一、MySQL
1、是用于管理文件的一个软件
服务端软件:socket服务端,本地文件操作,解析指令
客户端软件(各种各样):socket客户端,发送命令,解析指令【SQL语句】
PS:DBMS数据库管理系统
2、技能:安装服务端和客户端,连接,学习SQL语句规则,指示服务端做任何操作
3、其他类似软件:
(1)、关系型数据库: aqllite
,db2
,oracle
,access
,sql
,server
,MYSQL
(2)、非关系型数据库:MongoDB
,redis
3、安装:
- 初始化服务端 …
--initialize-insecure
(默认用户root,无密码) - 启动服务端 …
mysqld
- 客户端连接: …
-u root -p
- 发送指令:
show databases
(查看目录) create database db1
(创建一个名为 db1的文件夹)
4、环境变量的配置:
windows服务:
1). … --install
2). … --remove
3). net start MySQL
4). net stop MySQ
二、关于连接
文件夹【数据库】
---------文件【表】
-------------- 数据行【行】
1、连接:
-------默认:用户root
-------创建用户:
1)----------create user 'xiaolonglong'@'192.168.1.1' identified by '123123';(用户名,IP号,密码)
2) ---------create user 'xiaolonglong'@'192.168.1.%' identified by '123123';(用户名,IP号,密码)
3) ---------create user 'xiaolonglong'@'192.168.%' identified by '123123';(用户名,IP号,密码)
2、 授权:
------权限 : 人
1)-----------grant select,insert,update on db1.t1 to '%'
;(查,插入,更新的权限)
2)-----------grant all privileges on db1.t1 to 'alex'@'%'
;(给所有的权限)
三、查看数据库
1、show databases
;(查看数据库)
2、use db1;
(进入db1)
3、show tables;
(查看文件)
4、select * from user;
(查看文件的哪一列)
四、学习SQL语句规则
1、操作文件夹
1)-------create database db2;
(创建文件夹db2)
2)-------create database db2 default charset utf8;
(创建文件夹db2,规定其编码方式) <-----
3)-------show databases;
(查看文件夹列表)
4)-------drop database db2;
(删除db2文件夹)
2、操作文件:
1、show tables
(查看文件)
2、create table t1(id int,name char(10));
(创建一个名为t1的表,第一列为id为(数字)类型,第二列为name为(字符串)类型而且不能超过十个字符)
3、create table t1(id int,name char(10)) default charset=utf8;
(…有编码格式)
4、create table t1(id int,name char(10)) engine=innodb default charset=utf8;
(innodb:支持事务(原子性操作),还有myisam等等引擎)
5、
create table t1(
列名 类型 null,:可以为空
列名 类型 not null,:不能为空
列名 类型 auto_increment primary key,
(auto_increment:表示自增 primary key:约束,不能重复且不能为空,也有加速的作用)
6、一般形式:
create table t1(id int not null auto_increment primary key,name char(10))engine=innodb default charset=utf8;
7、清空
1)----------delete from t1;
清空t1(原来自增的ID还是接着上一次的)
2)----------truncate table t1;
清空t1(原来自增的ID重新从1开始)
8、 删除: drop table t1;
删除t1
9、操作文件里的内容
1)---------insert into t1(id,name) values(2,'liyouxiu');
(向表里插入数据)
2)---------select * from t1;
(查看表t1里的内容)
3)---------delete from t1 where id<6;
(删除后面条件的内容)
4)---------update t1 set age=18;
(将age那一列全修改为18)
5)---------update t1 set age=18 where age=17;
(将age那一列为17的全修改为18)
8、外键:
create table userinfo(
uid bigint auto_increment primary key,
name varchar(32),
department_id int constraint
fk_user_depar foreign key(department_id) references department(id)
)engine=innodb default charset=utf8;
9、基本数据类型
1)-----------数字:bit
,tinyint
,int
,bigint
,float
,double
,decimal(a,b)
:<a:前面整数部分的长度,b:后面小数部分的长度>
2)-----------字符串:char(a)
,vachar(b)
<若没占满a,会在后边补0,若没占满b,不会补0>,text,mediumtext
--------------------------PS:把定常的放前面,变长的放后边;上传文件:文件存硬盘,数据库放路径。
3)-----------时间:date
:年月日,time
:时分秒,year
:年,datetime
:年月日,时分秒,timestamp
:年某时
4)-----------枚举:enum('a','b',......)
只能拿其中一个
5)-----------集合:set('a','b','c'.......)
可以拿任意组合
10、其他操作
1)show create table t1
查看你是怎么创建t1表的
2)desc t1
查看表t1的信息
3)alter table t1 set auto_increment=3;
下次从3开始
MYSQL:
----------自增步长:基于会话级别
------------------set session auto_increment_increment=3;
设置步长为3
------------------show session variables like 'auto_inc%'
查看全局变量
-------------------------基于全局级别
------------------------------set gloab auto_increment_increment=3;
设置步长为3
------------------------------show gloab variables like 'auto_inc%'
查看全局变量
SqlServer
:
----------自增步长:基础表级别
10、唯一索引(约束不能重复,加速查找,主键也不能重复)
create table t1(
id int ....,
num int,
xx int,
unique uq1 (num,xx) #联合唯一
)
11、外键的变种
1)------------ 一对一
2)------------多对多
3)------------一对多
一张表只能有一个主键,一个主键不一定是一列可由多列组成
12、SQL语句数据行操作补充
增
insert into t1(name,age) values('li',12),('root',13) #一次可插入多条数据
insert into t1(name,age) select name,age from t2; #将t2中的name,age插入到t1中
删
delete from t1;
delete from t1 where id=2 and name='li';可有多个条件(!=和<>都是不等于)
truncate table t1;
改
update t1 set name='youxiu' where id=12 and name='li';可有多个条件
查
select * from t1 where id > 10 and name = 'li';可加条件
select name as cname from t1;将name起个别名为cname
select name,age,1 from t1;看的时候可新增一列全为1
select * from t1 where id in (1,4,9);查看id在(1,4,9)中的数据
select * from t1 where id between 5 and 12;查看id在5~12间的数据(包含两边)
select * from t1 where id in (select id from t2)查看id在t2中的数据
select * from t1 where name like "a%";查看name中以a为开头的数据,%a%(含有a),%a(以a结尾)
select * from t1 where name like "a_";查看name中以a为开头后边匹配一个字符数据
select * from t1 limit 5;查看前5条
select * from t1 limit 5,10;从多少条开始取几条
select * from t1 order by id desc;从大到小排查看
select * from t1 order by id asc; 从小到大排查看
select * from t1 order by id1 asc,id2 desc; 从小到大排查看
select * from t1 order by id asc limit 10; 取后10条从小到大排查看
分组:
select part_id,max(id) from t1 group by part_id;将part_id相等的,留下id数最大的那个
select part_id,min(id) from t1 group by part_id;将part_id相等的,留下id数最小的那个
select part_id,count(id) from t1 group by part_id;记下part_id相等的数
select part_id,avg(id) from t1 group by part_id;part_id相等对应id的平均值
select part_id,sum(id) from t1 group by part_id;part_id相等对应id的和
如果对于聚合函数结果进行二次筛选时必须使用having
select part_id,count(id) from t1 group by part_id having count(id) > 1;#筛选出计数大于1的
连表操作:(重点)
select * from t1,t2 where t1.id=t2.cid;将t1中的id,与t2中的cid联表显示
select * from t1 left join t2 on t1.id=t2.cid;与上面一样(推荐使用)PS:左边全显示
select * from t1 innder join t2 on t1.id=t2.cid;把含NULL那一项隐藏
select distinct student_id from score where num<60(distinct去重)
select course_id,min(number),max(number),
case when min(number)<10 then 0 else min(number) from score
group by course_id( 可加case when ... then ... else ... end)
select if(isnull(score.number),0,score.number) 三目运算:如果score.number为空就让它为0,否则就为它
13、临时表(保存一些临时的表 (select * from tb where id>10) as A 起个别名)
五、总结
1、MySql:文件管理的软件
2、三部分:服务端,SQL语句,客户端
3、客户端:mysql,navicat
4、授权操作:用户操作,授权操作
5、SQL语句:数据库操作(create database xx default charset utf8,drop database xx
),
--------------------数据表(create table xx(id int auto_increment primary key,name varchar(10))engine=innodb default charset=utf8
),
---------------------主键索引,唯一索引,外键
--------------------数据行。
6、pymysql模块:
---------python模块:对数据库进行操作(SQL语句)
六、导出数据库
1、mysqldump -u root db1 > db1.sql -p
(将root的db1数据库转储<数据表结构+数据>)
2、mysqldump -u root -d db1 > db1.sql -p
(将root的db1数据库转储<数据表结构+数据>)
3、mysqldump -u root -d db2 < db1.sql -p
(将db1.sql数据库文件导入db2)
七、练习题
-
http://images2015.cnblogs.com/blog/425762/201608/425762-20160803224643778-2071849037.png
-
http://www.cnblogs.com/wupeiqi/articles/5729934.html
1、自行创建测试数据
2、查询“自控”课程比“物理”课程成绩高的所有学生的学号;select A.student_id from ( select score.sid,score.student_id,course.cname,score.number from score left join course on score.course_id=course.cid where course.cname='自控' ) as A inner join ( select score.sid,score.student_id,course.cname,score.number from score left join course on score.course_id=course.cid where course.cname='物理' ) as B on A.student_id=B.student_id where A.number>B.number;
3、查询平均成绩大于60分的同学的学号和平均成绩;
select B.student_id,student.sname,B.avg from
(
select student_id,avg(number) as avg from score
group by student_id
having avg(number)>60
) as B
left join student on B.student_id=student.sid;
4、查询所有同学的学号、姓名、选课数、总成绩;
select student_id,sname,count(course_id),sum(number) from score
left join student on score.student_id=student.sid
group by student_id;
6、查询没学过“李明”老师课的同学的学号、姓名;
select student.sid,student.sname from student where sid not in
(
select student_id from score where course_id in
(
select course.cid from course
left join teacher on course.teacher_id=teacher.tid
where teacher.tname='李明'
)
group by student_id
)
7、查询学过“001”并且也学过编号“002”课程的同学的学号、姓名;
select score.student_id,student.sname from score
left join student on student.sid=score.student_id
where course_id=1 or course_id=2
group by student_id having count(course_id)>1
8、查询学过“叶平”老师所教的所有课的同学的学号、姓名;
select student_id from score where course_id in
(
select course.cid from course
left join teacher on course.teacher_id=teacher.tid
where teacher.tname='李明'
)
group by student_id
having count(course_id) =
(
select count(cid) from course
left join teacher on course.teacher_id=teacher.tid
where teacher.tname='李明'
group by teacher_id
)
11、查询没有学全所有课的同学的学号、姓名;
select student_id,student.sname,count(1) from score
left join student on score.student_id=student.sid
group by student_id
having count(1) < (select count(cid) from course)
12、查询至少有一门课与学号为“001”的同学所学相同的同学的学号和姓名;
select score.student_id,student.sname from score
left join student on score.student_id=student.sid
where student_id != 1 and course_id in
(select course_id from score where student_id=1)
group by score.student_id
16、向SC表中插入一些记录,这些记录要求符合以下条件:①没有上过编号“002”课程的同学学号;②插入“002”号课程的平均成绩
insert into tb
select student_id,2,(select avg(num) from score where course_id=2) from score
where course_id !=2
17、按平均成绩从低到高显示所有学生的“自控”、“高数”、“物理”三门的课程成绩,按如下形式显示: 学生ID,语文,数学,英语,有效课程数,有效平均分
select
student_id,
(select number from score as s2 where s2.student_id=s1.student_id and course_id=1) as 自控 ,
(select number from score as s2 where s2.student_id=s1.student_id and course_id=2) as 物理 ,
(select number from score as s2 where s2.student_id=s1.student_id and course_id=3) as 高数,
avg(s1.number)
from score as s1 group by student_id
18、查询各科成绩最高和最低的分:以如下形式显示:课程ID,最高分,最低分;
select course_id,min(number),max(number),
case when min(number)<70 then 60 else min(number) end from score
group by course_id;
19、按各科平均成绩从低到高和及格率的百分数从高到低顺序;
select course_id,avg(number),
sum(case when number<60 then 0 else 1 end)/sum(1) as pass from score
group by course_id
order by avg(number) asc,pass desc;
20、课程平均分从高到低显示(现实任课老师);
(1)、
select score.course_id,avg(number),teacher.tname from score
left join course on score.course_id=course.cid
left join teacher on course.teacher_id=teacher.tid
group by score.course_id
order by avg(number) asc
(2)、
select score.course_id,avg(if(isnull(score.number),0,score.number)),teacher.tname from score
left join course on score.course_id=course.cid
left join teacher on course.teacher_id=teacher.tid
group by score.course_id
order by avg(number) asc
21、查询各科成绩前三名的记录:(不考虑成绩并列情况)
select * from
(
select
student_id,
number,
(
select number from score as s2
where s2.course_id=s1.course_id
group by number
order by number desc
limit 0,1
) as aa,
(
select number from score as s2
where s2.course_id=s1.course_id
group by number
order by number desc
limit 3,1
) as cc
from score as s1
) as B
where B.number>B.cc;
22、查询每门课程被选修的学生数
select course_id,count(student_id) from score group by course_id
23、查询出只选修了一门课程的全部学生的学号和姓名;
select student.sid,student.sname,count(1) from score
right join student on score.student_id=student.sid
group by course_id
34、查询不同课程但成绩相同的学生的学号、课程号、学生成绩
select student_id from score as s1,score s2
where s1.sid!=s2.sid and s1.course_id!=s2.course_id and s1.number=s2.number;