrement</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
    <span class="token keyword">return</span> unsafe<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">getAndAddInt</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token keyword">this</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> valueOffset<span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>

}

UnSafe

1 Unsafe

是CAS的核心类，由于Java方法无法直接访问底层系统，需要通过本地（native）方法来访问，Unsafe相当于一个后门，基于该类可以直接操作特定内存的数据。Unsafe类存在于sun.misc包中，其内部方法操作可以像C的指针一样直接操作内存，因为Java中CAS操作的执行依赖于Unsafe类的方法。

注意Unsafe类中的所有方法都是native修饰的，也就是说Unsafe类中的方法都直接调用操作系统底层资源执行相应任务。

2 变量valueOffset，表示该变量值在内存中的偏移地址，因为Unsafe就是根据内存偏移地址获取数据的。

3 变量value用volatile修饰，保证了多线程之间的内存可见性。

CAS是什么

CAS的全称为Compare-And-Swap，它是一条CPU并发原语。

它的功能是判断内存某个位置的值是否为预期值，如果是则更改为新的值，这个过程是原子的。

CAS并发原语体现在JAVA语言中就是sun.misc.Unsafe类中的各个方法。调用UnSafe类中的CAS方法，JVM会帮我们实现出CAS汇编指令。这是一种完全依赖于硬件的功能，通过它实现了原子操作。再次强调，由于CAS是一种系统原语，原语属于操作系统用语范畴，是由若干条指令组成的，用于完成某个功能的一个过程，并且原语的执行必须是连续的，在执行过程中不允许被中断，也就是说CAS是一条CPU的原子指令，不会造成所谓的数据不一致问题。（原子性）

14_CAS底层原理-下

继续上一节

UnSafe.getAndAddInt()源码解释：

var1 AtomicInteger对象本身。
var2 该对象值得引用地址。
var4 需要变动的数量。
var5是用过var1，var2找出的主内存中真实的值。
用该对象当前的值与var5比较：
- 如果相同，更新var5+var4并且返回true,
- 如果不同，继续取值然后再比较，直到更新完成。

假设线程A和线程B两个线程同时执行getAndAddInt操作（分别跑在不同CPU上) ：

Atomiclnteger里面的value原始值为3，即主内存中Atomiclnteger的value为3，根据JMM模型，线程A和线程B各自持有一份值为3的value的副本分别到各自的工作内存。
线程A通过getIntVolatile(var1, var2)拿到value值3，这时线程A被挂起。
线程B也通过getintVolatile(var1, var2)方法获取到value值3，此时刚好线程B没有被挂起并执行compareAndSwapInt方法比较内存值也为3，成功修改内存值为4，线程B打完收工，一切OK。
这时线程A恢复，执行compareAndSwapInt方法比较，发现自己手里的值数字3和主内存的值数字4不一致，说明该值己经被其它线程抢先一步修改过了，那A线程本次修改失败，只能重新读取重新来一遍了。
线程A重新获取value值，因为变量value被volatile修饰，所以其它线程对它的修改，线程A总是能够看到，线程A继续执行compareAndSwaplnt进行比较替换，直到成功。

底层汇编

Unsafe类中的compareAndSwapInt，是一个本地方法，该方法的实现位于unsafe.cpp中。

UNSAFE_ENTRY(jboolean, Unsafe_CompareAndSwapInt(JNIEnv *env, jobject unsafe, jobject obj, jlong offset, jint e, jint x)
UnsafeWrapper("Unsafe_CompareAndSwaplnt");
oop p = JNlHandles::resolve(obj);
jint* addr = (jint *)index_oop_from_field_offset_long(p, offset);
return (jint)(Atomic::cmpxchg(x, addr, e))== e;
UNSAFE_END
//先想办法拿到变量value在内存中的地址。
//通过Atomic::cmpxchg实现比较替换，其中参数x是即将更新的值，参数e是原内存的值。

 
 
 
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小结

CAS指令

CAS有3个操作数，内存值V，旧的预期值A，要修改的更新值B。
当且仅当预期值A和内存值V相同时，将内存值V修改为B，否则什么都不做。

15_CAS缺点

循环时间长开销很大

// ursafe.getAndAddInt
public final int getAndAddInt(Object var1, long var2, int var4){
	int var5;
	do {
		var5 = this.getIntVolatile(var1, var2);
	}while(!this.compareAndSwapInt(varl, var2, var5，var5 + var4));
    return var5;
}

 
 
 
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我们可以看到getAndAddInt方法执行时，有个do while，如果CAS失败，会一直进行尝试。如果CAS长时间一直不成功，可能会给CPU带来很大的开销。

只能保证一个共享变量的原子操作

当对一个共享变量执行操作时，我们可以使用循环CAS的方式来保证原子操作，但是，对多个共享变量操作时，循环CAS就无法保证操作的原子性，这个时候就可以用锁来保证原子性。

引出来ABA问题

16_ABA问题

ABA问题怎么产生的

CAS会导致“ABA问题”。

CAS算法实现一个重要前提需要取出内存中某时刻的数据并在当下时刻比较并替换，那么在这个时间差类会导致数据的变化。

比如说一个线程one从内存位置V中取出A，这时候另一个线程two也从内存中取出A，并且线程two进行了一些操作将值变成了B,然后线程two又将V位置的数据变成A，这时候线程one进行CAS操作发现内存中仍然是A，然后线程one操作成功。

尽管线程one的CAS操作成功，但是不代表这个过程就是没有问题的。

17_AtomicReference原子引用

import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicReference;

class User{

String userName<span class="token punctuation">;</span>

<span class="token keyword">int</span> age<span class="token punctuation">;</span>

<span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token function">User</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>String userName<span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token keyword">int</span> age<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
	<span class="token keyword">this</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>userName <span class="token operator">=</span> userName<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
	<span class="token keyword">this</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>age <span class="token operator">=</span> age<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

<span class="token annotation punctuation">@Override</span>
<span class="token keyword">public</span> String <span class="token function">toString</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
	<span class="token keyword">return</span> String<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">format</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"User [userName=%s, age=%s]"</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> userName<span class="token punctuation">,</span> age<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

}

public class AtomicReferenceDemo {
public static void main(String[] args){
User z3 = new User( “z3”,22);
User li4 = new User(“li4” ,25);
AtomicReference<User> atomicReference = new AtomicReference<>();
atomicReference.set(z3);
System.out.println(atomicReference.compareAndSet(z3, li4)+"\t"+atomicReference.get().toString());
System.out.println(atomicReference.compareAndSet(z3, li4)+"\t"+atomicReference.get().toString());
}
}

输出结果

true	User [userName=li4, age=25]
false	User [userName=li4, age=25]

 
 
 
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18_AtomicStampedReference版本号原子引用

原子引用 + 新增一种机制，那就是修改版本号（类似时间戳），它用来解决ABA问题。

19_ABA问题的解决

ABA问题程序演示及解决方法演示：

import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicReference;
import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicStampedReference;

public class ABADemo {
/**
* 普通的原子引用包装类
*/
static AtomicReference<Integer> atomicReference = new AtomicReference<>(100);

<span class="token comment">// 传递两个值，一个是初始值，一个是初始版本号</span>
<span class="token keyword">static</span> AtomicStampedReference<span class="token generics function"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;</span>Integer<span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span> atomicStampedReference <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">AtomicStampedReference</span><span class="token operator">&lt;</span><span class="token operator">&gt;</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">100</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

<span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">static</span> <span class="token keyword">void</span> <span class="token function">main</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>String<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span> args<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>

	System<span class="token punctuation">.</span>out<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">println</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"============以下是ABA问题的产生=========="</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

	<span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">Thread</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator">-</span><span class="token operator">&gt;</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
		<span class="token comment">// 把100 改成 101 然后在改成100，也就是ABA</span>
		atomicReference<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">compareAndSet</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">100</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">101</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
		atomicReference<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">compareAndSet</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">101</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">100</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
	<span class="token punctuation">}</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">"t1"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">start</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

	<span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">Thread</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator">-</span><span class="token operator">&gt;</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
		<span class="token keyword">try</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
			<span class="token comment">// 睡眠一秒，保证t1线程，完成了ABA操作</span>
			TimeUnit<span class="token punctuation">.</span>SECONDS<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">sleep</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
		<span class="token punctuation">}</span> <span class="token keyword">catch</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token class-name">InterruptedException</span> e<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
			e<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">printStackTrace</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
		<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
		<span class="token comment">// 把100 改成 101 然后在改成100，也就是ABA</span>
		System<span class="token punctuation">.</span>out<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">println</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>atomicReference<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">compareAndSet</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">100</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">2019</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator">+</span> <span class="token string">"\t"</span> <span class="token operator">+</span> atomicReference<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">get</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

	<span class="token punctuation">}</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">"t2"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">start</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

	<span class="token comment">/</span>
	<span class="token keyword">try</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
		TimeUnit<span class="token punctuation">.</span>SECONDS<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">sleep</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">2</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
	<span class="token punctuation">}</span> <span class="token keyword">catch</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token class-name">Exception</span> e<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
		e<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">printStackTrace</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
	<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
	<span class="token comment">/</span>

	
	System<span class="token punctuation">.</span>out<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">println</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"============以下是ABA问题的解决=========="</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

	<span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">Thread</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator">-</span><span class="token operator">&gt;</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>

		<span class="token comment">// 获取版本号</span>
		<span class="token keyword">int</span> stamp <span class="token operator">=</span> atomicStampedReference<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">getStamp</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
		System<span class="token punctuation">.</span>out<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">println</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>Thread<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">currentThread</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">getName</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator">+</span> <span class="token string">"\t 第一次版本号"</span> <span class="token operator">+</span> stamp<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

		<span class="token comment">// 暂停t3一秒钟</span>
		<span class="token keyword">try</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
			TimeUnit<span class="token punctuation">.</span>SECONDS<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">sleep</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
		<span class="token punctuation">}</span> <span class="token keyword">catch</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token class-name">InterruptedException</span> e<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
			e<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">printStackTrace</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
		<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

		<span class="token comment">// 传入4个值，期望值，更新值，期望版本号，更新版本号</span>
		atomicStampedReference<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">compareAndSet</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">100</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">101</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> atomicStampedReference<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">getStamp</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>
				atomicStampedReference<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">getStamp</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator">+</span> <span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

		System<span class="token punctuation">.</span>out<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">println</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>Thread<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">currentThread</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">getName</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator">+</span> <span class="token string">"\t 第二次版本号"</span> <span class="token operator">+</span> atomicStampedReference<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">getStamp</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

		atomicStampedReference<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">compareAndSet</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">101</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">100</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> atomicStampedReference<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">getStamp</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>
				atomicStampedReference<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">getStamp</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator">+</span> <span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

		System<span class="token punctuation">.</span>out<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">println</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>Thread<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">currentThread</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">getName</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator">+</span> <span class="token string">"\t 第三次版本号"</span> <span class="token operator">+</span> atomicStampedReference<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">getStamp</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

	<span class="token punctuation">}</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">"t3"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">start</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

	<span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">Thread</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator">-</span><span class="token operator">&gt;</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>

		<span class="token comment">// 获取版本号</span>
		<span class="token keyword">int</span> stamp <span class="token operator">=</span> atomicStampedReference<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">getStamp</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
		System<span class="token punctuation">.</span>out<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">println</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>Thread<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">currentThread</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">getName</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator">+</span> <span class="token string">"\t 第一次版本号"</span> <span class="token operator">+</span> stamp<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

		<span class="token comment">// 暂停t4 3秒钟，保证t3线程也进行一次ABA问题</span>
		<span class="token keyword">try</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
			TimeUnit<span class="token punctuation">.</span>SECONDS<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">sleep</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">3</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
		<span class="token punctuation">}</span> <span class="token keyword">catch</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token class-name">InterruptedException</span> e<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
			e<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">printStackTrace</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
		<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

		<span class="token keyword">boolean</span> result <span class="token operator">=</span> atomicStampedReference<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">compareAndSet</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">100</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">2019</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> stamp<span class="token punctuation">,</span> stamp <span class="token operator">+</span> <span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

		System<span class="token punctuation">.</span>out<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">println</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>Thread<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">currentThread</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">getName</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator">+</span> <span class="token string">"\t 修改成功否："</span> <span class="token operator">+</span> result <span class="token operator">+</span> <span class="token string">"\t 当前最新实际版本号："</span>
				<span class="token operator">+</span> atomicStampedReference<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">getStamp</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

		System<span class="token punctuation">.</span>out<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">println</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>Thread<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">currentThread</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">getName</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator">+</span> <span class="token string">"\t 当前实际最新值"</span> <span class="token operator">+</span> atomicStampedReference<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">getReference</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

	<span class="token punctuation">}</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">"t4"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">start</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

}

输出结果

============以下是ABA问题的产生==========
true	2019
============以下是ABA问题的解决==========
t3	 第一次版本号1
t4	 第一次版本号1
t3	 第二次版本号2
t3	 第三次版本号3
t4	 修改成功否：false	 当前最新实际版本号：3
t4	 当前实际最新值100

 
 
 
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20_集合类不安全之并发修改异常

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.UUID;
import java.util.Vector;

public class ArrayListNotSafeDemo {
public static void main(String[] args) {
List<String> list = new ArrayList<>();
//List<String> list = new Vector<>();
//List<String> list = Collections.synchronizedList(new ArrayList<>());

    <span class="token keyword">for</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token keyword">int</span> i <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> i <span class="token operator">&lt;</span> <span class="token number">30</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> i<span class="token operator">++</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
        <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">Thread</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator">-</span><span class="token operator">&gt;</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
            list<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">add</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>UUID<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">randomUUID</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">toString</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">substring</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">8</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
            System<span class="token punctuation">.</span>out<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">println</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>list<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
        <span class="token punctuation">}</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> String<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">valueOf</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>i<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">start</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

}

上述程序会抛java.util.ConcurrentModificationException

解决方法之一：Vector

解决方法之二：Collections.synchronizedList()

21_集合类不安全之写时复制

上一节程序导致抛java.util.ConcurrentModificationException的原因解析

先观察下抛错打印栈堆信息：

java.util.ConcurrentModificationException
	at java.util.ArrayList$Itr.checkForComodification(ArrayList.java:909)
	at java.util.ArrayList$Itr.next(ArrayList.java:859)
	at java.util.AbstractCollection.toString(AbstractCollection.java:461)
	at java.lang.String.valueOf(String.java:2994)
	at java.io.PrintStream.println(PrintStream.java:821)
	at com.lun.collection.ArrayListNotSafeDemo.lambda$0(ArrayListNotSafeDemo.java:20)
	at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:748)

 
 
 
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可看出toString()，Itr.next()，Itr.checkForComodification()后抛出异常，那么看看它们next()，checkForComodification()源码：

public class ArrayList<E> extends AbstractList<E>
        implements List<E>, RandomAccess, Cloneable, java.io.Serializable{
<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>

<span class="token keyword">private</span> <span class="token keyword">class</span> <span class="token class-name">Itr</span> <span class="token keyword">implements</span> <span class="token class-name">Iterator</span><span class="token generics function"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;</span>E<span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
    <span class="token keyword">int</span> cursor<span class="token punctuation">;</span>       <span class="token comment">// index of next element to return</span>
    <span class="token keyword">int</span> lastRet <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token operator">-</span><span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> <span class="token comment">// index of last element returned; -1 if no such</span>
    <span class="token keyword">int</span> expectedModCount <span class="token operator">=</span> modCount<span class="token punctuation">;</span><span class="token comment">//modCount在AbstractList类声明</span>

    <span class="token function">Itr</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span><span class="token punctuation">}</span>

    <span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>

    <span class="token annotation punctuation">@SuppressWarnings</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"unchecked"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
    <span class="token keyword">public</span> E <span class="token function">next</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
        <span class="token function">checkForComodification</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
		<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>
    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>

    <span class="token keyword">final</span> <span class="token keyword">void</span> <span class="token function">checkForComodification</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
        <span class="token keyword">if</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span>modCount <span class="token operator">!=</span> expectedModCount<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
            <span class="token keyword">throw</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">ConcurrentModificationException</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span><span class="token comment">//&lt;---异常在此抛出</span>
    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>


<span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">boolean</span> <span class="token function">add</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>E e<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
    <span class="token function">ensureCapacityInternal</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>size <span class="token operator">+</span> <span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>  <span class="token comment">// Increments modCount!!</span>
    elementData<span class="token punctuation">[</span>size<span class="token operator">++</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> e<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    <span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token boolean">true</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

<span class="token keyword">private</span> <span class="token keyword">void</span> <span class="token function">ensureCapacityInternal</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token keyword">int</span> minCapacity<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
    <span class="token function">ensureExplicitCapacity</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token function">calculateCapacity</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>elementData<span class="token punctuation">,</span> minCapacity<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

<span class="token keyword">private</span> <span class="token keyword">void</span> <span class="token function">ensureExplicitCapacity</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token keyword">int</span> minCapacity<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
    modCount<span class="token operator">++</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span><span class="token comment">//添加时，修改了modCount的值</span>

    <span class="token comment">// overflow-conscious code</span>
    <span class="token keyword">if</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span>minCapacity <span class="token operator">-</span> elementData<span class="token punctuation">.</span>length <span class="token operator">&gt;</span> <span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
        <span class="token function">grow</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>minCapacity<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>

}

public abstract class AbstractList<E> extends AbstractCollection<E> implements List<E> {
<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>

<span class="token keyword">protected</span> <span class="token keyword">transient</span> <span class="token keyword">int</span> modCount <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>

}

modCount具体详细说明如下：

The number of times this list has been structurally modified. Structural modifications are those that change the size of the list, or otherwise perturb it in such a fashion that iterations in progress may yield incorrect results.

This field is used by the iterator and list iterator implementation returned by the iterator and listIterator methods. If the value of this field changes unexpectedly, the iterator (or list iterator) will throw a ConcurrentModificationException in response to the next, remove, previous, set or add operations. This provides fail-fast behavior, rather than non-deterministic behavior in the face of concurrent modification during iteration.

link

综上所述，假设线程A将通过迭代器next()获取下一元素时，从而将其打印出来。但之前，其他某线程添加新元素至list，结构发生了改变，modCount自增。当线程A运行到checkForComodification()，expectedModCount是modCount之前自增的值，判定modCount != expectedModCount为真，继而抛出ConcurrentModificationException。

解决方法之三：CopyOnWriteArrayList（推荐）

public class CopyOnWriteArrayList<E>
    implements List<E>, RandomAccess, Cloneable, java.io.Serializable {
<span class="token comment">/** The array, accessed only via getArray/setArray. */</span>
<span class="token keyword">private</span> <span class="token keyword">transient</span> <span class="token keyword">volatile</span> Object<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span> array<span class="token punctuation">;</span>

<span class="token keyword">final</span> Object<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token function">getArray</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
    <span class="token keyword">return</span> array<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

<span class="token keyword">final</span> <span class="token keyword">void</span> <span class="token function">setArray</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>Object<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span> a<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
    array <span class="token operator">=</span> a<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>

<span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">boolean</span> <span class="token function">add</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>E e<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
    <span class="token keyword">final</span> ReentrantLock lock <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">this</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>lock<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    lock<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">lock</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    <span class="token keyword">try</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
        Object<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span> elements <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token function">getArray</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
        <span class="token keyword">int</span> len <span class="token operator">=</span> elements<span class="token punctuation">.</span>length<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
        Object<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span> newElements <span class="token operator">=</span> Arrays<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">copyOf</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>elements<span class="token punctuation">,</span> len <span class="token operator">+</span> <span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
        newElements<span class="token punctuation">[</span>len<span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> e<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
        <span class="token function">setArray</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>newElements<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
        <span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token boolean">true</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    <span class="token punctuation">}</span> <span class="token keyword">finally</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
        lock<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">unlock</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>

<span class="token keyword">public</span> String <span class="token function">toString</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
    <span class="token keyword">return</span> Arrays<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">toString</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token function">getArray</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>

}

CopyOnWrite容器即写时复制的容器。待一个容器添加元素的时候，不直接往当前容器Object[]添加，而是先将当前容器Object[]进行copy，复制出一个新的容器Object[] newELements，然后新的容器Object[ ] newELements里添加元素，添加完元素之后，再将原容器的引用指向新的容器setArray (newELements)。

这样做的好处是可以对CopyOnWrite容器进行并发的读，而不需要加锁（区别于Vector和Collections.synchronizedList()），因为当前容器不会添加任何元素。所以CopyOnWrite容器也是一种读写分离的思想，读和写不同的容器。

22_集合类不安全之Set

HashSet也是非线性安全的。（HashSet内部是包装了一个HashMap的）

import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.HashSet;
import java.util.Set;
import java.util.UUID;
import java.util.concurrent.CopyOnWriteArraySet;

public class SetNotSafeDemo {

<span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">static</span> <span class="token keyword">void</span> <span class="token function">main</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>String<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span> args<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
	
	Set<span class="token generics function"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;</span>String<span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span> set <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">HashSet</span><span class="token operator">&lt;</span><span class="token operator">&gt;</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
	<span class="token comment">//Set&lt;String&gt; set = Collections.synchronizedSet(new HashSet&lt;&gt;());</span>
	<span class="token comment">//Set&lt;String&gt; set = new CopyOnWriteArraySet&lt;String&gt;();</span>
	
    <span class="token keyword">for</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token keyword">int</span> i <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> i <span class="token operator">&lt;</span> <span class="token number">30</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> i<span class="token operator">++</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
        <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">Thread</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator">-</span><span class="token operator">&gt;</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
            set<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">add</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>UUID<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">randomUUID</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">toString</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">substring</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">8</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
            System<span class="token punctuation">.</span>out<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">println</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>set<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
        <span class="token punctuation">}</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> String<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">valueOf</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>i<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">start</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

}

解决方法：

Collections.synchronizedSet(new HashSet<>())
CopyOnWriteArraySet<>()（推荐）

CopyOnWriteArraySet源码一览：

public class CopyOnWriteArraySet<E> extends AbstractSet<E>
        implements java.io.Serializable {
    private static final long serialVersionUID = 5457747651344034263L;
<span class="token keyword">private</span> <span class="token keyword">final</span> CopyOnWriteArrayList<span class="token generics function"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;</span>E<span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span> al<span class="token punctuation">;</span>

<span class="token comment">/**
 * Creates an empty set.
 */</span>
<span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token function">CopyOnWriteArraySet</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
    al <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">CopyOnWriteArrayList</span><span class="token generics function"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;</span>E<span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

<span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token function">CopyOnWriteArraySet</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>Collection<span class="token operator">&lt;</span><span class="token operator">?</span> <span class="token keyword">extends</span> <span class="token class-name">E</span><span class="token operator">&gt;</span> c<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
    <span class="token keyword">if</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span>c<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">getClass</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator">==</span> CopyOnWriteArraySet<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token keyword">class</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
        <span class="token annotation punctuation">@SuppressWarnings</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"unchecked"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> CopyOnWriteArraySet<span class="token generics function"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;</span>E<span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span> cc <span class="token operator">=</span>
            <span class="token punctuation">(</span>CopyOnWriteArraySet<span class="token generics function"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;</span>E<span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>c<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
        al <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">CopyOnWriteArrayList</span><span class="token generics function"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;</span>E<span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>cc<span class="token punctuation">.</span>al<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
    <span class="token keyword">else</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
        al <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">CopyOnWriteArrayList</span><span class="token generics function"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;</span>E<span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
        al<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">addAllAbsent</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>c<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

<span class="token comment">//可看出CopyOnWriteArraySet包装了一个CopyOnWriteArrayList</span>

<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>

<span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">boolean</span> <span class="token function">add</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>E e<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
    <span class="token keyword">return</span> al<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">addIfAbsent</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>e<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

<span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">boolean</span> <span class="token function">addIfAbsent</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>E e<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
    Object<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span> snapshot <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token function">getArray</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    <span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token function">indexOf</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>e<span class="token punctuation">,</span> snapshot<span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> snapshot<span class="token punctuation">.</span>length<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator">&gt;=</span> <span class="token number">0</span> <span class="token operator">?</span> <span class="token boolean">false</span> <span class="token operator">:</span>
        <span class="token function">addIfAbsent</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>e<span class="token punctuation">,</span> snapshot<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

<span class="token comment">//暴力查找</span>
<span class="token keyword">private</span> <span class="token keyword">static</span> <span class="token keyword">int</span> <span class="token function">indexOf</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>Object o<span class="token punctuation">,</span> Object<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span> elements<span class="token punctuation">,</span>
                           <span class="token keyword">int</span> index<span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token keyword">int</span> fence<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
    <span class="token keyword">if</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span>o <span class="token operator">==</span> null<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
        <span class="token keyword">for</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token keyword">int</span> i <span class="token operator">=</span> index<span class="token punctuation">;</span> i <span class="token operator">&lt;</span> fence<span class="token punctuation">;</span> i<span class="token operator">++</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
            <span class="token keyword">if</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span>elements<span class="token punctuation">[</span>i<span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token operator">==</span> null<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
                <span class="token keyword">return</span> i<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    <span class="token punctuation">}</span> <span class="token keyword">else</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
        <span class="token keyword">for</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token keyword">int</span> i <span class="token operator">=</span> index<span class="token punctuation">;</span> i <span class="token operator">&lt;</span> fence<span class="token punctuation">;</span> i<span class="token operator">++</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
            <span class="token keyword">if</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span>o<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">equals</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>elements<span class="token punctuation">[</span>i<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
                <span class="token keyword">return</span> i<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
    <span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token operator">-</span><span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

<span class="token keyword">private</span> <span class="token keyword">boolean</span> <span class="token function">addIfAbsent</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>E e<span class="token punctuation">,</span> Object<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span> snapshot<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
    <span class="token keyword">final</span> ReentrantLock lock <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">this</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>lock<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    lock<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">lock</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    <span class="token keyword">try</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
        Object<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span> current <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token function">getArray</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
        <span class="token keyword">int</span> len <span class="token operator">=</span> current<span class="token punctuation">.</span>length<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
        <span class="token keyword">if</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span>snapshot <span class="token operator">!=</span> current<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span><span class="token comment">//还要检查多一次元素存在性，生怕别的线程已经插入了</span>
            <span class="token comment">// Optimize for lost race to another addXXX operation</span>
            <span class="token keyword">int</span> common <span class="token operator">=</span> Math<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">min</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>snapshot<span class="token punctuation">.</span>length<span class="token punctuation">,</span> len<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
            <span class="token keyword">for</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token keyword">int</span> i <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> i <span class="token operator">&lt;</span> common<span class="token punctuation">;</span> i<span class="token operator">++</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
                <span class="token keyword">if</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span>current<span class="token punctuation">[</span>i<span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token operator">!=</span> snapshot<span class="token punctuation">[</span>i<span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token operator">&amp;&amp;</span> <span class="token function">eq</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>e<span class="token punctuation">,</span> current<span class="token punctuation">[</span>i<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
                    <span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token boolean">false</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
            <span class="token keyword">if</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token function">indexOf</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>e<span class="token punctuation">,</span> current<span class="token punctuation">,</span> common<span class="token punctuation">,</span> len<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator">&gt;=</span> <span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
                    <span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token boolean">false</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
        <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
        Object<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span> newElements <span class="token operator">=</span> Arrays<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">copyOf</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>current<span class="token punctuation">,</span> len <span class="token operator">+</span> <span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
        newElements<span class="token punctuation">[</span>len<span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> e<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
        <span class="token function">setArray</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>newElements<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
        <span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token boolean">true</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    <span class="token punctuation">}</span> <span class="token keyword">finally</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
        lock<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">unlock</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>

}

23_集合类不安全之Map

import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Hashtable;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.UUID;
import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;

public class MapNotSafeDemo {

<span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">static</span> <span class="token keyword">void</span> <span class="token function">main</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>String<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span> args<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
    Map<span class="token generics function"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;</span>String<span class="token punctuation">,</span> String<span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span> map <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">HashMap</span><span class="token operator">&lt;</span><span class="token operator">&gt;</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

// Map<String, String> map = Collections.synchronizedMap(new HashMap<>());
// Map<String, String> map = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();
// Map<String, String> map = new Hashtable<>();
for (int i = 0; i < 30; i++) {
new Thread(() -> {
map.put(Thread.currentThread().getName(), UUID.randomUUID().toString().substring(0, 8));
System.out.println(map);
}, String.valueOf(i)).start();
}

<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

}

解决方法：

HashTable
Collections.synchronizedMap(new HashMap<>())
ConcurrencyMap<>()（推荐）

24_TransferValue醒脑小练习

Java的参数传递是值传递，不是引用传递。

下面程序体验下上一句的含义：

class Person {
    private Integer id;
    private String personName;
<span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token function">Person</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>String personName<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
    <span class="token keyword">this</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>personName <span class="token operator">=</span> personName<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

<span class="token keyword">public</span> Integer <span class="token function">getId</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
	<span class="token keyword">return</span> id<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

<span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">void</span> <span class="token function">setId</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>Integer id<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
	<span class="token keyword">this</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>id <span class="token operator">=</span> id<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

<span class="token keyword">public</span> String <span class="token function">getPersonName</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
	<span class="token keyword">return</span> personName<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

<span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">void</span> <span class="token function">setPersonName</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>String personName<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
	<span class="token keyword">this</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>personName <span class="token operator">=</span> personName<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

}

public class TransferValueDemo {
public void changeValue1(int age) {
age = 30;
}

<span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">void</span> <span class="token function">changeValue2</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>Person person<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
    person<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">setPersonName</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"XXXX"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
<span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">void</span> <span class="token function">changeValue3</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>String str<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
    str <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token string">"XXX"</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

<span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">static</span> <span class="token keyword">void</span> <span class="token function">main</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>String<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span> args<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
    TransferValueDemo test <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">TransferValueDemo</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

    <span class="token comment">// 定义基本数据类型</span>
    <span class="token keyword">int</span> age <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">20</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    test<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">changeValue1</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>age<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    System<span class="token punctuation">.</span>out<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">println</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"age ----"</span> <span class="token operator">+</span> age<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

    <span class="token comment">// 实例化person类</span>
    Person person <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">Person</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"abc"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    test<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">changeValue2</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>person<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    System<span class="token punctuation">.</span>out<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">println</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"personName-----"</span> <span class="token operator">+</span> person<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">getPersonName</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

    <span class="token comment">// String</span>
    String str <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token string">"abc"</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    test<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">changeValue3</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>str<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    System<span class="token punctuation">.</span>out<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">println</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"string-----"</span> <span class="token operator">+</span> str<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

}

输出结果：

age ----20
personName-----XXXX
string-----abc

 
 
 
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25_java锁之公平和非公平锁

是什么

公平锁―是指多个线程按照申请锁的顺序来获取锁，类似排队打饭，先来后到。
非公平锁是指多个线程获取锁的顺序并不是按照申请锁的顺序，有可能后中请的线程比先中请的线程优先获取锁。在高并发的情况下，有可能会造成优先级反转或者饥饿现象

并发包中ReentrantLock的创建可以指定构造函数的boolean类型来得到公平锁或非公平锁，默认是非公平锁。

The constructor for this class accepts an optional fairness parameter. When set true, under contention, locks favor granting access to the longest-waiting thread. Otherwise this lock does not guarantee any particular access order. Programs using fair locks accessed by many threads may display lower overall throughput (i.e., are slower; often much slower) than those using the default setting, but have smaller variances in times to obtain locks and guarantee lack of starvation.

Note however, that fairness of locks does not guarantee fairness of thread scheduling. Thus, one of many threads using a fair lock may obtain it multiple times in succession while other active threads are not progressing and not currently holding the lock. Also note that the untimed tryLock() method does not honor the fairness setting. It will succeed if the lock is available even if other threads are waiting.

此类的构造函数接受可选的公平性参数。当设置为true时，在争用下，锁有利于向等待时间最长的线程授予访问权限。否则，此锁不保证任何特定的访问顺序。与使用默认设置的程序相比，使用由许多线程访问的公平锁的程序可能显示出较低的总体吞吐量（即，较慢；通常要慢得多），但是在获得锁和保证没有饥饿的时间上差异较小。

但是请注意，锁的公平性并不能保证线程调度的公平性。因此，使用公平锁的多个线程中的一个线程可以连续多次获得公平锁，而其他活动线程则没有进行并且当前没有持有该锁。还要注意，不计时的 tryLock()方法不支持公平性设置。如果锁可用，即使其他线程正在等待，它也会成功。

link

reentrant
英 [riːˈɛntrənt] 美 [ˌriˈɛntrənt]
a. 可重入;可重入的;重入;可再入的;重进入

两者区别

关于两者区别：

公平锁
- Threads acquire a fair lock in the order in which they requested it.
- 公平锁就是很公平，在并发环境中，每个线程在获取锁时会先查看此锁维护的等待队列，如果为空，或者当前线程是等待队列的第一个，就占有锁，否则就会加入到等待队列中，以后会按照FIFO的规则从队列中取到自己。
非公平锁
- a nonfair lock permits barging: threads requesting a lock can jump ahead of the queue of waiting threads if the lockhappens to be available when it is requested.
- 非公平锁比较粗鲁，上来就直接尝试占有锁，如果尝试失败，就再采用类似公平锁那种方式。

题外话

Java ReentrantLock而言，通过构造函数指定该锁是否是公平锁，默认是非公平锁。

非公平锁的优点在于吞吐量比公平锁大。

对于Synchronized而言，也是一种非公平锁

26_java锁之可重入锁和递归锁理论知识

可重入锁（也叫做递归锁）

指的是同一线程外层函数获得锁之后，内层递归函数仍然能获取该锁的代码，在同一个线程在外层方法获取锁的时候，在进入内层方法会自动获取锁。

也即是说，线程可以进入任何一个它已经拥有的锁所同步着的代码块。

ReentrantLock/synchronized就是一个典型的可重入锁。

可重入锁最大的作用是避免死锁。

27_java锁之可重入锁和递归锁代码验证

Synchronized可入锁演示程序

class Phone {
<span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">synchronized</span> <span class="token keyword">void</span> <span class="token function">sendSMS</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token keyword">throws</span> Exception<span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
    System<span class="token punctuation">.</span>out<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">println</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>Thread<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">currentThread</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">getName</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator">+</span> <span class="token string">"\t invoked sendSMS()"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

    <span class="token comment">// 在同步方法中，调用另外一个同步方法</span>
    <span class="token function">sendEmail</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>


<span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">synchronized</span> <span class="token keyword">void</span> <span class="token function">sendEmail</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token keyword">throws</span> Exception<span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
    System<span class="token punctuation">.</span>out<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">println</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>Thread<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">currentThread</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">getId</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator">+</span> <span class="token string">"\t invoked sendEmail()"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

}

public class SynchronizedReentrantLockDemo {

<span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">static</span> <span class="token keyword">void</span> <span class="token function">main</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>String<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span> args<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
    Phone phone <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">Phone</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

    <span class="token comment">// 两个线程操作资源列</span>
    <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">Thread</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator">-</span><span class="token operator">&gt;</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
        <span class="token keyword">try</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
            phone<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">sendSMS</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
        <span class="token punctuation">}</span> <span class="token keyword">catch</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token class-name">Exception</span> e<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
            e<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">printStackTrace</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
        <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
    <span class="token punctuation">}</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">"t1"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">start</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

    <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">Thread</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator">-</span><span class="token operator">&gt;</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
        <span class="token keyword">try</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
            phone<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">sendSMS</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
        <span class="token punctuation">}</span> <span class="token keyword">catch</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token class-name">Exception</span> e<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
            e<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">printStackTrace</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
        <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
    <span class="token punctuation">}</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">"t2"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">start</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

}

输出结果：

t1	 invoked sendSMS()
11	 invoked sendEmail()
t2	 invoked sendSMS()
12	 invoked sendEmail()

 
 
 
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ReentrantLock可重入锁演示程序

import java.util.concurrent.locks.Lock;
import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock;

class Phone2 implements Runnable{

Lock lock <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">ReentrantLock</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

<span class="token comment">/**
 * set进去的时候，就加锁，调用set方法的时候，能否访问另外一个加锁的set方法
 */</span>
<span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">void</span> <span class="token function">getLock</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
    lock<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">lock</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    <span class="token keyword">try</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
        System<span class="token punctuation">.</span>out<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">println</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>Thread<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">currentThread</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">getName</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator">+</span> <span class="token string">"\t get Lock"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
        <span class="token function">setLock</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    <span class="token punctuation">}</span> <span class="token keyword">finally</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
        lock<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">unlock</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

<span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">void</span> <span class="token function">setLock</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
    lock<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">lock</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    <span class="token keyword">try</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
        System<span class="token punctuation">.</span>out<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">println</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>Thread<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">currentThread</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">getName</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator">+</span> <span class="token string">"\t set Lock"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    <span class="token punctuation">}</span> <span class="token keyword">finally</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
        lock<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">unlock</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

<span class="token annotation punctuation">@Override</span>
<span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">void</span> <span class="token function">run</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
    <span class="token function">getLock</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

}

public class ReentrantLockDemo {

<span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">static</span> <span class="token keyword">void</span> <span class="token function">main</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>String<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span> args<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
    Phone2 phone <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">Phone2</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

    <span class="token comment">/**
     * 因为Phone实现了Runnable接口
     */</span>
    Thread t3 <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">Thread</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>phone<span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">"t3"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    Thread t4 <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">Thread</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>phone<span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">"t4"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    t3<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">start</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    t4<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">start</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

}

输出结果

t3	 get Lock
t3	 set Lock
t4	 get Lock	
t4	 set Lock

 
 
 
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28_java锁之自旋锁理论知识

自旋锁（Spin Lock）

是指尝试获取锁的线程不会立即阻塞，而是采用循环的方式去尝试获取锁，这样的好处是减少线程上下文切换的消耗，缺点是循环会消耗CPU

提到了互斥同步对性能最大的影响阻塞的实现，挂起线程和恢复线程的操作都需要转入内核态完成，这些操作给系统的并发性能带来了很大的压力。同时，虚拟机的开发团队也注意到在许多应用上，共享数据的锁定状态只会持续很短的一段时间，为了这段时间去挂起和恢复线程并不值得。如果物理机器有一个以上的处理器，能让两个或以上的线程同时并行执行，我们就可以让后面请求锁的那个线程 “稍等一下”，但不放弃处理器的执行时间，看看持有锁的线程是否很快就会释放锁。为了让线程等待，我们只需让线程执行一个忙循环（自旋），这项技术就是所谓的自旋锁。

《深入理解JVM.2nd》Page 398

29_java锁之自旋锁代码验证

import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicReference;

public class SpinLockDemo {
// 现在的泛型装的是Thread，原子引用线程
AtomicReference<Thread> atomicReference = new AtomicReference<>();

<span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">void</span> <span class="token function">myLock</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
    <span class="token comment">// 获取当前进来的线程</span>
    Thread thread <span class="token operator">=</span> Thread<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">currentThread</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    System<span class="token punctuation">.</span>out<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">println</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>Thread<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">currentThread</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">getName</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator">+</span> <span class="token string">"\t come in "</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

    <span class="token comment">// 开始自旋，期望值是null，更新值是当前线程，如果是null，则更新为当前线程，否者自旋</span>
    <span class="token keyword">while</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token operator">!</span>atomicReference<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">compareAndSet</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>null<span class="token punctuation">,</span> thread<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
		<span class="token comment">//摸鱼</span>
    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

<span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">void</span> <span class="token function">myUnLock</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
    <span class="token comment">// 获取当前进来的线程</span>
    Thread thread <span class="token operator">=</span> Thread<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">currentThread</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

    <span class="token comment">// 自己用完了后，把atomicReference变成null</span>
    atomicReference<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">compareAndSet</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>thread<span class="token punctuation">,</span> null<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

    System<span class="token punctuation">.</span>out<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">println</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>Thread<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">currentThread</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">getName</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator">+</span> <span class="token string">"\t invoked myUnlock()"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

<span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">static</span> <span class="token keyword">void</span> <span class="token function">main</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>String<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span> args<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
    SpinLockDemo spinLockDemo <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">SpinLockDemo</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

    <span class="token comment">// 启动t1线程，开始操作</span>
    <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">Thread</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator">-</span><span class="token operator">&gt;</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>

        <span class="token comment">// 开始占有锁</span>
        spinLockDemo<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">myLock</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

        <span class="token keyword">try</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
            TimeUnit<span class="token punctuation">.</span>SECONDS<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">sleep</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">5</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
        <span class="token punctuation">}</span> <span class="token keyword">catch</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token class-name">InterruptedException</span> e<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
            e<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">printStackTrace</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
        <span class="token punctuation">}</span>

        <span class="token comment">// 开始释放锁</span>
        spinLockDemo<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">myUnLock</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

    <span class="token punctuation">}</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">"t1"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">start</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>


    <span class="token comment">// 让main线程暂停1秒，使得t1线程，先执行</span>
    <span class="token keyword">try</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
        TimeUnit<span class="token punctuation">.</span>SECONDS<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">sleep</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    <span class="token punctuation">}</span> <span class="token keyword">catch</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token class-name">InterruptedException</span> e<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
        e<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">printStackTrace</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>

    <span class="token comment">// 1秒后，启动t2线程，开始占用这个锁</span>
    <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">Thread</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator">-</span><span class="token operator">&gt;</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>

        <span class="token comment">// 开始占有锁</span>
        spinLockDemo<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">myLock</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
        <span class="token comment">// 开始释放锁</span>
        spinLockDemo<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">myUnLock</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

    <span class="token punctuation">}</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">"t2"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">start</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

}

输出结果

t1	 come in 
t2	 come in 
t1	 invoked myUnlock()
t2	 invoked myUnlock()

 
 
 
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30_java锁之读写锁理论知识

独占锁：指该锁一次只能被一个线程所持有。对ReentrantLock和Synchronized而言都是独占锁

共享锁：指该锁可被多个线程所持有。

多个线程同时读一个资源类没有任何问题，所以为了满足并发量，读取共享资源应该可以同时进行。但是，如果有一个线程想去写共享资源来，就不应该再有其它线程可以对该资源进行读或写。

对ReentrantReadWriteLock其读锁是共享锁，其写锁是独占锁。

读锁的共享锁可保证并发读是非常高效的，读写，写读，写写的过程是互斥的。

31_java锁之读写锁代码验证

实现一个读写缓存的操作，假设开始没有加锁的时候，会出现什么情况

import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;

class MyCache {

<span class="token keyword">private</span> <span class="token keyword">volatile</span> Map<span class="token generics function"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;</span>String<span class="token punctuation">,</span> Object<span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span> map <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">HashMap</span><span class="token operator">&lt;</span><span class="token operator">&gt;</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

<span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">void</span> <span class="token function">put</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>String key<span class="token punctuation">,</span> Object value<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
    System<span class="token punctuation">.</span>out<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">println</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>Thread<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">currentThread</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">getName</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator">+</span> <span class="token string">"\t 正在写入："</span> <span class="token operator">+</span> key<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    <span class="token keyword">try</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
        <span class="token comment">// 模拟网络拥堵，延迟0.3秒</span>
        TimeUnit<span class="token punctuation">.</span>MILLISECONDS<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">sleep</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">300</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    <span class="token punctuation">}</span> <span class="token keyword">catch</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token class-name">InterruptedException</span> e<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
        e<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">printStackTrace</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
    map<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">put</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>key<span class="token punctuation">,</span> value<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    System<span class="token punctuation">.</span>out<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">println</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>Thread<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">currentThread</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">getName</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator">+</span> <span class="token string">"\t 写入完成"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

<span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">void</span> <span class="token function">get</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>String key<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
    System<span class="token punctuation">.</span>out<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">println</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>Thread<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">currentThread</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">getName</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator">+</span> <span class="token string">"\t 正在读取:"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    <span class="token keyword">try</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
        <span class="token comment">// 模拟网络拥堵，延迟0.3秒</span>
        TimeUnit<span class="token punctuation">.</span>MILLISECONDS<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">sleep</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">300</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    <span class="token punctuation">}</span> <span class="token keyword">catch</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token class-name">InterruptedException</span> e<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
        e<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">printStackTrace</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
    Object value <span class="token operator">=</span> map<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">get</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>key<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    System<span class="token punctuation">.</span>out<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">println</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>Thread<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">currentThread</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">getName</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator">+</span> <span class="token string">"\t 读取完成："</span> <span class="token operator">+</span> value<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

}

public class ReadWriteWithoutLockDemo {

<span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">static</span> <span class="token keyword">void</span> <span class="token function">main</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>String<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span> args<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
    MyCache myCache <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">MyCache</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    <span class="token comment">// 线程操作资源类，5个线程写</span>
    <span class="token keyword">for</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token keyword">int</span> i <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> i <span class="token operator">&lt;</span> <span class="token number">5</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> i<span class="token operator">++</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
        <span class="token keyword">final</span> <span class="token keyword">int</span> tempInt <span class="token operator">=</span> i<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
        <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token cla

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2021-07-06

预览并发问题详解请谈谈你对volatile的理解linkCAS你知道吗？link原子类Atomiclnteger的ABA问题谈谈?原子更新引用知道吗？link我们知道ArrayList是线程不安全，请编码写一个不安全的案例并给出解决方案link公平锁/非公平锁/可重入锁/递归锁/自旋锁谈谈你的理解？请手写一个自旋锁linkCo...
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