swap分区的作用是，当内存不够用时，操作系统会将一部分不用的数据放到交换分区中，这个交换分区占用的是磁盘的空间。所以swap分区缺点也很明显，就是频繁地读写磁盘，会显著降低操作系统的运行速率。
1. 新建swap分区前提
首先虚拟机需要有未分配的磁盘空间，使用lsblk命令查看：
sda中a代表第一块磁盘，1代表第一块磁盘的第一个分区。
可以看到我的sda磁盘下面还有10G的未分配空间。
假如没有，可以在安装虚拟机的软件中扩展磁盘。方法很简单：关闭虚拟机->编辑虚拟机设置->点击磁盘点击扩展->选择磁盘大小->完成。
2. 创建swap分区
使用fdisk /dev/sda命令在磁盘sda中创建分区，这里根据自己的实际情况选择磁盘
fdisk /dev/sda
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.27.1).
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.
Command (m for help): p # 查看分区
Disk /dev/sda: 50 GiB, 53687091200 bytes, 104857600 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x5c334cb0
# 这里我的只有一个分区sda1
Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type
/dev/sda1 * 2048 83886079 83884032 40G 83 Linux
Command (m for help): n # 创建分区
Partition type
p primary (1 primary, 0 extended, 3 free)
e extended (container for logical partitions)
Select (default p): p # 选择主分区类型
Partition number (2-4, default 2): # 选择分区号，直接回车，默认就行
First sector (83886080-104857599, default 83886080): # 选择分区开始块，直接回车，默认就行
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G,T,P} (83886080-104857599, default 104857599): +4g # swap分区的大小
Created a new partition 2 of type 'Linux' and of size 4 GiB.
Command (m for help): t # 分区格式转换
Partition number (1,2, default 2): 2 # 选择要转换的分区号，刚才创建的几号就选几号
Partition type (type L to list all types): L # 输入L可以查看所有类型
0 Empty 24 NEC DOS 81 Minix / old Lin bf Solaris
1 FAT12 27 Hidden NTFS Win 82 Linux swap / So c1 DRDOS/sec (FAT-
2 XENIX root 39 Plan 9 83 Linux c4 DRDOS/sec (FAT-
3 XENIX usr 3c PartitionMagic 84 OS/2 hidden or c6 DRDOS/sec (FAT-
4 FAT16 <32M 40 Venix 80286 85 Linux extended c7 Syrinx
5 Extended 41 PPC PReP Boot 86 NTFS volume set da Non-FS data
6 FAT16 42 SFS 87 NTFS volume set db CP/M / CTOS / .
7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT 4d QNX4.x 88 Linux plaintext de Dell Utility
8 AIX 4e QNX4.x 2nd part 8e Linux LVM df BootIt
9 AIX bootable 4f QNX4.x 3rd part 93 Amoeba e1 DOS access
a OS/2 Boot Manag 50 OnTrack DM 94 Amoeba BBT e3 DOS R/O
b W95 FAT32 51 OnTrack DM6 Aux 9f BSD/OS e4 SpeedStor
c W95 FAT32 (LBA) 52 CP/M a0 IBM Thinkpad hi ea Rufus alignment
e W95 FAT16 (LBA) 53 OnTrack DM6 Aux a5 FreeBSD eb BeOS fs
f W95 Ext'd (LBA) 54 OnTrackDM6 a6 OpenBSD ee GPT
10 OPUS 55 EZ-Drive a7 NeXTSTEP ef EFI (FAT-12/16/
11 Hidden FAT12 56 Golden Bow a8 Darwin UFS f0 Linux/PA-RISC b
12 Compaq diagnost 5c Priam Edisk a9 NetBSD f1 SpeedStor
14 Hidden FAT16 <3 61 SpeedStor ab Darwin boot f4 SpeedStor
16 Hidden FAT16 63 GNU HURD or Sys af HFS / HFS+ f2 DOS secondary
17 Hidden HPFS/NTF 64 Novell Netware b7 BSDI fs fb VMware VMFS
18 AST SmartSleep 65 Novell Netware b8 BSDI swap fc VMware VMKCORE
1b Hidden W95 FAT3 70 DiskSecure Mult bb Boot Wizard hid fd Linux raid auto
1c Hidden W95 FAT3 75 PC/IX bc Acronis FAT32 L fe LANstep
1e Hidden W95 FAT1 80 Old Minix be Solaris boot ff BBT
Partition type (type L to list all types): 82 # 选择82，即Linux swap/So，转换为swap分区
Changed type of partition 'Linux' to 'Linux swap / Solaris'.
Command (m for help): p # 查看分区，发现已经创建完成
Disk /dev/sda: 50 GiB, 53687091200 bytes, 104857600 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x5c334cb0
Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type
/dev/sda1 * 2048 83886079 83884032 40G 83 Linux
/dev/sda2 83886080 92274687 8388608 4G 82 Linux swap / Solaris
Command (m for help): w # 保存，非常重要
The partition table has been altered.
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Re-reading the partition table failed.: Device or resource busy # 报错了，我没管
The kernel still uses the old table. The new table will be used at the next reboot or after you run partprobe(8) or kpartx(8).
fdisk /dev/sda # 再次进入磁盘sda
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.27.1).
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.
Command (m for help): p # 查看分区，发现创建成功，没问题
Disk /dev/sda: 50 GiB, 53687091200 bytes, 104857600 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x5c334cb0
Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type
/dev/sda1 * 2048 83886079 83884032 40G 83 Linux
/dev/sda2 83886080 92274687 8388608 4G 82 Linux swap / Solaris
Command (m for help): q # 退出
3. 格式化
partprobe /dev/sda # 更新磁盘信息
lsblk # fdisk –l也可以查看分区情况，看到了刚创建的sda2，但是TYPE还是part，而我们需要swap
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda 8:0 0 50G 0 disk
├─sda1 8:1 0 40G 0 part /
└─sda2 8:2 0 4G 0 part
sr0 11:0 1 825M 0 rom
mkswap /dev/sda2 # 格式化为swap,注意分区名字
Setting up swapspace version 1, size = 4 GiB (4294963200 bytes)
no label, UUID=9f902014-dae1-481b-b9f8-4ab2397efbc2
4. 挂载
blkid # 查看swap对应的分区，这里是/dev/sda2，复制它的UUID
/dev/sda1: UUID="13f8f93d-33c6-40ee-adaa-dff3df7e4513" TYPE="ext4" PARTUUID="5c334cb0-01"
/dev/sr0: UUID="2017-08-01-11-30-13-00" LABEL="Ubuntu-Server 16.04.3 LTS amd64" TYPE="iso9660" PTUUID="40b1aa35" PTTYPE="dos"
/dev/sda2: UUID="9f902014-dae1-481b-b9f8-4ab2397efbc2" TYPE="swap" PARTUUID="5c334cb0-02"
vim /etc/fstab # 打开这个文件，添加内容
打开文件发现，里面有swap的信息。/dev/sda5就是我之前误删的swap分区，而开机启动报错a start job is running for dev-disk-by，应该就是因为系统找不到UUID对应的swap分区。
如果有swap信息，就修改UUID的值，否则，添加红框中的信息。
挂载最后一步，执行命令mount –a，将/etc/fstab的所有内容重新加载
5. 激活swap分区
挂载完成后，还需要激活swap分区
swapon /dev/sda2 # 激活swap分区 /dev/sda2
free -h # 查看内存，发现swap已存在
total used free shared buff/cache available
Mem: 3.8G 106M 3.5G 5.9M 256M 3.5G
Swap: 4.0G 0B 4.0G
至此，swap分区新建完成
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